Health risks associated with inhaled nasal toxicants

Critical Reviews in Toxicology

Volumn 31, Issue 3, 2001, Pages 313-347

  Feron, V J ^a   Arts, J H E ^b   Kuper, C F ^b   Slootweg, P J ^b   Woutersen, R A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER UTRECHT   (Netherlands)

^b TNO   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

1,2 DIBROMO 3 CHLOROPROPANE; 1,2 DIBROMOETHANE; 1,2 EPOXY 3 BUTENE; ACETALDEHYDE; ACRYLONITRILE; BENZENE; BIS(CHLOROMETHYL) ETHER; CHROMIUM; DIMETHYL SULFATE; DIMETHYLNITROSAMINE; EPICHLOROHYDRIN; FORMALDEHYDE; HEMPA; HYDRAZINE; NICKEL; PHOSPHODIESTERASE INHIBITOR; PROPYLENE OXIDE; VINYL ACETATE;

ADAPTATION; AIR POLLUTION; CANCER RISK; CARCINOGENESIS; CELL PROLIFERATION; DOSIMETRY; DRUG EXPOSURE; DUST; HEALTH HAZARD; HUMAN; IMMUNOPATHOLOGY; INHALATION; NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY; NEUROGENIC INFLAMMATION; NEUROTOXICITY; NOSE CARCINOMA; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; PARANASAL SINUS; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; SMOKING; TISSUE INJURY; TRIGEMINAL NERVE DISEASE;

EID: 0034973946     PISSN: 10408444     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/20014091111712     Document Type: Review

References (312)

1. Comparative anatomy, physiology, and function of the upper respiratory tract
2. Nasal cavity enzymes involved in xenobiotic metabolism: Effects on the toxicity of inhalants
3. Drug metabolism in the nasal cavity: Relevance to toxicology
4. The relevance to humans of animal models for inhalation studies of cancer in the nose and upper airways
5. A brief review of formaldehyde carcinogenesis in relation to rat nasal pathology and human health risk assessment
6. Symposium on toxicologic pathology of the upper respiratory system
7. Nasal toxicity and dosimetry of inhaled xenobiotics: Implications for human health
8. Nasal carcinogenesis: Research and risk assessment
9. Histopathological changes of the nasal mucosa in southwest metropolitan Mexico City inhabitants
10. Rates of regression and progression of dysplastic lesions in the nasal mucosa in nickel workers: A Markov model approach
11. Nasal toxicity: Endpoints of concern in humans
12. Editorial
13. Research strategy for assessing human risk from inhaled nasal toxicants
14. Mapping of lesions in the nose provides insight into mechanism of action of nasal toxicants
15. Controlled ethyl tert-butyl ether (ETBE) exposure of male volunteers. II. Acute effects
16. The effects of ozone exposure on lactate dehydrogenase release from human and primate respiratory epithelial cells
17. Ozone-induced augmentation of eicosanoid metabolism in human nasal mucosa in vitro
18. Effects of topical nasal steroids on human respiratory mucosa and human granulocytes in vitro
19. Nasal cocaine abuse mimicking midline granuloma
20. Nasal septal necrosis mimicking Wegener's granulomatosis in a cocaine abuser
21. Destructive lesions of the median line secondary to cocaine abuse
22. Palate perforation from cocaine abuse
23. Nasal cocaine abuse presenting as a central facial destructive granuloma
24. Preseptal cellulitis and orbital wall destruction secondary to nasal cocaine abuse
25. Chemically induced nasal carcinogenesis and epithelial cell proliferation. A brief review
26. Cell proliferation in nasal respiratory epithelium of people exposed to urban pollution
27. Biological monitoring of chemical exposure in nickel workers by imaging cytometry (ICM) of nasal smears
28. DNA damage in leukocytes and buccal and nasal epithelial cells of individuals exposed to air pollution in Mexico City
29. DNA damage in nasal respiratory epithelium from children exposed to urban pollution
30. DNA adduct formation in the human nasal mucosa as a biomarker of exposure to environmental mutagens and carcinogens
31. Detection of genotoxic effects in human gastric and nasal mucosa cells from biopsy samples
32. Upper respiratory tract carcinogenesis in experimental animals and in humans
33. Carcinogenic response of the nasal cavity to inhaled chemical mixtures
34. The role of combination effects on the etiology of malignant tumors in the wood-working industry
35. Cancer mortality and wood dust exposure among participants in the American Cancer Society Cancer Prevention Study-II (CPS-II)
36. What to do about soft wood? A review of respiratory effects and recommendations regarding exposure limits
37. The carcinogenicity of metals in humans
38. Sinonasal cancer, occupation, and tobacco smoking in European women and men
39. Risk factors for cancer of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses among white men in the United States
40. Sensory irritation of the upper airways by airborne chemicals
41. An analysis of human response to the irritancy of acetone vapours
42. Irritation and odour as indicators of indoor pollution
43. Odor perception and beliefs about risk
44. Influence of airborne contaminants on olfaction and the common chemical sense
45. Efficacy of volatile organic compounds in evoking nasal pungency and odor
46. Relative sensitivity of the ocular trigeminal, nasal trigeminal and olfactory systems to airborne chemicals
47. Agonistic sensory effects of airborne chemicals in mixtures: Odor, nasal pungency, and eye irritation
48. Intranasal trigeminal detection of chemical vapors by humans
49. Intranasal trigeminal stimulation from odorous volatiles: Psychometric responses from anosmic and normal humans
50. Acetone odor and irritation thresholds obtained from acetone-exposed factory workers and from control (occupationally non-exposed) subjects
51. Is there directional smelling?
52. Olfactory input facilitates trigeminal chemosensitivity
53. Loss of olfactory function leads to a decrease of trigeminal sensitivity
54. Differences in human chemosensory evoked potentials to olfactory somatosensory chemical stumili presented to left and right nostrils
55. Nociceptive and reflexive responses recorded from the human nasal mucosa
56. The influence of cognitive bias on the perceived odor, irritation and health symptoms from chemical exposure
57. Perceived odor, irritation, and health symptoms following short-term exposure to acetone
58. Olfaction
59. Fine structure of the septal olfactory organ of Masera and its associated gland in the golden hamster
60. Seven-transmembrane proteins as odorant and chemosensory receptors
61. The human vomeronasal system
62. The olfactory bulb: Coding and processing of odor molecule information
63. The vomeronasal organ
64. Regionalization of Fos immunostaining in rat accessory olfactory bulb when the vomeronasal organ was exposed to urine
65. Making sense of scents
66. Direct transport of cocaine from the nasal cavity to the brain following intranasal cocaine administration in rats
67. Direct drug transport from the nasal cavity to the cerebrospinal fluid: The relation to the dissociation of the drug
68. Central nervous system effects of intranasally administered insulin during euglycemia in men
69. Transport of drugs from the nasal cavity to the central nervous system
70. Pathology of cerebrospinal fluid and interstitial fluid of the CNS: Significance for Alzheimer disease, prion disorders and multiple sclerosis
71. Cervical lymphatics, the blood-brain barrier and the immunoreactivity of the brain: A new view
72. Acute effects of cigarette smoke on the upper airway
73. Ultrastructure of substance P- and CGRP-immunoreactive nerve fibers in the nasal epithelium of rodents
74. Ultrastructure of free nerve endings in respiratory and squamous epithelium on the rat nasal septum
75. The distribution of thermoreceptors within the nasal cavity
76. Computer simulation of inspiratory nasal airflow and inhaled gas uptake in a rhesus monkey
77. Computer simulation of inspiratory airflow in all regions of the F344 rat nasal passages
78. Application of a hybrid computational fluid dynamics and physiologically based inhalation model for interspecies dosimetry extrapolation of acidic vapors in the upper airway
79. Nasal toxicity of chloroform in male F-344 rats and female B6C3F1 mice following a 1-week inhalation exposure
80. Chloroform-induced olfactory mucosal degeneration and osseous ethmoid hyperplasia are not associated with olfactory deficits in Fischer 344 rats
81. Odorant threshold following methyl bromide-induced lesions of the olfactory epithelium
82. Degeneration and regeneration of the olfactory epithelium following inhalation exposure to methyl bromide: Pathology, cell kinetics, and olfactory function
83. Design and evaluation of an olfactometer for the assessment of 3-methylindole-induced hyposmia
84. Olfactory neuronal loss in adult male CD rats following subchronic inhalation exposure to hydrogen sulfide
85. Upper airway symptoms and function in wood surface coating industry workers
86. The effect of ammonia on olfactory epithelium and vomeronasal organ neuroepithelium of rabbits. A histological and histochemical study
87. Histopathology of nasal olfactory mucosa from selected inhalation toxicity studies conducted with volatile chemicals
88. Approaches to the identification and recording of nasal lesions in toxicology studies
89. Reconstitution of the rat olfactory epithelium after methyl bromide-induced lesions
90. A review of axonal transport of metals
91. Uptake of metals in the brain via olfactory pathways
92. An olfactory-limbic model of multiple chemical sensitivity syndrome: Possible relationships to kindling and affective spectrum disorders
93. Effects of acute xylene exposure on the enkephalinergic neuromodulatory system in rats
94. Taurine in the olfactory system: Effects on the olfactory toxicant dichlobenil
95. The effects of intranasal infusion of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) upon catecholamine concentrations within olfactory bulbs and corpus striatum of male mice
96. Transport of manganese via the olfactory pathway in rats: Dosage dependency of the uptake and subcellular distribution of the metal in the olfactory epithelium and the brain
97. Transport and subcellular distribution of nickel in the olfactory system of pikes and rats
98. Age-related changes in ventilatory and heart rate responses to acute ozone exposure in the conscious rat
99. Neurogenic inflammation and sensitivity to environmental chemicals
100. Hypertonic saline provocation stimulates nociceptive nerves, substance P release, and glandular mucous exocytosis in normal humans
101. Neurogenic inflammation with additional discussion of central and perceptual integration of immunogenic inflammation
102. Release of immunoreactive substance P in the trigeminal brain stem nuclear complex evoked by chemical stimulation of the nasal mucosa and the dura mater encephali - A study with antibody microbes
103. Sensory nerve-mediated immediate nasal responses to inspired acrolein
104. Dose-dependent effects of capsaicin nasal challenge: In vivo evidence of human airway neurogenic inflammation
105. Regional specialization in the mucosal immune system: What happens in the microcompartments?
106. Systemic antibodies can inhibit mouse mammary tumor virus-driven superantigen response in mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues
107. Down-regulation of immune responses to inhaled antigen: Studies on the mechanism of induced suppression
108. Dose-dependent mechanisms related to nasal tolerance induction and protection against experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in Lewis rats
109. New perspectives in vaccine development: Mucosal immunity to infections
110. Nasal delivery of vaccines
111. Intranasal immunization with Toxoplasmosis gondii SAG1 induces protective cells into both NALT and GALT compartments
112. Immune responses and protection against vaginal infection after nasal or vaginal immunization with attenuated simplex virus type-2
113. Mucosal tolerance: A two-edged sword to prevent and treat autoimmune diseases
114. Evidence for a common mucosal immunologic system. I Migration of B immunoblasts into intestinal, respiratory, and genital tissues
115. The role of nasopharyngeal lymphoid tissue
116. Nasal hypersensitivity in purulent middle ear effusion
117. Induction of specific immunoglobulin A and Th2 immune responses to outer membrane protein of nontypeable Haemophilus influenza in middle ear mucosa by intranasal immunization
118. Nasopharyngeal colonization with nontypeable Haemophilus influenza in chincillas
119. Mucosal immunology and the eye
120. Inductive pathways leading to rat tear IgA antibody responses
121. Unique characteristics of lacrimal glands as part of mucosal immune network: High frequency of IgA- committed B-1 cells and NK1.1(+) alpha beta T cells
122. CSF drains directly from the subarachnoid space into nasal lymphatics in the rat. Anatomy, histology and immunological significance
123. Dynamic properties of lymphatic pathways for the absorption of cerebrospinal fluid
124. Immunobiology of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)
125. Dialogue between the CNS and the immune system in lymphoid organs
126. CGRP and substance P in intraepithelial neuronal structures of the human upper respiratory system
127. The atopic diseases
128. Nasal secretory IgA circadian rhythm: A single dose suppression test
129. Diesel-exhaust particulates inoculated by the intranasal route have an adjuvant activity for IgE production in mice
130. Enhancing effect of suspended particulate matter on the IgE antibody production in mice
131. Nasal challenge with diesel exhaust particles can induce sensitization to a neoallergen in the human mucosa
132. Four-week exposure to diesel exhaust induces nasal mucosal hyperresponsiveness to histamine in guinea pigs
133. Epithelial damage and tumours of the nose after exposure to four different aldehydes by inhalation
134. Pathology of chronic nasal toxic responses including cancer
135. Upper respiratory tract tumours in Cpb:WU (Wistar random) rats
136. An evaluation of the carcinogenic potential of the herbicide alachlor to man
137. Target organs in chronic bioassays of 533 chemical carcinogens
138. An update of the national toxicology program database on nasal carcinogens
139. Neoplastic and potentially preneoplastic changes in the upper respiratory tract of rats and mice
140. Chemicals associated with site-specific neoplasia in 1394 long-term carcinogenesis experiments in laboratory rodents
141. Carcinogenic action of quinoxaline 1,4-dioxide in rats
142. Toxicologic and carcinogenic effects of the type iv phosphodiesterase inhibitor RP 73401 on the nasal olfactory tissue in rats
143. Third chronological supplement to the carcinogenic potency database: Standardized results of animal bioasays published through December 1986 and by the National Toxicology Program through June 1987
144. Carcinogenic N-nitrosamines in the diet: Occurrence, formation, mechanisms and carcinogenic potential
145. Nitrosamine-induced nasal cavity carcinogenesis
146. Strong nasal carcinogenicity and genotoxicity of 1-nitroso-4methylpiperazine after low dose inhalation in rats
147. Long-term inhalation of low-dose N-nitrosodimethyamine (NDMA) in rats
148. Inhalation toxicity of acetaldehyde in rats. III. Carcinogenicity study
149. A lifetime study of rats and mice exposed to vapours of bis(chloromethyl)ether
150. Inhalation carcinogenesis of dimethylcarbamoyl chloride. A dose response effect and induction of naso-pharyngeal and nasal cavity tumours in rats
151. Toxicity and cancerogenic properties of inhaled dimethyl sulfate
152. Inhalation carcinogenicity of epichlorohydrin in noninbred Sprague-Dawley rats
153. Metaplastic changes of nasal respiratory epithelium in rats exposed to hexamethylphosphoramide (HMPA) by inhalation
154. Morphological expression of glandular differentiation in the epidermoid nasal carcinomas induced by phenylglycidylether inhalation
155. Nasal cavity neoplasia in F344/N rats and (C57BL/ 6xC3H)F1 mice inhaling propylene oxide for up to two years
156. One year time-sequence inhalation toxicity study of vinyl chloride in rats. II. Morphological changes in the respiratory tract, ceruminous glands, brain, kidneys, heart and spleen
157. Chronic toxicity and oncogenicity inhalation study with vinyl acetate in the rat and the mouse
158. Carcinogenesis in F344 rats induced by nitrosohydroxyallyl-chloroethylureas
159. Long-term inhalation toxicity of hydrazine
160. Upper respiratory tract carcinogenesis in experimental animals and in humans
161. Cytochrome P-450 2A of nasal epithelium: Regulation and role in carcinogen metabolism
162. Biotransformation enzymes in nasal mucosa and liver of Sprague Dawley rats
163. 450 dependent mono-oxygenases in nasal epithelium membranes: Effect of phenobarbital and benzo(a)pyrene
164. Some biotransformation enzymes responsible for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolism in rat nasal turbinates: Effect on enzyme activities on in vitro modifiers and intraperitoneal and inhalation exposure of rats to inducing agents
165. Metabolism of diethylnitrosamine by microsomes of human respiratory nasal mucosa and liver
166. Metabolism of diethylnitrosamine by nasal mucosa and hepatic microsomes from hamster and rat: Species specificity of nasal mucosa
167. 1 in the bovine olfactory mucosa
168. 1 in mice: Formation and retention of tissue bound metabolites in nasal glands
169. Role of persistent, non-genotoxic tissue damage in rodent cancer and relevance to humans
170. Cell division and human cancer
171. Cirrhosis and the aetiology of hepatocellular carcinoma
172. How efficient is immunological surveillance against cancer and why does it fail?
173. The skin
174. Adenocarcinoma of the lung in men
175. Persistent organ damage and cancer production in rats and mice. Mechanisms and models in toxicology
176. An illustrated classification of the proliferative and neoplastic changes in mouse bladder epithelium in response to prolonged irritation
177. Cell proliferation and formadehyde-induced respiratory carcinogenesis
178. Chemical carcinogenesis
179. Endogenous carcinogenesis: Molecular oncology into the twenty-first century
180. Too many rodent carcinogens: Mitogenesis increases mutagenesis
181. The role of cell proliferation in multistage carcinogenesis
182. Cell proliferation and experimental liver cancer
183. Requirement of cell proliferation for the initiation of liver carcinogenesis as assayed by three different procedures
184. Biochemical and morphological studies of heterogenous lobe responses in hepatocarcinogenesis
185. Genetic errors, cell proliferation, and carcinogenesis
186. Gehaüftes auftreten von bösartigen tumoren im bereich der nase und ihre nebenhöhlen bei werktätigen der holzindustrie und andere industriezweigen
187. Zur frage beruflich bedingter tumoren in der holzverarbeitenden industrie
188. Histopathology of the nasal mucosa in furniture workers
189. The nasal mucosa in softwood exposed furniture workers
190. Nasal cuboidal metaplasia with dysplasia
191. Induction of squamous cell carcinomas of the rat nasal cavity by inhalation exposure to formaldehyde vapour
192. Gaseous formaldehyde and hydrogen chloride induction of nasal cancer in rats
193. Carcinogenicity of formaldehyde in rats and mice after long-term inhalation exposure
194. Correlation of regional and nonlinear formaldehyde-induced nasal cancer with proliferating populations of cells
195. Results of a 28-month chronic inhalation toxicity study of formaldehyde in male Fisher-344 rats
196. Significance of formaldehyde-induced DNA-protein crosslinks for mutagenesis
197. Nasal tumors in rats after severe injury to the nasal mucosa and prolonged exposure to 10 ppm formaldehyde
198. A strategy for establishing mode of action of chemical carcinogens as a guide for approaches to risk assessment
199. Subchronic (13-week) inhalation toxicity study of formaldehyde in rats
200. Cytotoxic and adaptive effects in rat nasal epithelium after 3-day and 13-week exposure to low concentrations of formaldehyde vapour
201. The effect of formaldehyde exposure on cytotoxicity and cell proliferation
202. Role of tissue damage in nasal carcinogenesis
203. High-risk factors in the development of head and neck cancers
204. Concluding remarks
205. Effects of exposure to acrolein vapour in hamsters simultaneously treated with benzo(a)pyrene or diethylnitrosamine
206. Effects of exposure to furfural vapour in hamsters simultaneously treated with benzo(a)pyrene or diethylnitrosamine
207. Chronic toxicity and oncogenicity bioassay of inhaled ethyl acrylate in Fischer 344 rats and B6C3F1 mice
208. Formaldehyde and tumours in hamster respiratory tract
209. Two-year inhalation exposure of female and male B6C3F1 mice and F344 rats to chlorine gas induces lesions confined to the nose
210. Cell proliferation not associated with carcinogenesis in rodents and humans
211. Evaluation of sensory irritation from acrolein-formaldehyde mixtures
212. Irritation of the upper airways from mixtures of cumene and n-propanol
213. Sensory irritation tolerance and cross-tolerance in F-344 rats exposed to chlorine or formaldehyde gas
214. Sensory irritation response to inhaled aldehydes after formaldehyde pretreatment
215. Interaction of sulfur dioxide and acrolein as sensory irritants
216. Sensory irritation by sulfur dioxide and chlorobenzylidene malononitrile
217. Evaluation of the sensory irritation test for the assessment of occupational health risk
218. Sensory irritation to mixtures of formaldehyde, acrolein and acetaldehyde in rats
219. Contribution of the trigeminal nerve to perceived odor magnitude
220. Interaction between chemoreceptive modalities of odour and irritation
221. Perception of pungent odorants alone and in binary mixtures
222. Depletion of nasal glutathione by acrolein and enhancement of formaldehyde induced DNA-protein cross-linking by simultaneous exposure to acrolein
223. Combined exposure of rat upper respiratory tract epithelium to aldehydes
224. In vivo and in vitro toxicity studies with mixtures of aldehydes
225. Changes in the nasal epithelium of rats exposed by inhalation to mixtures of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acrolein
226. Effects of exercise exposure on toxic interactions between inhaled oxidants and aldehyde air pollutants
227. Interactive effects of ozone and formaldehyde on the nasal respiratory lining epithelium in rats
228. Biochemical and histopathological changes in nasal epithelium of rats after 3-day intermittent exposure to formaldehyde and ozone alone or in combination
229. Histopathological effects observed in rat nasal epithelium in two 3-day inhalation studies with formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acrolein, ammonia, and a mixture of formaldehyde, acrolein, and ammonia, respectively
230. Cigarette smoke induced pathology of the rat respiratory tract: A comparison of the effects of the particulate and vapour phases
231. Methodology for toxicological evaluation of cigarette smoke after nose-only inhalation in mice and rats
232. Inhalation toxicity studies on cigarette smoke, VII. 6-week comparative experiments using modified flue-cured cigarettes: Histopathology of the conducting airways
233. Ultrastructure of olfactory epithelia in mice after smoke exposure
234. Comparative inhalation study in rats, using a second prototype of a cigarette that heats rather than bums tobacco
235. Ninety-day inhalation study in rats, comparing smoke from cigarettes that heat tobacco with those that bum tobacco
236. Histopathology, urine mutagenicity, and bone marrow cytogenetics of mice exposed nose-only to smoke from cigarettes that bum or heat tobacco
237. Comparative subchronic inhalation bioassay in hamsters of a cigarette that only heats tobacco
238. Exposure of rats and hamsters to sidestream smoke from cigarettes in a subchronic inhalation study
239. Fourteen-day inhalation study in rats, using aged and diluted sidestream smoke from a reference cigarette. I. Inhalation toxicology and histopathology
240. Subchronic inhalation study in rats using aged and diluted sidestream smoke from a reference cigarette
241. Subchronic inhalation study of toner in rats
242. Gaseous formaldehyde and hydrogen chloride induction of nasal cancer in the rat
243. Carcinogenicity of formaldehyde and hydrogen chloride in rats
244. Glass fibers and vapor phase components of cigarette smoke as cofactors in experimental respiratory tract carcinogenesis
245. Respiratory tract tumours in hamsters exposed to acetaldehyde vapour alone or simultaneously to benzo(a)pyrene or diethylnitrosamine
246. Carcinogenic effects of radon daughters, uranium ore dust and cigarette smoke in beagle dogs
247. Histological changes in the nasal mucosa in rats after long-term exposure to formaldehyde and wood dust
248. Experimental studies on carcinogenesis in the nasal mucosa
249. Effects of wood dust exposure and diethylnitrosamine. A pilot study in Syrian golden hamsters
250. Chronic inhalation of cigarette smoke by F344 rats
251. Chronic effects on the respiratory tract of hamsters, mice and rats after long-term inhalation of high concentrations of filtered and unfiltered diesel engine emissions
252. A chronic inhalation toxicity study of diesel engine emissions and coal tar dust, alone and combined
253. Diesel exhaust is a pulmonary carcinogen in rats exposed chronically by inhalation
254. Nasal cavity enzymes involved in xenobiotic metabolism: Effects on the toxicity of inhalants
255. Metabolic capacity of nasal tissue interspecies comparisons of xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes
256. In vitro models of nasal cavity toxicity
257. In vitro culture of microdissected rat nasal airway tissue
258. Endotoxin potentiates ozone-induced mucous cell metaplasia in rat nasal epithelium
259. Effects of preexisting rhinitis on ozone-induced mucous cell metaplasia in rat nasal epithelium
260. Inflammatory and epithelial responses during the development of ozone-induced mucous cell metaplasia in the nasal epithelium of rats
261. Understanding mechanisms of inhaled toxicants: Implications for replacing default factors with chemical-specific data
262. Influence of breathing mode and activity level on the regional deposition of inhaled particles and implications for regulatory standards
263. Deposition and clearance of inhaled particles
264. Oronasal distribution of respiratory airflow
265. Deposition of inhaled particles in the oral airway during oronasal breathing
266. Critical factors in assessing risk from exposure to nasal carcinogens
267. Comparative aspects of nasal airway anatomy: Relevance to inhalation toxicology
268. Normal histology of the nasal cavity and application of special techniques
269. Comparative anatomy and physiology of the nasal cavity
270. Comparative anatomy and histomorphology of the nasal and paranasal cavities in rodents
271. Airflow, gas deposition, and lesion distribution in the nasal passages
272. Effects of formaldehyde gas on the respiratory tract of rhesus monkeys: Pathology and cell proliferation
273. Covalent binding of inhaled formaldehyde to DNA in the respiratory tract of rhesus monkeys: Phamacokinetics, rat-to-monkey interspecies scaling, and extrapolation to man
274. Computational fluid dynamics simulations of inspiratory airflow in the human nose and nasopharynx
275. Computer models of nasal airflow and inhaled gas uptake in the rat, monkey and human: Implications for interspecies dosimetry
276. A CFD-PBPK hybrid model for simulating gas and vapor uptake in the rat nose
277. Absorption of soluble gases and vapors in the respiratory tract
278. First-pass metabolism of inspired ethyl acetate in the upper respiratory tracts of the F344 rat and Syrian hamster
279. Comparison of four biologically based dosimetry models for the deposition of rapidly metabolized vapors in the rodent nasal cavity
280. Inhalation RfC methodology: Dosimetric adjustments and dose-response estimation of noncancer toxicity in the upper respiratory tract
281. Modeling the uptake of gases by the dog nasal-pharyngeal region: Effects of morphometric and physicochemical factors
282. Mass-transport models to predict toxicity of inhaled gases in the upper respiratory tract
283. Deposition, retention, and clearance of inhaled particles
284. The deposition of atmospheric condensation nuclei in the nasopharyngeal region of the human respiratory tract
285. In vivo deposition of ultrafine aerosols in the nasal airway of the rat
286. A biologically based risk assessment for vinyl acetate-induced cancer and noncancer inhalation toxicity
287. Dosimetry, toxicity and carcinogenicity of inspired acetaldehyde in the rat
288. Correlations between subjective disturbances due to acute exposure to organic solvents and internal dose
289. Solvent exposure and ratings of well-being: Dose-effect relationships and consistency of data
290. Approach to setting occupational exposure limits (OELS) for sensory irritants