The specification of dorsal cell fates in the vertebrate central nervous system

Annual Review of Neuroscience

Volumn 22, Issue , 1999, Pages 261-294

  Lee, Kevin J ^a   Jessell, Thomas M ^a  

^a Och Spine at New York Presbyterian Hospitals   (United States)

Author keywords

BMPs; Neural crest; Neural patterning; Neurogenesis; Wnts

Indexed keywords

BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN; FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR; GLYCOPROTEIN; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA;

NERVE CELL DIFFERENTIATION; NERVOUS SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT; NEURAL CREST; NEUROECTODERM; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SPINAL CORD; VERTEBRATE;

ANIMALS; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; EMBRYO; EMBRYO, NONMAMMALIAN; NEURONS; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; VERTEBRATES;

EID: 0032957137     PISSN: 0147006X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.neuro.22.1.261     Document Type: Review

References (146)

1. Akazawa C, Ishibashi M, Shimizu C, Nakanishi S, Kageyama R. 1995. A mammalian helix-loop-helix factor structurally related to the product of the Drosophila proneural gene atonal is a positive transcriptional regulator expressed in the developing nervous system. J. Biol. Chem. 270:8730-38
2. Alder J, Cho NK, Hatten ME. 1996. Embryonic precursor cells from the rhombic lip are specified to a cerebellar granule neuron identity. Neuron 17:389-99
3. Altman J, Bayer SA. 1984. The development of the rat spinal cord. Adv. Anat. Embryol. Cell Biol. 85:1-164
4. Anderson DJ, Jan YN. 1997. The determination of the neuronal phenotype. In Molecular and Cellular Approaches to Neural Development, ed. WM Cowan, TM Jessell, SL Zipursky, pp. 26-63. Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Press
5. Arkell R, Beddington RSP. 1997. BMP7 influences pattern and growth of the developing hindbrain of mouse embryos. Development 124:1-12
6. Aruga J, Minowa O, Yaginuma H, Kuno J, Nagai T, et al. 1998. Mouse Zicl is involved in cerebellar development. J. Neurosci. 18:284-93
7. Baker CVH, Bronner-Fraser M. 1997. The origins of the neural crest. Part I: Embryonic induction. Mech. Dev. 69:3-11
8. Bang AG, Goulding MD. 1996. Regulation of vertebrate neural cell fate by transcription factors. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 6:25-32
9. Basler K, Edlund T, Jessell TM, Yamada T. 1993. Control of cell pattern in the neural tube: regulation of cell differentiation by dorsalin-1, a novel TGF beta family member. Cell 73:687-702
10. Beattie CE, Hatta K, Halpern ME, Liu H, Eisen JS, Kimmel CB. 1997. Temporal separation in the specification of primary and secondary motoneurons in zebrafish. Dev. Biol. 187:171-82
11. Ben-Arie N, Bellen HJ, Armstrong DL, McCall AE, Gordadze PR, et al. 1997. Math1 is essential for genesis of cerebellar granule neurons. Nature 390:169-72
12. Ben-Arie N, McCall AE, Berkman S, Eichele G, Bellen HJ, Zoghbi HY. 1996. Evolutionary conservation of sequence and expression of the bHLH protein Atonal suggests a conserved role in neurogenesis. Human Mol. Genet. 5:1207-16
13. Biehs B, Francois V, Bier E. 1996. The Drosophila short gastrulation gene prevents Dpp from autoactivating and suppressing neurogenesis in the neuroectoderm. Genes Dev. 10:2922-34
14. Bonstein L, Elias S, Frank D. 1998. Paraxial-fated mesoderm is required for neural crest induction in Xenopus embryos. Development 192:156-68
15. Bouwmeester T, Kim S, Sasai Y, Lu B, De Robertis EM. 1996. Cerberus is a head-inducing secreted factor expressed in the anterior endoderm of Spemann's organizer. Nature 382:595-601
16. Bovolenta P, Dodd J. 1991. Perturbation of neuronal differentiation and axon guidance in the spinal cord of mouse embryos lacking a floor plate: analysis of Danforth's short-tail mutation. Development 113:625-39
17. Brewster R, Lee J, Ruiz i Altaba A. 1998. Gli/Zic factors pattern the neural plate by defining domains of cell differentiation. Nature 393:579-83
18. Bronner-Fraser M, Fraser SE. 1988. Cell lineage analysis reveals multipotency of some avian neural crest cells. Nature 335:161-64
19. Buj-Bello A, Buchman VL, Horton A, Rosenthal A, Davies AM. 1995. GDNF is an age-specific survival factor for sensory and autonomic neurons. Neuron 15:821-28
20. Cadigan KM, Nusse R. 1997. Wnt signaling: a common theme in animal development. Genes Dev. 11:3286-3305
21. Chang C, Hemmati-Brivanlou A. 1998. Neural crest induction by Xwnt7B in Xenopus. Dev. Biol. 194:129-34
22. Chiang C, Litingtung Y, Lee E, Young KE, Corden JL, et al. 1996. Cyclopia and defective axial patterning in mice lacking Sonic hedgehog gene function. Nature 383:407-13
23. Couly GF, Le Douarin NM. 1987. Mapping of the early neural primordium in quail-chick chimeras. II. The prosencephalic neural plate and neural folds: implications for the genesis of cephalic human congenital abnormalities. Dev. Biol. 120:198-214
24. Cox WG, Hemmati-Brivanlou. 1995. Caudalization of neural fate by tissue recombination and bFGF. Development 121:4349-58
25. Crossley PH, Martinez S, Martin GR. 1996. Midbrain development induced by FGF8 in the chick embryo. Nature 380:66-68
26. Dale JK, Vesque C, Lints TJ, Sampath TK, Furley A, et al. 1997. Cooperation of BMP7 and SHH in the induction of forebrain ventral midline cells by prechordal mesoderm. Cell 90:257-69
27. Davidson D. 1995. The function and evolution of Msx genes: pointers and paradoxes. Trends Genet. 11:405-11
28. Dickinson ME, Krumlauf R, McMahon AP. 1994. Evidence for a mitogenic effect of Wnt-1 in the developing mammalian central nervous system. Development 120:1453-71
29. Dickinson ME, Selleck MA, McMahon AP, Bronner-Fraser M. 1995. Dorsalization of the neural tube by the non-neural ectoderm. Development 121:2099-106
30. Dudley AT, Robertson EJ. 1997. Overlapping expression domains of bone morphogenetic protein family members potentially account for limited tissue defects in BMP7 deficient embryos. Dev. Dynamics 208:349-62
31. Eagleson GW, Harris WA. 1990. Mapping of the presumptive brain regions in the neural plate of Xenopus laevis. J. Neurobiol. 21:427-40
32. Echelard Y, Vassileva G, McMahon AP. 1994. Cis-acting regulatory sequences governing Wnt-1 expression in the developing mouse CNS. Development 120:2213-24
33. Ensini M, Tsuchida TN, Belting H-G, Jessell TM. 1998. The control of rostrocaudal pattern in the developing spinal cord: specification of motor neuron subtype identity is initiated by signals from paraxial mesoderm. Development 125:969-82
34. Ericson J, Morton S, Kawakami A, Roelink H, Jessell TM. 1996. Two critical periods of Sonic Hedgehog signaling required for the specification of motor neuron identity. Cell 87:661-73
35. Ericson J, Rashbass P, Schedl A, Brenner-Morton S, Kawakami A, et al. 1997. Pax6 controls progenitor cell identity and neuronal fate in response to graded Shh signaling. Cell 90:169-80
36. Ericson J, Thor S, Edlund T, Jessell TM, Yamada T. 1992. Early stages of motor neuron differentiation revealed by expression of homeobox gene Islet-1. Science 256:1555-60
37. Fainsod A, Steinbeisser H, De Robertis E. 1994. On the function of BMP-4 in patterning the marginal zone of the Xenopus embryo. EMBO J. 13:5015-25
38. Furuta Y, Piston DW, Hogan BLM. 1997. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) as regulators of dorsal forebrain development. Development 124:2203-12
39. Godsave SF, Slack JM. 1989. Clonal analysis of mesoderm induction in Xenopus laevis. Dev. Biol. 134:486-90
40. Goulding MD, Chalepakis G, Deutsch U, Erselius JR, Gruss P. 1991. Pax-3, a novel murine DNA binding protein expressed during early neurogenesis. EMBO J. 10:1135-47
41. Goulding MD, Lumsden A, Gruss P. 1993. Signals from the notochord and floor plate regulate the region-specific expression of two Pax genes in the developing spinal cord. Development 117:1001-16
42. Graham A, Francis WP, Brickell P, Lumsden A. 1994. The signalling molecule BMP4 mediates apoptosis in the rhombencephalic neural crest. Nature 372:684-86
43. Graham A, Heyman I, Lumsden A. 1993. Even-numbered rhombomeres control the apoptotic elimination of neural crest cells from odd-numbered rhombomeres in the chick hindbrain. Development 119:233-45
44. Green MC, ed. 1981. Genetic Variants and Strains in the Laboratory Mouse. Stuttgart/New York: Gustav Fischer Verlag. 476 pp.
45. Grunz H, Tacke L. 1989. Neural differentiation of Xenopus laevis ectoderm takes place after disaggregation and delayed reaggregation without inducer. Cell Diff. Dev. 28:211-18
46. Günther T, Struwe M, Aguzzi A, Schughart K. 1994. Open brain, a new mouse mutant with severe neural tube defects, shows altered gene expression patterns in the developing spinal cord. Development 120:3119-30
47. Hall A. 1998. Rho GTPases and the actin cytoskeleton. Science 279:509-14
48. Hallonet ME, Le Douarin NM. 1993. Tracing neuroepithelial cells of the mesencephalic and metencephalic alar plates during cerebellar ontogeny in quail-chick chimaeras. Eur. J. Neurosci. 5:1145-55
49. Hammerschmidt M, Pelegri F, Mullins MC, Kane DA, van Eeden FJ, et al. 1996. dino and mercedes, two genes regulating dorsal development in the zebrafish embryo. Development 123:95-102
50. Harland RM. 1996. Neural induction in Xenopus. In Molecular and Cellular Approaches to Neural Development, ed. WM Cowan, TM Jessell, SL Zipursky, pp. 1-25. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press
51. Hatten ME, Heintz N. 1995. Mechanisms of neural patterning and specification in the developing cerebellum. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 18:385-408
52. Hellmich HL, Kos L, Cho ES, Mahon KA, Zimmer A. 1996. Embryonic expression of glial cell-line derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) suggests multiple developmental roles in neural differentiation and epithelial-mesenchymal interactions. Mech. Dev. 54:95-105
53. Helms AW, Johnson JE. 1998. Progenitors of dorsal commissural interneurons are defined by Math1 expression. Development 125:919-28
54. Hemmati-Brivanlou A, Kelly OG, Melton DA. 1994. Follistatin, an antagonist of activin, is expressed in the Spemann organizer and displays direct neuralizing activity. Cell 77:283-95
55. Hemmati-Brivanlou A, Melton DA. 1994. Inhibition of activin receptor signaling promotes neuralization in Xenopus. Cell 77:273-81
56. Hemmati-Brivanlou A, Thomsen GH. 1995. Ventral mesoderm patterning in Xenopus embryos: expression patterns and activities of BMP-2 and BMP-4. Dev. Genet. 17:78-89
57. Henderson CE, Phillips HS, Pollock RA, Davies AM, Lemeulle C, et al. 1994. GDNF: a potent survival factor for motoneurons present in peripheral nerve and muscle. Science 266:1062-64
58. Hogan BL. 1996. Bone morphogenetic proteins in development. Curr. Opin. Gen. Dev. 6:432-38
59. Holley SA, Neul JL, Attisano L, Wrana JL, Sasai Y, et al. 1996. The Xenopus dorsalizing factor noggin ventralizes Drosophila embryos by preventing DPP from activating its receptor. Cell 86:607-17
60. Hollyday M, McMahon JA, McMahon AP. 1995. Wnt expression patterns in chick embryo nervous system. Mech. Dev. 52:9-25
61. Houart C, Westerfield M, Wilson SW. 1998. A small population of anterior cells patterns the forebrain during zebrafish gastrulation. Nature 391:788-92
62. Hsu DR, Economides AN, Wang X, Eimon PM, Harland RM. 1998. The Xenopus dorsalizing factor Germlin identifies a novel family of secreted proteins that antagonize BMP activities. Mol. Cell 1:673-83
63. Ikeya M, Lee SMK, Johnson JE, McMahon AP, Takada S. 1997. Wnt signalling required for expansion of neural crest and CNS progenitors. Nature 389:966-70
64. Isaacs HV, Tannahill D, Slack JM. 1992. Expression of a novel FGF in Xenopus embryo: a new candidate inducing factor for mesoderm formation and anteroposterior specification. Development 114:711-20
65. Jacobson CO. 1964. Motor nuclei, cranial nerve roots, and fibre pattern in the medulla oblangata after reversal experiments on the neural plate of axolotl larvae. Zool. Bidr. Uppsala 36:73-160
66. Jiang R, Lan Y, Norton CR, Sundberg JP, Gridley T. 1998. The Slug gene is not essential for mesoderm or neural crest development in mice. Dev. Biol. 198:277-85
67. Joyner AL. 1996. Engrailed, wnt and pax genes regulate midbrain-hindbrain development. Trends Genet. 12:15-20
68. Kengaku M, Okamoto H. 1995. bFGF as a possible morphogen for the anteroposterior axis of the central nervous system in Xenopus. Development 121:3121-30
69. Kingsley D. 1994. The TGFβ superfamily: new members, new receptors, and new genetic tests of function in different organisms. Genes Dev. 8:133-46
70. Kishimoto Y, Lee KH, Zon L, Hammerschmidt M, Schulte-Merker S. 1997. The molecular nature of zebrafish swirl: BMP2 function is essential during early dorsoventral patterning. Development 124:4457-66
71. Knecht AK, Good PJ, Dawid IB, Harland RM. 1995. Dorsal-ventral patterning and differentiation of noggin-induced neural tissue in the absence of mesoderm. Development 121:1927-36
72. Knecht AK, Harland RM. 1997. Mechanisms of dorsal-ventral patterning in noggin-induced neural tissue. Development 124:2477-88
73. LaBonne C, Bronner-Fraser M. 1998. Neural crest induction in Xenopus: evidence for a two signal model. Development 125:2403-14
74. Lamb TM, Harland RM. 1995. Fibroblast growth factor is a direct neural inducer, which combined with noggin generates anterior-posterior neural pattern. Development 121:3627-36
75. Lamb TM, Knecht AK, Smith WC, Stachel SE, Economides AN, et al. 1993. Neural induction by the secreted polypeptide noggin. Science 262:713-18
76. Le Douarin NM, Dupin E, Ziller C. 1994. Genetic and epigenetic control in neural crest development. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 4:685-95
77. Lee KJ, Mendelsohn M, Jessell TM. 1998. Neuronal patterning by BMPs: a requirement for GDF7 in the generation of a discrete class of commissural interneurons in the mouse spinal cord. Genes Dev. In press
78. Lein P, Johnson M, Guo X, Rueger D, Higgins D. 1995. Osteogenic protein-1 induces dendritic growth in rat sympathetic neurons. Neuron 15:597-605
79. Liem KF Jr, Tremml G, Roelink H, Jessell TM. 1995. Dorsal differentiation of neural plate cells induced by BMP-mediated signals from epidermal ectoderm. Cell 82:969-79
80. Liem KF Jr, Tremml G, Jessell TM. 1997. A role for the roof plate and its resident TGFβ-related proteins in neuronal patterning in the dorsal spinal cord. Cell 91:127-38
81. Lin LF, Doherty DH, Lile JD, Bektesh S, Collins F. 1993. GDNF: a glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor for midbrain dopaminergic neurons. Science 260:1130-32
82. Lumsden A, Krumlauf R. 1996. Patterning the vertebrate neuraxis. Science 274:1109-15
83. Lumsden A, Sprawson N, Graham A. 1991. Segmental origin and migration of neural crest cells in the hindbrain region of the chick embryo. Development 113:1281-91
84. Lyons KM, Hogan BL, Robertson EJ. 1995. Colocalization of BMP 7 and BMP 2 RNAs suggests that these factors cooperatively mediate tissue interactions during murine development. Mech. Dev. 50:71-83
85. -/- mutant mice. Development 122:831-38
86. Marti E, Bumcrot DA, Takada R, McMahon AP. 1995. Requirement of 19K form of Sonic hedgehog for induction of distinct ventral cell types. Nature 375:322-25
87. Massagué J. 1996. TGF-beta signaling: receptors, transducers, and Mad proteins. Cell 85:947-50
88. Matzuk MM, Lu N, Vogel H, Sellheyer K, Roop DR, Bradley A. 1995. Multiple defects and perinatal death in mice deficient in follistatin. Nature 374:360-63
89. Mayor R, Guerrero N, Martinez C. 1997. Role of FGF and noggin in neural crest induction. Dev. Biol. 189:1-12
90. Mayor R, Morgan R, Sargent M. 1995. Induction of the prospective neural crest of Xenopus. Development 121:767-77
91. McConnell SK. 1995. Strategies for the generation of neuronal diversity in the developing central nervous system. J. Neurosci. 15:6987-98
92. McGrew LL, Lai CJ, Moon RT. 1995. Specification of the anteroposterior neural axis through synergistic interaction of the Wnt signaling cascade with noggin and follistatin. Dev. Biol. 172:337-42
93. McMahon AP, Bradley A. 1990. The Wnt-1 (int-1) proto-oncogene is required for development of a large region of the mouse brain. Cell 62:1073-85
94. McMahon JA, Takada S, Zimmerman LB, Fan C-M, Harland RM, McMahon AP. 1998. Noggin-mediated antagonism of BMP signaling is required for growth and patterning of the neural tube and somite. Genes Dev. 12:1438-52
95. Monsoro-Burq AH, Duprez D, Watanabe Y, Bontoux M, Vincent C, et al. 1996. The role of bone morphogenetic proteins in vertebral development. Development 122:3607-16
96. Moury JD, Jacobson AG. 1989. Neural fold formation at newly created boundaries between neural plate and epidermis in the axolotl. Dev. Biol. 133:44-57
97. Moury JD, Jacobson AG. 1990. The origins of neural crest cells in the axolotl. Dev. Biol. 141:243-53
98. Muhr J, Jessell TM, Edlund T. 1997. Assignment of early caudal identity to neural plate cells by a signal from caudal paraxial mesoderm. Neuron 19:487-502
99. Mullins MC, Hammerschmidt M, Kane DA, Odenthal J, Brand M, et al. 1996. Genes establishing dorsoventral pattern formation in the zebrafish embryo: the ventral specifying genes. Development 123:81-93
100. Nagai T, Aruga J, Takada S, Gunther T, Sporle R, et al. 1997. The expression of the mouse Zic1, Zic2, and Zic3 gene suggests an essential role for Zic genes in body pattern formation. Dev. Biol. 182:299-313
101. Nakagawa S, Takeichi M. 1995. Neural crest cell-cell adhesion controlled by sequential and subpopulation-specific expression of novel cadherins. Development 121:1321-32
102. Nakata K, Nagai T, Aruga J, Mikoshiba K. 1997. Xenopus Zic3, a primary regulator both in neural and neural crest development. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94:11980-85
103. Nieto MA, Sargent MG, Wilkinson DG, Cooke J. 1994. Control of cell behavior during vertebrate development by slug, a zinc finger gene. Science 264:835-39
104. Nornes HO, Das GD. 1974. Temporal pattern of neurogenesis in spinal cord of rat. I. An autoradiographic study - time and sites of origin and migration and settling patterns of neuroblasts. Brain Res. 73:121-38
105. Parr BA, Shea MJ, McMahon AP. 1993. Mouse Wnt genes exhibit discrete domains of expression in the early embryonic CNS and limb buds. Development 119:247-61
106. Patel K, Connolly DJ, Amthor H, Nose K, Cooke J. 1996. Cloning and early dorsal axial expression of Flik, a chick follistatin-related gene: evidence for involvement in dorsalization/neural induction. Dev. Biol. 178:327-42
107. Piccolo S, Sasai Y, Lu B, De Robertis EM. 1996. Dorsoventral patterning in Xenopus: inhibition of ventral signals by direct binding of chordin to BMP-4. Cell 86:589-98
108. Placzek M, Jessell TM, Dodd J. 1993. Induction of floor plate differentiation by contact-dependent, homeogenetic signals. Development 117:205-18
109. Pourquie O, Fan CM, Coltey M, Hirsinger E, Watanabe Y, et al. 1996. Lateral and axial signals involved in avian somite patterning: a role for BMP4. Cell 84:461-71
110. Raven CR, Kloos J. 1945. Induction by medial and lateral pieces of archenteron roof, with special reference to the determination of neural crest. Acta Neerl. Morphol. 5:348-62
111. Roach FC. 1945. Differentiation of the central nervous system after axial reversals of the medullary plate of ambystoma. J. Exp. Zool. 99:53-77
112. Saint-Jeannet JP, He X, Varmus HE, Dawid IB. 1997. Regulation of dorsal fate in the neuraxis by Wnt-1 and Wnt-3a. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94:13713-18
113. Sasai Y, Lu B, Steinbeisser H, De Robertis E. 1996. Regulation of neural induction by the Chd and Bmp-4 antagonistic patterning signals in Xenopus. Nature 376:333-36
114. Sasai Y, Lu B, Steinbeisser H, Geissert D, Gont LK, De Robertis EM. 1994. Xenopus chordin: a novel dorsalizing factor activated by organizer-specific homeobox genes. Cell 79:779-90
115. Sato SM, Sargent TD. 1989. Development of neural inducing capacity in dissociated Xenopus embryos. Dev. Biol. 134:263-66
116. Schmidt JE, Suzuki A, Ueno N, Kimelman D. 1995. Localized BMP-4 mediates dorsal/ventral patterning in the early Xenopus embryo. Dev. Biol. 169:37-50
117. Schoenwolf GC, Bortier H, Vakaet L. 1989. Fate mapping the avian neural plate with quail/chick chimeras: origin of prospective median wedge cells. J. Exp. Zool. 249:271-78
118. Schulte-Merker S, Lee KJ, McMahon AP, Hammerschmidt M. 1997. The zebrafish organizer requires chordino. Nature 387:862-63
119. Schultheiss TM, Burch JB, Lassar AB. 1997. A role for bone morphogenetic proteins in the induction of cardiac myogenesis. Genes Dev. 11:451-62
120. Selleck M, Bronner-Fraser M. 1995. Origins of the avian neural crest: the role of neural plate-epidermal interactions. Development 121:525-38
121. Shimamura K, Hartigan DJ, Martinez S, Puelles L, Rubenstein JL. 1995. Longitudinal organization of the anterior neural plate and neural tube. Development 121:3923-33
122. Shimamura K, Rubenstein JLR. 1997. Inductive interactions direct early regionalization of the mouse forebrain. Development 124:2709-18
123. Simon H, Hombruch A, Lumsden A. 1995. Independent assignment of antero-posterior and dorso-ventral positional values in the developing chick hindbrain. Curr. Biol. 5:205-14
124. Stemple DL, Anderson DJ. 1993. Lineage diversification of the neural crest: in vitro investigations. Dev. Biol. 159:12-23
125. Storey KG, Goriely A, Sargent CM, Brown JM, Burns HD, et al. 1998. Early posterior neural tissue is induced by FGF in the chick embryo. Development 125:473-84
126. Streit A, Lee KJ, Woo I, Roberts C, Jessell TM, Stern CD. 1998. Chordin regulates primitive streak development and stability of induced neural cells, but is not sufficient for neural induction in the chick embryo. Development 125:507-19
127. Streit A, Sockanathan S, Pérez L, Rex M, Scotting PJ, et al. 1997. Preventing the loss of competence for neural induction: HGF/SF, L5 and Sox-2. Development 124:1191-1202
128. Stuart ET, Kioussi C, Gruss P. 1994. Mammalian Pax genes. Annu. Rev. Genet. 28:219-36
129. Takada S, Stark KL, Shea MJ, Vassileva G, McMahon JA, McMahon AP. 1994. Wnt-3a regulates somite and tailbud formation in the mouse embryo. Genes Dev. 8:174-89
130. Takeichi M. 1995. Morphogenetic roles of classic cadherins. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 7:619-27
131. Tanabe Y, Jessell TM. 1996. Diversity and pattern in the developing spinal cord. Science 274:1115-23
132. Tao W, Lai E. 1992. Telencephalon-restricted expression of BF-1, a new member of the HNF-3/fork head gene family, in the developing rat brain. Neuron 8:957-66
133. Tessier-Lavigne ML, Goodman C. 1997. Molecular mechanisms of axon guidance and target recognition. In Molecular and Cellular Approaches to Neural Development, ed. WM Cowan, TM Jessell, SL Zipursky, pp. 108-178. Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Press
134. Thomas KR, Capecchi MR. 1990. Targeted disruption of the murine int-1 proto-oncogene resulting in severe abnormalities in mid-brain and cerebellar development. Nature 346:847-50
135. Thomas P, Beddington R. 1996. Anterior primitive endoderm may be responsible for patterning the anterior neural plate in the mouse embryo. Curr Biol. 6:1487-96
136. van Straaten HW, Hekking JW. 1991. Development of floor plate, neurons and axonal outgrowth pattern in the early spinal cord of the notochord-deficient chick embryo. Anat. Embryol. 184:55-63
137. Varlet I, Collignon J, Robertson EJ. 1997. Nodal expression in the primitive endoderm is required for specification of the anterior axis during mouse gastrulation. Development 124:1033-44
138. Watanabe Y, Le Douarin NM. 1996. A role for BMP-4 in the development of subcutaneous cartilage. Mech. Dev. 57:69-78
139. Wilson PA, Hemmati-Brivanlou A. 1995. Induction of epidermis and inhibition of neural fate by Bmp-4. Nature 376:331-33
140. Winnier G, Blessing M, Labosky PA, Hogan BL. 1995. Bone morphogenetic protein-4 is required for mesoderm formation and patterning in the mouse. Genes Dev. 9:2105-16
141. Xuan S, Baptista CA, Balas G, Tao W, Soares VC, Lai E. 1995. Winged helix transcription factor BF-1 is essential for the development of the cerebral hemispheres. Neuron 14:1141-52
142. Yamada T, Placzek M, Tanaka H, Dodd J, Jessell TM. 1991. Control of cell pattern in the developing nervous system: polarizing activity of the floor plate and notochord. Cell 64:635-47
143. Yang XW, Zhong R, Heintz N. 1996. Granule cell specification in the developing mouse brain as defined by expression of the zinc finger transcription factor RU49. Development 122:555-66
144. Ye W, Shimamura K, Rubenstein JLR, Hynes MA, Rosenthal A. 1998. FGF and Shh signals control dopaminergic and serotonergic cell fate in the anterior neural plate. Cell 93:755-66
145. Zhang J, Hagopian-Donaldson S, Serbedzija G, Elsemore J, Plehn-Dujowich D, et al. 1996. Neural tube, skeletal and body wall defects in mice lacking transcription factor AP-2. Nature 381:238-41
146. Zimmerman LB, De Jesus-Escobar JM, Harland RM. 1996. The Spemann organizer signal noggin binds and inactivates bone morphogenetic protein 4. Cell 86:599-606