Negative inotropic mediators released from the heart after myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion

Cardiovascular Research

Volumn 53, Issue 1, 2002, Pages 12-30

  Stangl, Verena ^a   Baumann, Gert ^a   Stangl, Karl ^a   Felix, Stephan B ^b  

^a HUMBOLDT UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF GREIFSWALD   (Germany)

Author keywords

Cytokines; Free radicals; Ischemia; Macrophages; Myocytes; Nitric oxide; Reperfusion

Indexed keywords

ADENOSINE; ARACHIDONIC ACID; CYTOCHROME P450; CYTOKINE; HYDROGEN PEROXIDE; HYDROXYL RADICAL; INTERLEUKIN 1; INTERLEUKIN 2; INTERLEUKIN 6; INTERLEUKIN 8; LIPOXYGENASE; NITRIC OXIDE; OXYGEN RADICAL; PHOSPHOLIPASE A2; PROSTAGLANDIN SYNTHASE; SUPEROXIDE; THROMBOCYTE ACTIVATING FACTOR; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA;

AUTOCRINE EFFECT; CELL SECRETION; CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS SURGERY; CYTOKINE RELEASE; ENDOTHELIUM CELL; HEART MUSCLE CELL; HEART MUSCLE CONTRACTILITY; HEART MUSCLE ISCHEMIA; HEART MUSCLE REPERFUSION; HUMAN; INOTROPISM; MACROPHAGE; MAST CELL; NONHUMAN; PARACRINE SIGNALING; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REPERFUSION INJURY; REVIEW;

ADENOSINE; ANTI-ARRHYTHMIA AGENTS; ARACHIDONIC ACIDS; CORONARY VESSELS; CYTOKINES; ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY; ENDOTHELIUM, VASCULAR; FREE RADICALS; HUMANS; MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION; MYOCARDIAL REPERFUSION INJURY; MYOCARDIUM; NITRIC OXIDE; PLATELET ACTIVATING FACTOR; REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES;

EID: 0036135062     PISSN: 00086363     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0008-6363(01)00420-5     Document Type: Review

References (265)

1. Cytokine mRNA expression in the postischemic/reperfused myocardium
2. Tumor necrosis factor in the heart
3. Therapeutic strategies to reduce TNF-α mediated cardiac contractile depression following ischemia and reperfusion
4. Tumor necrosis factor involvement in ischaemia-reperfusion
5. Induction of proinflammatory cytokine and antioxidant enzyme gene expression following brief myocardial ischemia
6. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha is released from the isolated heart undergoing ischemia and reperfusion
7. Increased myocardial TNF-α in a crystalloid perfused model of cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury
8. Reduction of myocardial reperfusion injury by intravenous adenosine administered during the early reperfusion period
9. Adenosine reduces cardiac TNF-alpha production and human myocardial injury following ischemia-reperfusion
10. Anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha improves myocardial recovery after ischemia and reperfusion
11. Hypoxia increases production of interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor by human mononuclear cells
12. The lack of receptors for atrial natriuretic peptides on human monocytes prevents a rise of cGMP and induction of tumor necrosis factor-α synthesis
13. PAF acether enhances the production of tumor necrosis factor by human and rodent lymphocytes and macrophages
14. Lactic acidosis increases tumor necrosis factor secretion and transcription in vitro
15. Stimulation of α-adrenergic receptor augments the production of macrophage-derived tumor necrosis factor
16. Protease-activated receptor-2 modulates myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in the rat heart
17. Tumor necrosis factor-α gene and protein expression in adult feline myocardium after endotoxin administration
18. Cellular basis for the negative inotropic effect of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in the adult mammalian heart
19. Tumor necrosis factor induces a biphasic effect on myocardial contractility in conscious dogs
20. Sphingosine mediates the immediate negative inotropic effects of tumor necrosis factor-α in the adult mammalian cardiac myocyte
21. Characterization of a ceramide-activated protein kinase: Stimulation by tumor necrosis alpha
22. The effects of shingosine on sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium release
23. Negative inotropic effect of cytokines on the heart mediated by nitric oxide
24. i and contractility in isolated adult rabbit ventricular myocytes
25. Peroxynitrite is a major contributor to cytokine-induced myocardial contractile failure
26. Resident cardiac mast cells degranulate and release preformed TNF-α, initiating the cytokine cascade in experimental canine myocardial ischemia/reperfusion
27. Tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced apoptosis in cardiac myocytes. Involvement of the sphingolipid signaling cascade in cardiac cell death
28. Cytokine signaling during myocardial infarction: Sequential appearance of IL-1β and IL-6
29. Proinflammatory cytokines
30. 2+-independent nitric oxide synthase in the myocardium
31. The lethal effects of cytokine-induced nitric oxide on cardiac myocytes are blocked by nitric oxide synthase antagonism or transforming growth factor β
32. Induction of nitric oxide synthase gene by interleukin-1β in cultured rat cardiocytes
33. Interleukin-1β modulates the growth and phenotype of neonatal rat cardiac myocytes
34. Interleukin-1-induced myocardial depression in an isolated beating heart preparation
35. Serum interleukin 6 levels become elevated in acute myocardial infarction
36. Interleukin-6 release and the acute-phase reaction in patients with acute myocardial infarction: A pilot study
37. Elevated plasma interleukin-6 levels in patients with acute myocardial infarction
38. Cardiac release of cytokines and inflammatory responses in acute myocardial infarction
39. Monocyte-related cytokines in acute myocardial infarction
40. Role of early reperfusion in the induction of adhesion molecules and cytokines in previously ischemic myocardium
41. Cardiac myocytes produce interleukin-6 in culture and in viable border zone of reperfused infarctions
42. Cytokine response to cardiopulmonary bypass: Lessons learned from cardiac transplantation
43. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) as a mediator of stunned myocardium
44. i and cell contraction in cultured chick ventricular myocytes
45. Induction of interleukin-6 synthesis in the myocardium: Potential role in postreperfusion inflammatory injury
46. Hypoxic stress induces cardiac myocyte-derived interleukin-6
47. Bacterial lipopolysaccharide and inflammatory mediators augment IL-6 secretion by human endothelial cells
48. Functional significance of human vascular smooth muscle cell-derived interleukin-1 in paracrine and autocrine regulation pathways
49. Neutrophil chemoattractants generated in two phases during reperfusion of ischemic myocardium in the rabbit: Evidence for a role of C5a and interleukin-8
50. Interleukin-8 gene induction in the myocardium after ischemia and reperfusion in vivo
51. Myocardium is a major source of proinflammatory cytokines in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass
52. Plasma levels of interleukin 2, 6, 10 and phenotypic characterisation of circulating T lymphocytes in ischemic heart disease
53. Plasma levels of selectins and interleukins in cardiovascular surgery using cardiopulmonary bypass
54. Interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor inhibit β-adrenergic responsiveness
55. Mechanism of cytokine inhibition of beta-adrenergic agonist stimulation of cyclic AMP in rat cardiac myocytes. Impairment of signal transduction
56. Effects of human recombinant interleukin-1 on electrical properties of guinea pig ventricular cells
57. 2+ transients and adenylate cyclase activity
58. Cytokines and adhesion molecules in the course of acute myocardial infarction
59. Cytokines in acute myocardial infarction: Elective increase in circulating tumor necrosis factor, its soluble receptor, and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist
60. Assessment of myocardial injury by serum tumour necrosis factor alpha measurements in acute myocardial infarction
61. Circulating interleukin-1 β, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and soluble ICAM-1 in patients with chronic stable angina and myocardial infarction
62. Increasing levels of interleukin (IL)-1Ra and IL-6 during the first days of hospitalization in unstable angina are associated with increased risk of in-hospital coronary events
63. IL-6 and IL-1 receptor antagonist in stable angina pectoris and relation of IL-6 to clinical findings in acute myocardial infarction
64. Increased secretion of tumor necrosis factor-α and interferon-γ by mononuclear leukocytes in patients with ischemic heart disease. Relevance in superoxide anion generation
65. Enhanced secretion of tumor necrosis factor in patients with myocardial infarction
66. Elevation of tumor necrosis factor-α and increased risk of recurrent coronary events after myocardial infarction
67. Decreased soluble interleukin-6 receptor in patients with acute myocardial infarction
68. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1beta synergistically depress human myocardial function
69. Levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) in serum of patients with acute myocardial infarction
70. Circulating interleukin-6 and interleukin-6 receptors in patients with acute and recent myocardial infarction
71. Circulating tumor necrosis factor-α (cachectin) in myocardial infarction
72. The effect of reperfusion on plasma tumor necrosis factor-α and C reactive protein levels in the course of acute myocardial infarction
73. Serum tumor necrosis factor levels in acute myocardial infarction and unstable angina pectoris
74. Relationship of the proinflammatory cytokines to myocardial ischemia and dysfunction after uncomplicated coronary revascularization
75. Elevation of cytokines during open heart surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass: Participation of interleukin 8 and 6 in reperfusion injury
76. Effect of normothermic versus hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass on cytokine production and platelet function
77. A potential mechanism of vasodilation after warm heart surgery: The temperature-dependent release of cytokines
78. Myocardial performance in elderly patients after cardiopulmonary bypass is suppressed by tumor necrosis factor
79. Role of platelet-activating factor in propagation of cardiac damage during myocardial ischemia
80. Platelet-activating factor plays an important role in reperfusion injury in myocardium: Efficacy of platelet-activating factor receptor antagonist (CV-3988) as compared with leukocyte-depleted reperfusion
81. The role of platelet-activating factor in regional myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury
82. Role of platelet-activating factor in cardiovascular pathophysiology
83. Myocardial reperfusion injury: Platelet-activating factor stimulates polymorphonuclear leukocyte hydrogen peroxide production during myocardial reperfusion
84. Platelet activating factor interaction with tumor necrosis factor in myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion injury
85. Effect of the platelet-activating factor antagonist RP 59277 (Tulopafant) on myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury and neutrophil function
86. Release of platelet-activating factor from ischemic-reperfused rabbit heart
87. Role of platelet-activating factor in the reperfusion injury of rabbit ischemic heart
88. Role of platelet-activating factor in ischemia-reperfusion injury of isolated rabbit hearts: Protective effect of a specific platelet activating factor antagonist, TCV-309
89. Evidence for a role of platelet-activating factor in the pathogenesis of irreversible but not reversible myocardial injury after reperfusion in dogs
90. Effects of the PAF antagonists BN 50726 and BN 50739 on arrhythmogenesis and extent of necrosis during myocardial ischemia/reperfusion in rabbits
91. Protective effects of L-659,989, a platelet-activating factor receptor antagonist, in myocardial ischemia and reperfusion in rats
92. Platelet-activating factor and cardiac diseases: Therapeutic potential for PAF inhibitors
93. The lyso-precursor of platelet-activating factor (lyso-PAF) in ischemic myocardium
94. The release of platelet activating factor from human endothelial cells in culture
95. Leukotrienes C4 and D4 stimulate human endothelial cells to synthesize platelet activating factor and bind neutrophils
96. Binding and metabolism of platelet activating factor by human neutrophils
97. Effects of damaging the endocardial surface on the mechanical performance of isolated cardiac muscle
98. Identification of platelet activating factor receptors in P288D1 murine macrophages
99. Biosynthesis of platelet-activating factor. I. Evidence for a acetyl-transferase activity in murine macrophages
100. Molecular cloning and characterization of the platelet activating factor receptor gene expressed in human heart
101. Effect of PAF on the cardiovascular system
102. The actions of PAF-acether (platelet activating factor) on guinea pig isolated heart preparations
103. Cardiovascular reactions and respiratory events during platelet activating factor-induced shock
104. Cardiac and coronary consequences of intracoronary platelet-activating factor infusion in the domestic pig
105. Effects of platelet activating factor on guinea pig papillary muscle
106. Electrophysiological effects of platelet-activating factor (PAF-acether) in guinea pig-papillary muscles
107. Effects of platelet activating factor on contractile force and Ca fluxes in guinea-pig isolated atria
108. Electrophysiological mechanisms responsible for the action of PAF in guinea-pig myocardium. Relation to the putative membrane signalling processes of PAF
109. Effect of platelet-activating factor (PAF) on human cardiac muscle
110. Molecular and cellular actions of platelet-activating factor in rat heart cells
111. Platelet-activating factor and WEB-2086 directly modulate rat cardiomyocyte contractility
112. 2+ concentration and contractility in isolated cardiomyocytes
113. Antagonism of vasoconstriction induced by platelet-activating factor in guinea-pig perfused hearts by selective platelet-activating factor receptor antagonists
114. Platelet-activating factor primes neutrophils responses to agonists: Role in promoting neutrophil-mediated endothelial damage
115. Electrophysiological and arrhythmogenic effects of platelet activating factor during normal perfusion, myocardial ischemia, and reperfusion in the guinea pig
116. Postreperfusion inflammation: A model for reaction to injury in cardiovascular disease
117. Role of neutrophils in myocardial ischemia and reperfusion
118. Measurement of platelet-activating factor in a canine model of coronary thrombosis and in endarterectomy samples from patients with advanced coronary artery disease
119. Nonimmunological production of leukotrienes induced by platelet-activating factor
120. Intravascular release of platelet-activating factor during atrial pacing
121. Role of cytokines and adhesion molecules in ischemia and reperfusion in patients with acute myocardial infarction
122. Neutrophil platelet-activating factor production and acetyltransferase activity in clinical acute myocardial infarction
123. Variation in plasma activating factor degradation and serum lipids after acute myocardial infarction
124. Platelet activating factor and thromboxane B2 production after cardiopulmonary bypass
125. Platelet and plasma platelet-activating factor in sepsis and myocardial infarction
126. Streptokinase induces intravascular release of platelet-activating factor in patients with acute myocardial infarction and stimulates its synthesis by cultured human endothelial cells
127. Platelet-activating factor antagonism and streptokinase-induced hypotension in clinical acute myocardial infarction
128. Impact of PAF antagonist BN 52021 (Ginkolide B) on post-ischemic graft function in clinical lung transplantation
129. Demonstration of free radical generation in 'stunned myocardium' of intact dogs with the use of the spin trap alpha-phenyl N-tert-butyl-nitrone
130. Direct evidence that oxygen derived free radicals contribute to postischemic myocardial dysfunction in the intact dog
131. Protection by superoxide dismutase from myocardial dysfunction and attenuation of vasodilator reserve after coronary occlusion and reperfusion in dog
132. Determination of the mechanisms of free radical generation in human aortic endothelial cells exposed to anoxia and reoxygenation
133. Evidence for free radical generation after primary percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty recanalisation in acute myocardial infarction
134. Direct measurement of free radical generation following reperfusion of ischemic myocardium
135. Reperfusion injury: Experimental evidence and clinical implications
136. Superoxide dismutase decreases reperfusion arrhythmias and preserves myocardial function during thrombolysis with tissue plasminogen activator
137. Oxypurinol limits myocardial stunning but does not reduce infarct size after reperfusion
138. Marked reduction of free radical generation and contractile dysfunction by antioxidant therapy begun at the time of reperfusion: Evidence that myocardial 'stunning' is a manifestation of reperfusion injury
139. Antioxidants and atherosclerotic heart disease
140. Consumption of vitamin E in coronary circulation in patients with variant angina
141. Status of myocardial antioxidants in ischemia-reperfusion injury
142. Protection from reperfusion injury by preconditioning hearts does not involve increased antioxidant defenses
143. Effect of ischemia and reperfusion on antioxidant enzymes and mitochondrial inner membrane proteins in perfused rat heart
144. Intracellular catalase inhibition does not predispose rat heart to ischemia-reperfusion and hydrogen peroxide-induced injuries
145. Reactive oxygen species in cell signaling
146. Overexpression of MnSOD protects against myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury in transgenic mice
147. Recombinant adenovirus-mediated cardiac gene transfer of superoxide dismutase and catalase attenuates postischemic contractile dysfunction
148. Xanthine oxidase as a source of free radical damage in myocardial ischemia
149. Cardiac depressant effects of oxygen free radicals
150. 2+ transport during oxidative stress
151. + ATPase activity in congestive heart failure due to myocardial infarction
152. Alterations in sarcoplasmic reticulum function and gene expression ischemic-reperfused rat heart
153. Effect of oxygen free radicals on cardiovascular function at organ and cellular levels
154. Effect of polymorphonuclear leukocyte-derived oxygen free radicals and hypochlorous acid on the cardiac function and some biochemical parameters
155. Effects of the xanthine oxidase system on cardiac function in anaesthetised rats
156. Concentration-dependent effects of purine/xanthine oxidase on release of 6-keto-PGF and contractile function of isolated guinea pig hearts: Response to ischemic conditions followed by reperfusion
157. Activated neutrophils depress myocardial function in the perfused rabbit heart
158. Oxygen radicals attenuate the contractility of skinned muscle fibres from the pig myocardium
159. Contractile and morphological impairment of cultured fetal mouse myocytes induced by oxygen radicals and oxidants
160. Correlation between direct ESR spectroscopic measurements and electromechanical and biochemical assessments of exogenous free radical injury in isolated rat cardiac myocytes
161. Role of platelet-activating factor (PAF) in oxygen radical-induced cardiac dysfunction
162. Hydrogen peroxide pretreatment of perfused canine vessels induce ICAM-1 and CD-18-dependent neutrophil adherence
163. Superoxide anion is involved in the breakdown of endothelium-derived vascular relaxing factor
164. Interaction between chemokines and oxidative stress: Possible pathogenic role in acute coronary syndromes
165. Occurrence of oxidative stress during reperfusion of the human heart
166. Free-radical production during angioplasty reperfusion for acute myocardial infarction
167. Oxidative stress during myocardial ischaemia and heart failure
168. Gingko biloba extract (Egb 761) pretreatment limits free-radical-induced oxidative stress in patients undergoing coronary bypass surgery
169. Improvement of cardiac function by allopurinol in patients undergoing cardiac surgery
170. Pretreatment with antioxidants and allopurinol diminishes cardiac onset events in coronary artery bypass grafting
171. Allopurinol therapy of ischemic heart disease with infarct extension
172. Recombinant human superoxide dismutase (h-SOD) fails to improve recovery of ventricular function in patients undergoing coronary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction
173. Oxidative stress and cardiac disease
174. Effects of superoxide dismutase on reperfusion arrhythmias and left ventricular function in patients undergoing thrombolysis for anterior wall acute myocardial infarction
175. Effect of 48-h intravenous trimetazidine on short- and long-term outcomes of patients with acute myocardial infarction, with and without thrombolytic therapy
176. Fatty acid homeostasis in the normoxic and ischemic heart
177. Phospholipases of the myocardium
178. Lipid alterations in isolated, working rat heart during ischemia and reperfusion: Its relation to myocardial damage
179. Hydrolysis of myocardial lipids during acidosis and ischemia
180. Accumulation of unesterified arachidonic acid in ischemic canine myocardium
181. Accumulation of arachidonic acid in ischemic/reperfused cardiac tissue: Possible causes and consequences
182. Release of arachidonate from membrane phospholipids in cultured neonatal rat myocardial cells during adenosine triphosphate depletion
183. 2+ transients in individual rat ventricular myocytes
184. Effects of arachidonic acid on the L-type calcium current in frog cardiac myocytes
185. Possible mechanism(s) of arachidonic acid-induced intracellular acidosis in rat cardiac myocytes
186. Production of arachidonic acid-metabolites in adult rat cardiac myocytes, endothelial cells and fibroblast-like cells
187. The release of a leukotriene D4 like substance following myocardial infarction in rabbits
188. Effects of endogenously produced leukotrienes, thromboxane and prostaglandins on coronary vascular resistance in rabbit myocardial infarction
189. 4 produced in myocardium impair coronary flow and ventricular function after two hours of global ischaemia in rat heart
190. Inotropic actions of eicosanoids
191. Role of eicosanoids in the ischemic and reperfused myocardium
192. Cytochrome P 450 and the metabolism of arachidonic acid and oxygenated eicosanoids
193. Molecular cloning and expression of CYP2J2, a human cytochrome P450 arachidonic acid epoxygenase highly expressed in heart
194. Effects of epoxyeicosatrienoic acids on isolated hearts and ventricular myocytes
195. 2+ currents by polyunsaturated fatty acids in adult and neonatal rat ventricular myocytes
196. 2+ channels and contraction in mammalian heart cells
197. Inhibition of cardiac L-type calcium channels by epoxyeicosatrienoic acids
198. 2 activity in clinical acute myocardial infarction
199. 2 concentrations in patients with acute myocardial infarction: Correlation with tumor necrosis factor-alpha
200. Nitric oxide as a signal in blood vessels
201. Nitric oxide, a novel biologic messenger
202. Regulation of basal myocardial function by NO
203. Heterogeneous basal expression of nitric oxide synthase and superoxide dismutase isoforms in mammalian heart
204. Nitric oxide synthase in cardiac nerve fibers and neurons of rat and guinea pig heart
205. Nitric oxide synthase in cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum
206. Differential expression of three types of nitric oxide synthase in both infarcted and non-infarcted left ventricles after myocardial infarction
207. Biphasic response of cardiac NO synthase isoforms to ischemic preconditioning in conscious rabbits
208. Enzyme-independent formation of nitric oxide in biological tissues
209. Nitric oxide attenuates cardiac myocyte contraction
210. Myocardial contractile response to nitric oxide and cGMP
211. Endothelial modulation of myocardial contraction: Mechanisms and potential relevance in cardiac disease
212. Peroxynitrite-induced cardiac myocytes injury
213. Peroxynitrite impairs cardiac contractile function by decreasing cardiac efficiency
214. Generation of peroxynitrite contributes to ischemia-reperfusion injury in isolated rat hearts
215. Measurement of nitric oxide and peroxynitrite generation in the postischemic heart: Evidence for peroxynitrite-mediated reperfusion injury
216. Formation of nitric oxide, superoxide, and peroxynitrite in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats
217. Abnormal contractile function due to induction of nitric oxide synthesis in rat cardiac myocytes follows exposure to activated macrophage-conditioned medium
218. Interleukin-1β modulates myocardial contraction via dexamethazone-sensitive production of nitric oxide
219. Transcriptional regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase in cultured neonatal cardiac myocytes
220. Myocardial protective actions of nitric oxide donors after myocardial ischemia and reperfusion
221. Nitric oxide and the vascular endothelium in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury
222. Dexamethasone inhibits the expression of an inducible nitric oxide synthase in infarcted rabbit myocardium
223. Evidence for nitric oxide generation in the cardiomyocytes: Its augmentation by hypoxia
224. Activation of nitric oxide synthase by ischaemia in the perfused heart
225. Inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis protects the isolated working rabbit heart from ischaemia-reperfusion injury
226. Increased release of NO during ischemia reduces myocardial contractility and improves metabolic dysfunction
227. Inhibition of endothelium-derived relaxing factor enhances myocardial stunning in conscious dogs
228. Production of oxidative products of nitric oxide in infarcted human heart
229. Tumor necrosis factor and inducible nitric oxide synthase in dilated cardiomyopathy
230. Forensic pathological significance of iNOS with regard to brain and myocardial damage
231. Myocardial calcium-independent nitric oxide synthase activity is present in dilated cardiomyopathy, myocarditis, and postpartum cardiomyopathy but not in ischaemic or valvar heart disease
232. The role of adenosine in the regulation of coronary blood flow
233. The cardiac effects of adenosine
234. Adenosine inhibits exocytotic release of endogenous noradrenaline in rat heart: A protective mechanism in early myocardial ischemia
235. Adenosine inhibits norepinephrine release in the postischemic rat heart: The mechanism of neuronal stunning
236. Adenosine receptor-mediated alterations in prostacyclin production and cardiac function in the isolated rabbit heart
237. 2+ transients and tension in aequorin-injected ferret papillary muscles
238. Role of adenosine in the heart and circulation
239. Electrophysiological and functional effects of adenosine on ventricular myocytes of most species
240. Adenosine induced direct negative inotropic effect is abolished during global ischemia: Role of protein kinase C and prostacyclin
241. Role of PKC in the adenosine-induced decrease in shortening velocity of rat ventricular myocytes
242. Adenosine prevents protein kinase C activation during hypothermic ischemia
243. Adenosine A1 receptor stimulation antagonizes the negative inotropic effects of the PKC activator dioctanoylglycerol
244. Adenosine and cardioprotection during ischaemia and reperfusion - An overview
245. Pretreatment of human myocardium with adenosine
246. Adenosine as an adjunct to thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction: Results of a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled trial: The Acute Myocardial Infarction Study of Adenosine (AMISTAD) trial
247. The endocardial endothelium
248. Cytokine-induced nitric oxide production may contribute to cardiac depression in immune shock
249. The cardiac endothelium: Cardioactive mediators
250. Cardiac endothelial cells modulate contractility of rat heart in response to oxygen tension and coronary flow
251. Inhibition of myocardial crossbridge cycling by hypoxic endothelial cells: A potential mechanism for matching oxygen supply and demand?
252. Inhibition of crossbridge function in the normal human heart by hypoxic endothelial superfusate
253. 2+-independent inhibition of myocardial contraction by coronary effluent of hypoxic rat hearts
254. Cardiodepressive mediators are released after myocardial ischemia from an isolated heart. Role of coronary endothelial cells
255. Release of a stable cardiodepressant mediator after myocardial ischaemia during reperfusion
256. 2+ channel
257. Cardiodepressant mediators are released after myocardial ischaemia: Modulation by catecholamines and adenosine
258. The stunned myocardium: Prolonged, postischemic ventricular dysfunction
259. Molecular and cellular mechanisms of myocardial stunning
260. A fresh look at reperfusion injury
261. Apoptosis in cardiac diseases - New opportunities for novel therapeutics for heart diseases
262. Role of calcium and other ions in reperfusion injury
263. Pathophysiologically relevant concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-alpha promote progressive left ventricular dysfunction and remodeling in rats
264. Endogenous tumor necrosis factor protects the adult cardiac myocyte against ischemic-induced apoptosis in a murine model of acute myocardial infarction
265. The immune response following myocardial infarction: A role for T-cell mediated myocyte damage