메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 47, Issue 3, 2000, Pages 426-435

Antioxidants and the bioactivity of endothelium-derived nitric oxide

Author keywords

Endothelial factors; Endothelial function; Free radicals; Nitric oxide

Indexed keywords

ALPHA TOCOPHEROL; ANTIOXIDANT; ASCORBIC ACID; BETA CAROTENE; CATALASE; FLAVONOID; FREE RADICAL; GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE; NITRIC OXIDE; PROBUCOL; SUPEROXIDE; SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE; TETRAHYDROBIOPTERIN;

EID: 0034682912     PISSN: 00086363     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0008-6363(00)00103-6     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (117)

References (141)
  • 1
    • 0019195506 scopus 로고
    • The obligatory role of endothelial cells in the relaxation of arterial smooth muscle by acetylcholine
    • Furchgott R.F., Zawadzki J.V. The obligatory role of endothelial cells in the relaxation of arterial smooth muscle by acetylcholine. Nature. 288:1980;373-376.
    • (1980) Nature , vol.288 , pp. 373-376
    • Furchgott, R.F.1    Zawadzki, J.V.2
  • 2
    • 0023505509 scopus 로고
    • Endothelium-derived relaxing factor produced and released from artery and vein is nitric oxide
    • Ignarro L.J., Buga G.M., Wood K.S., Byrns R.E., Chaudhuri G. Endothelium-derived relaxing factor produced and released from artery and vein is nitric oxide. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 84:1987;9265-9269.
    • (1987) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.84 , pp. 9265-9269
    • Ignarro, L.J.1    Buga, G.M.2    Wood, K.S.3    Byrns, R.E.4    Chaudhuri, G.5
  • 3
    • 0027104253 scopus 로고
    • Biochemistry of nitric oxide and its redox-activated forms
    • Stamler J.S., Singel D.J., Loscalzo J. Biochemistry of nitric oxide and its redox-activated forms. Science. 258:1992;1898-1902.
    • (1992) Science , vol.258 , pp. 1898-1902
    • Stamler, J.S.1    Singel, D.J.2    Loscalzo, J.3
  • 4
    • 0027752805 scopus 로고
    • The L-arginine nitric oxide pathway
    • Moncada S., Higgs A. The L-arginine nitric oxide pathway. N. Engl. J. Med. 329:1993;2002-2012.
    • (1993) N. Engl. J. Med. , vol.329 , pp. 2002-2012
    • Moncada, S.1    Higgs, A.2
  • 5
    • 0001936097 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Endotheliopathies: Clinical manifestations of endothelial dysfunction
    • J. Loscalzo, & A.I. Shafer. London: Williams and Wilkins
    • Gokce N., Keaney J.F., Jr Vita J.A. Endotheliopathies: clinical manifestations of endothelial dysfunction. Loscalzo J., Shafer A.I. Thrombosis and hemorrhage. 1998;901-924 Williams and Wilkins, London.
    • (1998) Thrombosis and Hemorrhage , pp. 901-924
    • Gokce, N.1    Keaney, J.F.2    Jr Vita, J.A.3
  • 6
    • 0029153361 scopus 로고
    • Atherosclerosis, oxidative stress and antioxidant protection in endothelium-derived relaxing factor action
    • Keaney J.F. Jr., Vita J.A. Atherosclerosis, oxidative stress and antioxidant protection in endothelium-derived relaxing factor action. Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis. 38:1995;129-154.
    • (1995) Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis. , vol.38 , pp. 129-154
    • Keaney J.F., Jr.1    Vita, J.A.2
  • 7
    • 0002219891 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What is oxidative stress
    • J.F. Jr. Keaney. Boston: Kluwer
    • Sies H. What is oxidative stress. Keaney J.F. Jr. Oxidative stress and vascular disease. 2000;1-8 Kluwer, Boston.
    • (2000) Oxidative Stress and Vascular Disease , pp. 1-8
    • Sies, H.1
  • 8
    • 0030711558 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nitric oxide synthases: Which, where, how, and why?
    • Michel T., Feron O. Nitric oxide synthases: which, where, how, and why? J. Clin. Invest. 100:1997;2146-2152.
    • (1997) J. Clin. Invest. , vol.100 , pp. 2146-2152
    • Michel, T.1    Feron, O.2
  • 9
    • 0021064044 scopus 로고
    • Role of endothelium in responses of vascular smooth muscle
    • Furchgott R. Role of endothelium in responses of vascular smooth muscle. Circ. Res. 53:1983;557-573.
    • (1983) Circ. Res. , vol.53 , pp. 557-573
    • Furchgott, R.1
  • 10
    • 0023202970 scopus 로고
    • Blood flow and endothelium-mediated vasomotion of iliac arteries in conscious dogs
    • Young M.A., Vatner S.F. Blood flow and endothelium-mediated vasomotion of iliac arteries in conscious dogs. Circ Res. 61:1987;II88.
    • (1987) Circ Res , vol.61 , pp. 88
    • Young, M.A.1    Vatner, S.F.2
  • 11
    • 0000707453 scopus 로고
    • Nitric oxide activates guanylate cyclase and increases guanosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate levels in various tissue preparations
    • Arnold W.P., Mittal C.K., Katsuki S., Murad F. Nitric oxide activates guanylate cyclase and increases guanosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate levels in various tissue preparations. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 74:1977;3203-3207.
    • (1977) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.74 , pp. 3203-3207
    • Arnold, W.P.1    Mittal, C.K.2    Katsuki, S.3    Murad, F.4
  • 12
    • 0027404913 scopus 로고
    • Intracellular cyclic GMP receptor proteins
    • Lincoln T.M., Cornwell T.L. Intracellular cyclic GMP receptor proteins. FASEB J. 7:1993;328-338.
    • (1993) FASEB J. , vol.7 , pp. 328-338
    • Lincoln, T.M.1    Cornwell, T.L.2
  • 13
    • 0028220671 scopus 로고
    • Nitric oxide directly activates calcium-dependent potassium channels in vascular smooth muscle
    • Bolotina V.M., Najibi S., Palacino J.J., Pagano P.J., Cohen R.A. Nitric oxide directly activates calcium-dependent potassium channels in vascular smooth muscle. Nature. 368:1994;850-853.
    • (1994) Nature , vol.368 , pp. 850-853
    • Bolotina, V.M.1    Najibi, S.2    Palacino, J.J.3    Pagano, P.J.4    Cohen, R.A.5
  • 14
    • 0025131570 scopus 로고
    • Characterization of the L-arginine:nitric oxide pathway in human platelets
    • Radomski M.W., Palmer R.M., Moncada S. Characterization of the L-arginine:nitric oxide pathway in human platelets. Br. J. Pharmacol. 101:1990;325-328.
    • (1990) Br. J. Pharmacol. , vol.101 , pp. 325-328
    • Radomski, M.W.1    Palmer, R.M.2    Moncada, S.3
  • 15
    • 0025731835 scopus 로고
    • Nitric oxide: An endogenous modulator of leukocyte adhesion
    • Kubes P., Suzuki M., Granger D.N. Nitric oxide: an endogenous modulator of leukocyte adhesion. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 88:1991;4651-4655.
    • (1991) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.88 , pp. 4651-4655
    • Kubes, P.1    Suzuki, M.2    Granger, D.N.3
  • 16
    • 0024553336 scopus 로고
    • Nitric oxide-generating vasodilators and 8-bromo-cyclic guanosine monophosphate inhibit mitogenesis and proliferation of cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cells
    • Garg U.C., Hassid A. Nitric oxide-generating vasodilators and 8-bromo-cyclic guanosine monophosphate inhibit mitogenesis and proliferation of cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cells. J. Clin. Invest. 83:1989;1774-1777.
    • (1989) J. Clin. Invest. , vol.83 , pp. 1774-1777
    • Garg, U.C.1    Hassid, A.2
  • 17
    • 0023028215 scopus 로고
    • Paradoxical vasoconstriction induced by acetylcholine in atherosclerotic coronary arteries
    • Ludmer P.L., Selwyn A.P., Shook T.L., et al. Paradoxical vasoconstriction induced by acetylcholine in atherosclerotic coronary arteries. N. Engl. J. Med. 315:1986;1046-1051.
    • (1986) N. Engl. J. Med. , vol.315 , pp. 1046-1051
    • Ludmer, P.L.1    Selwyn, A.P.2    Shook, T.L.3
  • 18
    • 0024470269 scopus 로고
    • Atherosclerosis impairs flow-mediated dilation of coronary arteries in humans
    • Cox D.A., Vita J.A., Treasure C.B., et al. Atherosclerosis impairs flow-mediated dilation of coronary arteries in humans. Circulation. 80:1989;458-465.
    • (1989) Circulation , vol.80 , pp. 458-465
    • Cox, D.A.1    Vita, J.A.2    Treasure, C.B.3
  • 19
    • 0025307354 scopus 로고
    • Impaired vasodilation of forearm resistance vessels in hypercholesterolemic humans
    • Creager M.A., Cooke J.P., Mendelsohn M.E., et al. Impaired vasodilation of forearm resistance vessels in hypercholesterolemic humans. J. Clin. Invest. 86:1990;228-234.
    • (1990) J. Clin. Invest. , vol.86 , pp. 228-234
    • Creager, M.A.1    Cooke, J.P.2    Mendelsohn, M.E.3
  • 20
    • 0026478022 scopus 로고
    • Non-invasive detection of endothelial dysfunction in children and adults at risk of atherosclerosis
    • Celermajer D.S., Sorensen K.E., Gooch V.M., et al. Non-invasive detection of endothelial dysfunction in children and adults at risk of atherosclerosis. Lancet. 340:1992;1111-1115.
    • (1992) Lancet , vol.340 , pp. 1111-1115
    • Celermajer, D.S.1    Sorensen, K.E.2    Gooch, V.M.3
  • 21
    • 0027262648 scopus 로고
    • Effect of inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis on epicardial coronary artery caliber and coronary blood flow in humans
    • Lefroy D.C., Crake T., Uren N.G., Davies G.J., Maseri A. Effect of inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis on epicardial coronary artery caliber and coronary blood flow in humans. Circulation. 88:1993;43-54.
    • (1993) Circulation , vol.88 , pp. 43-54
    • Lefroy, D.C.1    Crake, T.2    Uren, N.G.3    Davies, G.J.4    Maseri, A.5
  • 22
    • 0028969847 scopus 로고
    • Nitric oxide activity in the human coronary circulation. Impact of risk factors for atherosclerosis
    • Quyyumi A.A., Dakak N., Andrews N.P., et al. Nitric oxide activity in the human coronary circulation. Impact of risk factors for atherosclerosis. J. Clin. Invest. 95:1995;1747-1755.
    • (1995) J. Clin. Invest. , vol.95 , pp. 1747-1755
    • Quyyumi, A.A.1    Dakak, N.2    Andrews, N.P.3
  • 23
    • 0030330268 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Flow-induced vasodilation of the human brachial artery is impaired in patients <40 years of age with coronary artery disease
    • Lieberman E.H., Gerhard M.D., Uehata A., et al. Flow-induced vasodilation of the human brachial artery is impaired in patients <40 years of age with coronary artery disease. Am. J. Cardiol. 78:1996;1210-1214.
    • (1996) Am. J. Cardiol. , vol.78 , pp. 1210-1214
    • Lieberman, E.H.1    Gerhard, M.D.2    Uehata, A.3
  • 24
    • 0026600628 scopus 로고
    • Patients with evidence of coronary endothelial dysfunction as assessed by acetylcholine infusion demonstrate marked increase in sensitivity to constrictor effects of catecholamines
    • Vita J.A., Treasure C.B., Yeung A.C., et al. Patients with evidence of coronary endothelial dysfunction as assessed by acetylcholine infusion demonstrate marked increase in sensitivity to constrictor effects of catecholamines. Circulation. 85:1992;1390-1397.
    • (1992) Circulation , vol.85 , pp. 1390-1397
    • Vita, J.A.1    Treasure, C.B.2    Yeung, A.C.3
  • 25
    • 0026093083 scopus 로고
    • Divergent effects of serotonin on coronary artery dimensions and blood flow in patients with coronary atherosclerosis and control patients
    • Golino P., Piscione F., Willerson J.T., et al. Divergent effects of serotonin on coronary artery dimensions and blood flow in patients with coronary atherosclerosis and control patients. N. Engl. J. Med. 324:1991;641-648.
    • (1991) N. Engl. J. Med. , vol.324 , pp. 641-648
    • Golino, P.1    Piscione, F.2    Willerson, J.T.3
  • 26
    • 0027739308 scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis increases blood pressure in healthy humans
    • Haynes W.G., Noon J.P., Walker B.R., Webb D.J. Inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis increases blood pressure in healthy humans. J. Hypertens. 11:1993;1375-1380.
    • (1993) J. Hypertens. , vol.11 , pp. 1375-1380
    • Haynes, W.G.1    Noon, J.P.2    Walker, B.R.3    Webb, D.J.4
  • 27
    • 0029867206 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Postischemic vasodilation in human forearm is dependent on endothelium-derived nitric oxide
    • Meredith I.T., Currie K.E., Anderson T.J., Roddy M.A., Ganz P., Creager M.A. Postischemic vasodilation in human forearm is dependent on endothelium-derived nitric oxide. Am. J. Physiol. 270:1996;H1435-H1440.
    • (1996) Am. J. Physiol. , vol.270 , pp. 1435-H1440
    • Meredith, I.T.1    Currie, K.E.2    Anderson, T.J.3    Roddy, M.A.4    Ganz, P.5    Creager, M.A.6
  • 30
    • 0031054604 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • L-Arginine reduces human monocyte adhesion to vascular endothelium and endothelial expression of cell adhesion molecules
    • Adams M.R., Jessup W., Hailstones D., Celermajer D.S. L-Arginine reduces human monocyte adhesion to vascular endothelium and endothelial expression of cell adhesion molecules. Circulation. 95:1997;662-668.
    • (1997) Circulation , vol.95 , pp. 662-668
    • Adams, M.R.1    Jessup, W.2    Hailstones, D.3    Celermajer, D.S.4
  • 32
    • 0023119509 scopus 로고
    • Impaired muscarinic endothelium-dependent relaxation and cyclic guanosine 5′-monophosphate formation in atherosclerotic human coronary artery and rabbit aorta
    • Bossaller C., Habib G.B., Yamamoto H., Williams C., Wells S., Henry P.D. Impaired muscarinic endothelium-dependent relaxation and cyclic guanosine 5′-monophosphate formation in atherosclerotic human coronary artery and rabbit aorta. J. Clin. Invest. 79:1987;170-174.
    • (1987) J. Clin. Invest. , vol.79 , pp. 170-174
    • Bossaller, C.1    Habib, G.B.2    Yamamoto, H.3    Williams, C.4    Wells, S.5    Henry, P.D.6
  • 33
    • 0028057273 scopus 로고
    • Impairment of endothelium-dependent dilation is an early event in children with familial hypercholesterolemia and is related to the lipoprotein (a) level
    • Sorensen K.E., Celermajer D.S., Georgakopoulos D., Hatcher G., Betteridge D.J., Deanfield J.E. Impairment of endothelium-dependent dilation is an early event in children with familial hypercholesterolemia and is related to the lipoprotein (a) level. J. Clin. Invest. 93:1994;50-55.
    • (1994) J. Clin. Invest. , vol.93 , pp. 50-55
    • Sorensen, K.E.1    Celermajer, D.S.2    Georgakopoulos, D.3    Hatcher, G.4    Betteridge, D.J.5    Deanfield, J.E.6
  • 34
    • 0025015143 scopus 로고
    • Coronary vasomotor response to acetylcholine relates to risk factors for coronary artery disease
    • Vita J.A., Treasure C.B., Nabel E.G., et al. Coronary vasomotor response to acetylcholine relates to risk factors for coronary artery disease. Circulation. 81:1990;491-497.
    • (1990) Circulation , vol.81 , pp. 491-497
    • Vita, J.A.1    Treasure, C.B.2    Nabel, E.G.3
  • 35
    • 0029056386 scopus 로고
    • Epicardial vasomotor responses to acetylcholine are not predicted by coronary atherosclerosis as assessed by intracoronary ultrasound
    • Nishimura R.A., Lerman A., Chesebro J.H., et al. Epicardial vasomotor responses to acetylcholine are not predicted by coronary atherosclerosis as assessed by intracoronary ultrasound. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 26:1995;41-49.
    • (1995) J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. , vol.26 , pp. 41-49
    • Nishimura, R.A.1    Lerman, A.2    Chesebro, J.H.3
  • 36
    • 0027475176 scopus 로고
    • Hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy are associated with impaired endothelium-mediated relaxation in human coronary resistance vessels
    • Treasure C.B., Klein J.L., Vita J.A., et al. Hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy are associated with impaired endothelium-mediated relaxation in human coronary resistance vessels. Circulation. 87:1993;86-93.
    • (1993) Circulation , vol.87 , pp. 86-93
    • Treasure, C.B.1    Klein, J.L.2    Vita, J.A.3
  • 37
    • 0027216069 scopus 로고
    • Impairment of coronary vascular reserve in and ACH-induced coronary vasodilation in diabetic patients with angiographically normal coronary arteries and normal left ventricular systolic function
    • Nitenberg A., Valersi P., Sachs R., Dali M., Aptecar E., Attali J.R. Impairment of coronary vascular reserve in and ACH-induced coronary vasodilation in diabetic patients with angiographically normal coronary arteries and normal left ventricular systolic function. Diabetes. 42:1993;1017-1025.
    • (1993) Diabetes , vol.42 , pp. 1017-1025
    • Nitenberg, A.1    Valersi, P.2    Sachs, R.3    Dali, M.4    Aptecar, E.5    Attali, J.R.6
  • 38
    • 0027194724 scopus 로고
    • Acetylcholine-induced coronary vasoconstriction in young, heavy smokers with normal coronary arteriographic findings
    • Nitenberg A., Antony I., Foult J.M. Acetylcholine-induced coronary vasoconstriction in young, heavy smokers with normal coronary arteriographic findings. Am. J. Med. 95:1993;71-77.
    • (1993) Am. J. Med. , vol.95 , pp. 71-77
    • Nitenberg, A.1    Antony, I.2    Foult, J.M.3
  • 39
    • 0027255291 scopus 로고
    • Impaired endothelial function occurs in the systemic arteries of children with homozygous homocystinuria but not in their heterozygous parents
    • Celermajer D.S., Sorensen K., Ryalls M., et al. Impaired endothelial function occurs in the systemic arteries of children with homozygous homocystinuria but not in their heterozygous parents. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 22:1993;854-858.
    • (1993) J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. , vol.22 , pp. 854-858
    • Celermajer, D.S.1    Sorensen, K.2    Ryalls, M.3
  • 40
    • 0030831087 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Endothelium-dependent dilatation is impaired in young healthy subjects with a family history of premature coronary disease
    • Clarkson P., Celermajer D.S., Powe A.J., Donald A.E., Henry R.M., Deanfield J.E. Endothelium-dependent dilatation is impaired in young healthy subjects with a family history of premature coronary disease. Circulation. 96:1997;3378-3383.
    • (1997) Circulation , vol.96 , pp. 3378-3383
    • Clarkson, P.1    Celermajer, D.S.2    Powe, A.J.3    Donald, A.E.4    Henry, R.M.5    Deanfield, J.E.6
  • 42
    • 0029054734 scopus 로고
    • Molecular basis of the acute coronary syndromes
    • Libby P. Molecular basis of the acute coronary syndromes. Circulation. 91:1995;2844-2850.
    • (1995) Circulation , vol.91 , pp. 2844-2850
    • Libby, P.1
  • 43
    • 0024356126 scopus 로고
    • Atherosclerosis influences the vasomotor response of epicardial coronary arteries to exercise
    • Gordon J.B., Ganz P., Nabel E.G., et al. Atherosclerosis influences the vasomotor response of epicardial coronary arteries to exercise. J. Clin. Invest. 83:1989;1946-1952.
    • (1989) J. Clin. Invest. , vol.83 , pp. 1946-1952
    • Gordon, J.B.1    Ganz, P.2    Nabel, E.G.3
  • 44
    • 0026409601 scopus 로고
    • The effect of atherosclerosis on the vasomotor response of coronary arteries to mental stress
    • Yeung A.C., Vekshtein V.I., Krantz D.S., et al. The effect of atherosclerosis on the vasomotor response of coronary arteries to mental stress. N. Engl. J. Med. 325:1991;1551-1556.
    • (1991) N. Engl. J. Med. , vol.325 , pp. 1551-1556
    • Yeung, A.C.1    Vekshtein, V.I.2    Krantz, D.S.3
  • 45
    • 0024439701 scopus 로고
    • Control of shear stress in the epicardial coronary arteries of humans: Impairment by atherosclerosis
    • Vita J.A., Treasure C.B., Ganz P., Cox D.A., Fish R.D., Selwyn A.P. Control of shear stress in the epicardial coronary arteries of humans: impairment by atherosclerosis. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 14:1989;1193-1199.
    • (1989) J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. , vol.14 , pp. 1193-1199
    • Vita, J.A.1    Treasure, C.B.2    Ganz, P.3    Cox, D.A.4    Fish, R.D.5    Selwyn, A.P.6
  • 46
    • 0029650740 scopus 로고
    • Cholesterol reduction in cardiovascular disease: Clinical benefits and possible mechanisms
    • Levine G.N., Keaney J.F. Jr., Vita J.A. Cholesterol reduction in cardiovascular disease: Clinical benefits and possible mechanisms. N. Engl. J. Med. 332:1995;512-521.
    • (1995) N. Engl. J. Med. , vol.332 , pp. 512-521
    • Levine, G.N.1    Keaney J.F., Jr.2    Vita, J.A.3
  • 47
    • 0001654669 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term follow-up of patients with mild coronary artery disease and endothelial dysfunction
    • Suwaidi J.A., Hamasaki S., Higano S.T., Nishimura R.A., Holmes D.R., Lerman A. Long-term follow-up of patients with mild coronary artery disease and endothelial dysfunction. Circulation. 101:2000;948-954.
    • (2000) Circulation , vol.101 , pp. 948-954
    • Suwaidi, J.A.1    Hamasaki, S.2    Higano, S.T.3    Nishimura, R.A.4    Holmes, D.R.5    Lerman, A.6
  • 48
    • 0026333959 scopus 로고
    • Role of oxidized low density lipoprotein in atherogenesis
    • Witztum J.L., Steinberg D. Role of oxidized low density lipoprotein in atherogenesis. J. Clin. Invest. 88:1991;1785-1792.
    • (1991) J. Clin. Invest. , vol.88 , pp. 1785-1792
    • Witztum, J.L.1    Steinberg, D.2
  • 49
    • 0033552883 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Atherosclerosis - an inflammatory disease
    • Ross R. Atherosclerosis - an inflammatory disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 340:1999;115-126.
    • (1999) N. Engl. J. Med. , vol.340 , pp. 115-126
    • Ross, R.1
  • 50
    • 0022640297 scopus 로고
    • Superoxide anion is involved in the breakdown of endothelium-derived vascular relaxing factor
    • Gryglewski R.J., Palmer R.M., Moncada S. Superoxide anion is involved in the breakdown of endothelium-derived vascular relaxing factor. Nature. 320:1986;454-456.
    • (1986) Nature , vol.320 , pp. 454-456
    • Gryglewski, R.J.1    Palmer, R.M.2    Moncada, S.3
  • 51
    • 0029805172 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nitric oxide, superoxide, and peroxynitrite: The good, the bad, and the ugly
    • Beckman J.S., Koppenol W.H. Nitric oxide, superoxide, and peroxynitrite: the good, the bad, and the ugly. Am. J. Physiol. 271:1996;C1424-C1437.
    • (1996) Am. J. Physiol. , vol.271 , pp. 1424-C1437
    • Beckman, J.S.1    Koppenol, W.H.2
  • 52
    • 0023930965 scopus 로고
    • Pharmacological evidence that endothelium-derived relaxing factor is nitric oxide: Use of pyrogallol and superoxide dismutase to study endothelium dependent and nitric oxide elicited vascular smooth muscle relaxation
    • Ignarro L.J., Byrns R.E., Buga G.M., Wood K.S., Chaudhuri G. Pharmacological evidence that endothelium-derived relaxing factor is nitric oxide: use of pyrogallol and superoxide dismutase to study endothelium dependent and nitric oxide elicited vascular smooth muscle relaxation. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 244:1988;181-189.
    • (1988) J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. , vol.244 , pp. 181-189
    • Ignarro, L.J.1    Byrns, R.E.2    Buga, G.M.3    Wood, K.S.4    Chaudhuri, G.5
  • 53
    • 0026034681 scopus 로고
    • Release of intact endothelium-derived relaxing factor depends on endothelial superoxide dismutase activity
    • Mugge A., Elwell J.K., Peterson T.E., Harrison D.G. Release of intact endothelium-derived relaxing factor depends on endothelial superoxide dismutase activity. Am. J. Physiol. 260:1991;C219-C225.
    • (1991) Am. J. Physiol. , vol.260 , pp. 219-C225
    • Mugge, A.1    Elwell, J.K.2    Peterson, T.E.3    Harrison, D.G.4
  • 54
    • 0027242030 scopus 로고
    • Hypercholesterolemia increases endothelial superoxide anion production
    • Ohara Y., Peterson T.E., Harrison D.G. Hypercholesterolemia increases endothelial superoxide anion production. J. Clin. Invest. 91:1993;2546-2551.
    • (1993) J. Clin. Invest. , vol.91 , pp. 2546-2551
    • Ohara, Y.1    Peterson, T.E.2    Harrison, D.G.3
  • 55
    • 0030005713 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Angiotensin II-mediated hypertension in the rat increases vascular superoxide production via membrane NADH/NADPH oxidase activation
    • Rajagopalan S., Kurz S., Munzel T., et al. Angiotensin II-mediated hypertension in the rat increases vascular superoxide production via membrane NADH/NADPH oxidase activation. J. Clin. Invest. 97:1996;1916-1923.
    • (1996) J. Clin. Invest. , vol.97 , pp. 1916-1923
    • Rajagopalan, S.1    Kurz, S.2    Munzel, T.3
  • 56
    • 0026759488 scopus 로고
    • Free radicals mediate endothelial cell dysfunction caused by elevated glucose
    • Tesfamariam B., Cohen R.A. Free radicals mediate endothelial cell dysfunction caused by elevated glucose. Am. J. Physiol. 263:1992;H321-H326.
    • (1992) Am. J. Physiol. , vol.263 , pp. 321-H326
    • Tesfamariam, B.1    Cohen, R.A.2
  • 57
    • 0009563798 scopus 로고
    • The superoxide generating system in rabbit aorta resembles NAD(P)H oxidase
    • Pagano P.J., Ito Y., Tornheim K., Gallop P., Cohen R.A. The superoxide generating system in rabbit aorta resembles NAD(P)H oxidase. Circulation. 88:1993;I467.
    • (1993) Circulation , vol.88 , pp. 467
    • Pagano, P.J.1    Ito, Y.2    Tornheim, K.3    Gallop, P.4    Cohen, R.A.5
  • 58
    • 0029133481 scopus 로고
    • Native low-density lipoprotein increases endothelial cell nitric oxide synthase generation of superoxide anion
    • Pritchard K.A. Jr., Groszek L., Smalley D.M., et al. Native low-density lipoprotein increases endothelial cell nitric oxide synthase generation of superoxide anion. Circ. Res. 77:1995;510-518.
    • (1995) Circ. Res. , vol.77 , pp. 510-518
    • Pritchard K.A., Jr.1    Groszek, L.2    Smalley, D.M.3
  • 59
    • 0025989760 scopus 로고
    • Chronic treatment with polyethylene-glycolated superoxide dismutase partially restores endothelium-dependent vascular relaxations in cholesterol-fed rabbits
    • Mugge A., Elwell J.H., Peterson T.E., Hofmeyer T.G., Heistad D.D., Harrison D.G. Chronic treatment with polyethylene-glycolated superoxide dismutase partially restores endothelium-dependent vascular relaxations in cholesterol-fed rabbits. Circ. Res. 69:1991;1293-1300.
    • (1991) Circ. Res. , vol.69 , pp. 1293-1300
    • Mugge, A.1    Elwell, J.H.2    Peterson, T.E.3    Hofmeyer, T.G.4    Heistad, D.D.5    Harrison, D.G.6
  • 60
    • 0027157403 scopus 로고
    • Protective effect of 17-beta-estradiol against the cytotoxicity of minimally oxidized LDL to cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells
    • Nègre-Salvayre A., Pieraggi M.T., Mabile L., Salvayre R. Protective effect of 17-beta-estradiol against the cytotoxicity of minimally oxidized LDL to cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells. Atherosclerosis. 99:1992;207-217.
    • (1992) Atherosclerosis , vol.99 , pp. 207-217
    • Nègre-Salvayre, A.1    Pieraggi, M.T.2    Mabile, L.3    Salvayre, R.4
  • 61
    • 0023192020 scopus 로고
    • Oxidatively modified low density lipoproteins: A potential role in recruitment and retention of monocyte/macrophages during atherogenesis
    • Quinn M.T., Parthasarathy S., Fong L.G., Steinberg D. Oxidatively modified low density lipoproteins: a potential role in recruitment and retention of monocyte/macrophages during atherogenesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 84:1987;2995-2998.
    • (1987) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.84 , pp. 2995-2998
    • Quinn, M.T.1    Parthasarathy, S.2    Fong, L.G.3    Steinberg, D.4
  • 62
    • 0026570225 scopus 로고
    • Inactivation of endothelium-derived relaxing factor by oxidized lipoproteins
    • Chin J.H., Azhar S., Hoffman B.B. Inactivation of endothelium-derived relaxing factor by oxidized lipoproteins. J. Clin. Invest. 89:1992;10-18.
    • (1992) J. Clin. Invest. , vol.89 , pp. 10-18
    • Chin, J.H.1    Azhar, S.2    Hoffman, B.B.3
  • 63
    • 0033575273 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 15-Lipoxygenase catalytically consumes nitric oxide and impairs activation of guanylate cyclase
    • O'Donnell V.B., Taylor K.B., Parthasarathy S., et al. 15-Lipoxygenase catalytically consumes nitric oxide and impairs activation of guanylate cyclase. J. Biol. Chem. 274:1999;20083-20091.
    • (1999) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.274 , pp. 20083-20091
    • O'Donnell, V.B.1    Taylor, K.B.2    Parthasarathy, S.3
  • 64
    • 0028821643 scopus 로고
    • Oxidized low-density lipoprotein decreases the expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase
    • Liao J.K., Shin W.S., Lee W.Y., Clark S.L. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein decreases the expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. J. Biol. Chem. 270:1995;319-324.
    • (1995) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.270 , pp. 319-324
    • Liao, J.K.1    Shin, W.S.2    Lee, W.Y.3    Clark, S.L.4
  • 65
    • 0025286558 scopus 로고
    • Impairment of endothelium-dependent arterial relaxation by lysolecithin in modified low-density lipoproteins
    • Kugiyama K., Kerns S.A., Morrisett J.D., Roberts R., Henry P.D. Impairment of endothelium-dependent arterial relaxation by lysolecithin in modified low-density lipoproteins. Nature. 344:1990;160-162.
    • (1990) Nature , vol.344 , pp. 160-162
    • Kugiyama, K.1    Kerns, S.A.2    Morrisett, J.D.3    Roberts, R.4    Henry, P.D.5
  • 66
    • 0030036853 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vascular incorporation of alpha-tocopherol prevents endothelial dysfunction due to oxidized LDL by inhibiting protein kinase C stimulation
    • Keaney J.F. Jr., Guo Y., Cunningham D., Shwaery G.L., Vita J.A. Vascular incorporation of alpha-tocopherol prevents endothelial dysfunction due to oxidized LDL by inhibiting protein kinase C stimulation. J. Clin. Invest. 98:1996;386-394.
    • (1996) J. Clin. Invest. , vol.98 , pp. 386-394
    • Keaney J.F., Jr.1    Guo, Y.2    Cunningham, D.3    Shwaery, G.L.4    Vita, J.A.5
  • 67
    • 0026542762 scopus 로고
    • High-density lipoprotein antagonizes the inhibitory effects of oxidized low-density lipoprotein and lysolecithin on soluble guanylyl cyclase
    • Schmidt K., Klatt P., Graier W.F., Kostner G.M., Kukovetx W.R. High-density lipoprotein antagonizes the inhibitory effects of oxidized low-density lipoprotein and lysolecithin on soluble guanylyl cyclase. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 182:1992;302-308.
    • (1992) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. , vol.182 , pp. 302-308
    • Schmidt, K.1    Klatt, P.2    Graier, W.F.3    Kostner, G.M.4    Kukovetx, W.R.5
  • 68
    • 0029987050 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cigarette smoking potentiates endothelial dysfunction of forearm resistance vessels in patients with hypercholesterolemia. Role of oxidized LDL
    • Heitzer T., Yla-Herttuala S., Luoma J., et al. Cigarette smoking potentiates endothelial dysfunction of forearm resistance vessels in patients with hypercholesterolemia. Role of oxidized LDL. Circulation. 93:1996;1346-1353.
    • (1996) Circulation , vol.93 , pp. 1346-1353
    • Heitzer, T.1    Yla-Herttuala, S.2    Luoma, J.3
  • 69
    • 0031014389 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Single LDL apheresis improves endothelium-dependent vasodilation in hypercholesterolemic humans
    • Tamai O., Matsuoka H., Itabe H., Wada Y., Kohno K., Iamaizumi T. Single LDL apheresis improves endothelium-dependent vasodilation in hypercholesterolemic humans. Circulation. 95:1997;76-82.
    • (1997) Circulation , vol.95 , pp. 76-82
    • Tamai, O.1    Matsuoka, H.2    Itabe, H.3    Wada, Y.4    Kohno, K.5    Iamaizumi, T.6
  • 70
    • 0029944767 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Endothelium-dependent coronary vasomotion relates to susceptibility of LDL to oxidation in humans
    • Anderson T.J., Meredith I.T., Charbonneau F., et al. Endothelium-dependent coronary vasomotion relates to susceptibility of LDL to oxidation in humans. Circulation. 93:1996;1647-1650.
    • (1996) Circulation , vol.93 , pp. 1647-1650
    • Anderson, T.J.1    Meredith, I.T.2    Charbonneau, F.3
  • 71
    • 0343304160 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human studies of antioxidants and vascular function
    • J.F. Jr. Keaney. Boston: Kluwer
    • Biegelsen E.S., Vita J.A. Human studies of antioxidants and vascular function. Keaney J.F. Jr. Oxidative stress and vascular disease. 1999;213-243 Kluwer, Boston.
    • (1999) Oxidative Stress and Vascular Disease , pp. 213-243
    • Biegelsen, E.S.1    Vita, J.A.2
  • 73
    • 0027146693 scopus 로고
    • Dietary antioxidants preserve endothelium-dependent vessel relaxation in cholesterol-fed rabbits
    • Keaney J.F. Jr., Gaziano J.M., Xu A., et al. Dietary antioxidants preserve endothelium-dependent vessel relaxation in cholesterol-fed rabbits. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 90:1993;11880-11884.
    • (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.90 , pp. 11880-11884
    • Keaney J.F., Jr.1    Gaziano, J.M.2    Xu, A.3
  • 74
    • 0028154834 scopus 로고
    • Vitamin E reverses cholesterol-induced endothelial dysfunction in the rabbit coronary circulation
    • Andersson T.L.G., Matz J., Ferns G.A.A., Anggard E.E. Vitamin E reverses cholesterol-induced endothelial dysfunction in the rabbit coronary circulation. Atherosclerosis. 111:1994;39-45.
    • (1994) Atherosclerosis , vol.111 , pp. 39-45
    • Andersson, T.L.G.1    Matz, J.2    Ferns, G.A.A.3    Anggard, E.E.4
  • 75
    • 0028177038 scopus 로고
    • Low-dose alpha-tocopherol improves and high-dose alpha-tocopherol worsens endothelial vasodilator function in cholesterol-fed rabbits
    • Keaney J.F. Jr., Gaziano J.M., Xu A., et al. Low-dose alpha-tocopherol improves and high-dose alpha-tocopherol worsens endothelial vasodilator function in cholesterol-fed rabbits. J. Clin. Invest. 93:1994;844-851.
    • (1994) J. Clin. Invest. , vol.93 , pp. 844-851
    • Keaney J.F., Jr.1    Gaziano, J.M.2    Xu, A.3
  • 77
    • 0021933648 scopus 로고
    • Monocytes and neutrophils oxidize low density lipoprotein making it cytotoxic
    • Cathcart M.K., Morel D.W., Chisolm G.M. Monocytes and neutrophils oxidize low density lipoprotein making it cytotoxic. J. Leukoc. Biol. 38:1985;341-346.
    • (1985) J. Leukoc. Biol. , vol.38 , pp. 341-346
    • Cathcart, M.K.1    Morel, D.W.2    Chisolm, G.M.3
  • 78
    • 0026325498 scopus 로고
    • Monocyte transmigration induced by modification of low density lipoprotein in cocultures of human aortic wall cells is due to induction of monocyte chemotactic protein 1 synthesis and is abolished by high density lipoprotein
    • Navab M., Imes S.S., Hama S.Y., et al. Monocyte transmigration induced by modification of low density lipoprotein in cocultures of human aortic wall cells is due to induction of monocyte chemotactic protein 1 synthesis and is abolished by high density lipoprotein. J. Clin. Invest. 88:1991;2039-2046.
    • (1991) J. Clin. Invest. , vol.88 , pp. 2039-2046
    • Navab, M.1    Imes, S.S.2    Hama, S.Y.3
  • 79
    • 0028790808 scopus 로고
    • Chronic vitamin E treatment prevents defective endothelium-dependent relaxation in diabetic rat aorta
    • Keegan A., Walbank H., Cotter M.A., Cameron N.E. Chronic vitamin E treatment prevents defective endothelium-dependent relaxation in diabetic rat aorta. Diabetologia. 38:1995;1475-1478.
    • (1995) Diabetologia , vol.38 , pp. 1475-1478
    • Keegan, A.1    Walbank, H.2    Cotter, M.A.3    Cameron, N.E.4
  • 80
    • 0027943213 scopus 로고
    • Effect of antioxidant vitamins on low density lipoprotein oxidation and impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation in patients with hypercholesterolemia
    • Gilligan D.M., Sack M.N., Guetta V., et al. Effect of antioxidant vitamins on low density lipoprotein oxidation and impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation in patients with hypercholesterolemia. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 24:1994;1611-1617.
    • (1994) J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. , vol.24 , pp. 1611-1617
    • Gilligan, D.M.1    Sack, M.N.2    Guetta, V.3
  • 81
    • 0028046495 scopus 로고
    • The effect of probucol and vitamin E treatment on the oxidation of low-density lipoprotein and forearm vascular responses in humans
    • McDowell I.F., Brennan G.M., McEneny J., et al. The effect of probucol and vitamin E treatment on the oxidation of low-density lipoprotein and forearm vascular responses in humans. Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 24:1994;759-765.
    • (1994) Eur. J. Clin. Invest. , vol.24 , pp. 759-765
    • McDowell, I.F.1    Brennan, G.M.2    McEneny, J.3
  • 82
    • 0032757896 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of oral vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) supplementation on vascular endothelial function in Type 2 diabetes mellitus
    • Gazis A., White D.J., Page S.R., Cockcroft J.R. Effect of oral vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) supplementation on vascular endothelial function in Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabet. Med. 16:1999;304-311.
    • (1999) Diabet. Med. , vol.16 , pp. 304-311
    • Gazis, A.1    White, D.J.2    Page, S.R.3    Cockcroft, J.R.4
  • 83
    • 0031983471 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lack of effect of vitamin E on L-arginine responsive endothelial dysfunction in patients with mild hypercholesterolemia and coronary artery disease
    • Chowienczyk P.J., Kneale B.J., Brett S.E., Paganga G., Jenkins B.S., Ritter J.M. Lack of effect of vitamin E on L-arginine responsive endothelial dysfunction in patients with mild hypercholesterolemia and coronary artery disease. Clin. Sci. 94:1998;129-134.
    • (1998) Clin. Sci. , vol.94 , pp. 129-134
    • Chowienczyk, P.J.1    Kneale, B.J.2    Brett, S.E.3    Paganga, G.4    Jenkins, B.S.5    Ritter, J.M.6
  • 84
    • 0028823304 scopus 로고
    • Effects of vitamin E on endothelial function in men after myocardial infarction
    • Elliott T.G., Barth J.D., Mancini G.B.J. Effects of vitamin E on endothelial function in men after myocardial infarction. Am. J. Cardiol. 76:1995;1188-1190.
    • (1995) Am. J. Cardiol. , vol.76 , pp. 1188-1190
    • Elliott, T.G.1    Barth, J.D.2    Mancini, G.B.J.3
  • 85
    • 0031670556 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Additional benefit of vitamin E supplementation to simvastatin therapy on vasoreactivity of the brachial artery of hypercholesterolemic men
    • Neunteufl T., Kostner K., Katzenschlager R., Zehetgruber M., Maurer G. Additional benefit of vitamin E supplementation to simvastatin therapy on vasoreactivity of the brachial artery of hypercholesterolemic men. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 32:1998;711-716.
    • (1998) J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. , vol.32 , pp. 711-716
    • Neunteufl, T.1    Kostner, K.2    Katzenschlager, R.3    Zehetgruber, M.4    Maurer, G.5
  • 86
    • 0033133424 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improvement of endothelial vasomotor dysfunction by treatment with alpha-tocopherol in patients with high remnant lipoproteins levels
    • Kugiyama K., Motoyama T., Doi H., et al. Improvement of endothelial vasomotor dysfunction by treatment with alpha-tocopherol in patients with high remnant lipoproteins levels. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 33:1999;1512-1518.
    • (1999) J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. , vol.33 , pp. 1512-1518
    • Kugiyama, K.1    Motoyama, T.2    Doi, H.3
  • 87
    • 0033081082 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of vitamin E on endothelial vasodilator function in patients with hypercholesterolemia, chronic smoking or both
    • Heitzer T., Yla H.S., Wild E., Luoma J., Drexler H. Effect of vitamin E on endothelial vasodilator function in patients with hypercholesterolemia, chronic smoking or both. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 33:1999;499-505.
    • (1999) J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. , vol.33 , pp. 499-505
    • Heitzer, T.1    Yla, H.S.2    Wild, E.3    Luoma, J.4    Drexler, H.5
  • 89
    • 0028939363 scopus 로고
    • The effect of cholesterol lowering and antioxidant therapy on endothelium-dependent coronary vasomotion
    • Anderson T.J., Meredith I.T., Yeung A.C., Frei B., Selwyn A., Ganz P. The effect of cholesterol lowering and antioxidant therapy on endothelium-dependent coronary vasomotion. N. Engl. J. Med. 332:1995;488-493.
    • (1995) N. Engl. J. Med. , vol.332 , pp. 488-493
    • Anderson, T.J.1    Meredith, I.T.2    Yeung, A.C.3    Frei, B.4    Selwyn, A.5    Ganz, P.6
  • 90
    • 0030034465 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vitamin C improves endothelium-dependent vasodilation in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
    • Ting H.H., Timimi F.K., Boles K.S., Creager S.J., Ganz P., Creager M.A. Vitamin C improves endothelium-dependent vasodilation in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J. Clin. Invest. 97:1996;22-28.
    • (1996) J. Clin. Invest. , vol.97 , pp. 22-28
    • Ting, H.H.1    Timimi, F.K.2    Boles, K.S.3    Creager, S.J.4    Ganz, P.5    Creager, M.A.6
  • 91
    • 0029986355 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ascorbic acid reverses endothelial vasomotor dysfunction in patients with coronary artery disease
    • Levine G.N., Frei B., Koulouris S.N., Gerhard M.D., Keaney J.F. Jr., Vita J.A. Ascorbic acid reverses endothelial vasomotor dysfunction in patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation. 96:1996;1107-1113.
    • (1996) Circulation , vol.96 , pp. 1107-1113
    • Levine, G.N.1    Frei, B.2    Koulouris, S.N.3    Gerhard, M.D.4    Keaney J.F., Jr.5    Vita, J.A.6
  • 92
    • 0033614813 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term ascorbic acid administration reverses endothelial vasomotor dysfunction in patients with coronary artery disease
    • Gokce N., Keaney J.F. Jr., Frei B., et al. Long-term ascorbic acid administration reverses endothelial vasomotor dysfunction in patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation. 99:1999;3234-3240.
    • (1999) Circulation , vol.99 , pp. 3234-3240
    • Gokce, N.1    Keaney J.F., Jr.2    Frei, B.3
  • 93
    • 0032477685 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vitamin C improves endothelial function of conduit arteries in patients with chronic heart failure
    • Hornig B., Arakawa N., Kohler C., Drexler H. Vitamin C improves endothelial function of conduit arteries in patients with chronic heart failure. Circulation. 97:1998;363-368.
    • (1998) Circulation , vol.97 , pp. 363-368
    • Hornig, B.1    Arakawa, N.2    Kohler, C.3    Drexler, H.4
  • 94
    • 0030669483 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Endothelium-dependent vasodilation in the brachial artery is impaired in smokers: Effect of vitamin C
    • Motoyama T., Kawano H., Kugiyama K., et al. Endothelium-dependent vasodilation in the brachial artery is impaired in smokers: effect of vitamin C. Am. J. Physiol. 273:1997;H1644-H1650.
    • (1997) Am. J. Physiol. , vol.273 , pp. 1644-H1650
    • Motoyama, T.1    Kawano, H.2    Kugiyama, K.3
  • 95
    • 0033537653 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Demonstration of rapid onset vascular endothelial dysfunction after hyperhomocysteinemia: An effect reversible with vitamin C therapy
    • Chambers J.C., McGregor A., Jean-Marie J., Obeid O.A., Kooner J.S. Demonstration of rapid onset vascular endothelial dysfunction after hyperhomocysteinemia: an effect reversible with vitamin C therapy. Circulation. 99:1999;1156-1160.
    • (1999) Circulation , vol.99 , pp. 1156-1160
    • Chambers, J.C.1    McGregor, A.2    Jean-Marie, J.3    Obeid, O.A.4    Kooner, J.S.5
  • 96
    • 7344235348 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vitamin C attenuates abnormal vasomotor reactivity in spasm coronary arteries in patients with coronary spastic angina
    • Kugiyama K., Motoyama T., Hirashima O., et al. Vitamin C attenuates abnormal vasomotor reactivity in spasm coronary arteries in patients with coronary spastic angina. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 32:1998;103-109.
    • (1998) J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. , vol.32 , pp. 103-109
    • Kugiyama, K.1    Motoyama, T.2    Hirashima, O.3
  • 97
    • 0030997880 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vitamin C improves endothelium-dependent vasodilation in forearm resistance vessels of humans with hypercholesterolemia
    • Ting H.H., Timimi F.K., Haley E.A., Roddy M.A., Ganz P., Creager M.A. Vitamin C improves endothelium-dependent vasodilation in forearm resistance vessels of humans with hypercholesterolemia. Circulation. 95:1997;2617-2622.
    • (1997) Circulation , vol.95 , pp. 2617-2622
    • Ting, H.H.1    Timimi, F.K.2    Haley, E.A.3    Roddy, M.A.4    Ganz, P.5    Creager, M.A.6
  • 98
    • 0032499667 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vitamin C improves endothelium-dependent vasodilation by restoring nitric oxide activity in essential hypertension
    • Taddei S., Virdis A., Ghiadoni L., Magagna A., Salvetti A. Vitamin C improves endothelium-dependent vasodilation by restoring nitric oxide activity in essential hypertension. Circulation. 97:1998;2222-2229.
    • (1998) Circulation , vol.97 , pp. 2222-2229
    • Taddei, S.1    Virdis, A.2    Ghiadoni, L.3    Magagna, A.4    Salvetti, A.5
  • 99
    • 0034033581 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pharmacological concentrations of ascorbic acid are required for the beneficial effects on endothelial vasomotor function in hypertension
    • (in press)
    • Sherman DL, Keaney JF Jr, Biegelsen ES, Duffy SJ, Coffman JD, Vita JA. Pharmacological concentrations of ascorbic acid are required for the beneficial effects on endothelial vasomotor function in hypertension. Hypertension (in press).
    • Hypertension
    • Sherman, D.L.1    Keaney J.F., Jr.2    Biegelsen, E.S.3    Duffy, S.J.4    Coffman, J.D.5    Vita, J.A.6
  • 100
    • 0030782969 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vitamin C improves endothelial dysfunction of epicardial coronary arteries in hypertensive patients
    • Solzbach U., Hornig B., Jeserich M., Just H. Vitamin C improves endothelial dysfunction of epicardial coronary arteries in hypertensive patients. Circulation. 96:1997;1513-1519.
    • (1997) Circulation , vol.96 , pp. 1513-1519
    • Solzbach, U.1    Hornig, B.2    Jeserich, M.3    Just, H.4
  • 101
    • 0030187648 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antioxidant vitamin C improves endothelial dysfunction in chronic smokers
    • Heitzer T., Just H., Munzel T. Antioxidant vitamin C improves endothelial dysfunction in chronic smokers. Circulation. 94:1996;6-9.
    • (1996) Circulation , vol.94 , pp. 6-9
    • Heitzer, T.1    Just, H.2    Munzel, T.3
  • 102
    • 0001218860 scopus 로고
    • Ascorbate is an outstanding antioxidant in human blood plasma
    • Frei B., England L., Ames B.N. Ascorbate is an outstanding antioxidant in human blood plasma. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 86:1989;6377-6381.
    • (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.86 , pp. 6377-6381
    • Frei, B.1    England, L.2    Ames, B.N.3
  • 103
    • 0032476697 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ascorbate prevents the interaction of superoxide and nitric oxide only at very high physiological concentrations
    • Jackson T.S., Xu A., Vita J.A., Keaney J.F. Jr. Ascorbate prevents the interaction of superoxide and nitric oxide only at very high physiological concentrations. Circ. Res. 83:1998;916-922.
    • (1998) Circ. Res. , vol.83 , pp. 916-922
    • Jackson, T.S.1    Xu, A.2    Vita, J.A.3    Keaney J.F., Jr.4
  • 104
    • 0028263767 scopus 로고
    • Glutathione-ascorbic acid antioxidant system in animals
    • Meister A. Glutathione-ascorbic acid antioxidant system in animals. J. Biol. Chem. 269:1994;9397-9400.
    • (1994) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.269 , pp. 9397-9400
    • Meister, A.1
  • 105
    • 0030781227 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Formation and properties of peroxynitrite as studied by laser flash photolysis, high pressure stopped-flow technique, and pulsed radiolysis
    • Kissner R., Nauser T., Bugnon P., Lye P.G., Koppenol W.H. Formation and properties of peroxynitrite as studied by laser flash photolysis, high pressure stopped-flow technique, and pulsed radiolysis. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 10:1997;1285-1292.
    • (1997) Chem. Res. Toxicol. , vol.10 , pp. 1285-1292
    • Kissner, R.1    Nauser, T.2    Bugnon, P.3    Lye, P.G.4    Koppenol, W.H.5
  • 107
    • 0032530589 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of effects of ascorbic acid on endothelium-dependent vasodilation in patients with chronic congestive heart failure secondary to idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy versus patients with effort angina pectoris secondary to coronary artery disease
    • Ito K., Akita H., Kanazawa K., Yamada S., Terashima M. Comparison of effects of ascorbic acid on endothelium-dependent vasodilation in patients with chronic congestive heart failure secondary to idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy versus patients with effort angina pectoris secondary to coronary artery disease. Am. J. Cardiol. 82:1998;762-767.
    • (1998) Am. J. Cardiol. , vol.82 , pp. 762-767
    • Ito, K.1    Akita, H.2    Kanazawa, K.3    Yamada, S.4    Terashima, M.5
  • 108
    • 0027660945 scopus 로고
    • Nitric oxide synthesis is impaired in glutathione-depleted human umbilical vein endothelial cells
    • Ghigo D., Alessio P., Foco A., et al. Nitric oxide synthesis is impaired in glutathione-depleted human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Am. J. Physiol. 265:1993;C728-C732.
    • (1993) Am. J. Physiol. , vol.265 , pp. 728-C732
    • Ghigo, D.1    Alessio, P.2    Foco, A.3
  • 109
    • 0027948425 scopus 로고
    • Formation of free nitric oxide from L-arginine by nitric oxide synthase: Direct enhancement of generation by superoxide dismutase
    • Hobbs A.J., Fukoto J.M., Ignarro L.J. Formation of free nitric oxide from L-arginine by nitric oxide synthase: Direct enhancement of generation by superoxide dismutase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 91:1994;10992-10996.
    • (1994) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.91 , pp. 10992-10996
    • Hobbs, A.J.1    Fukoto, J.M.2    Ignarro, L.J.3
  • 110
    • 0030894594 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thiols and neuronal nitric oxide synthase: Complex formation, competitive inhibition, and enzyme stabilization
    • Gorren A.C., Schrammel A., Schmidt K., Mayer B. Thiols and neuronal nitric oxide synthase: complex formation, competitive inhibition, and enzyme stabilization. Biochemistry. 36:1997;4360-4366.
    • (1997) Biochemistry , vol.36 , pp. 4360-4366
    • Gorren, A.C.1    Schrammel, A.2    Schmidt, K.3    Mayer, B.4
  • 111
    • 0032521146 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • L-2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid reverses endothelial dysfunction in patients with coronary artery disease
    • Vita J.A., Frei B., Holbrook M., Gokce N., Leaf C., Keaney J.F. Jr. L-2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid reverses endothelial dysfunction in patients with coronary artery disease. J. Clin. Invest. 101:1998;1408-1414.
    • (1998) J. Clin. Invest. , vol.101 , pp. 1408-1414
    • Vita, J.A.1    Frei, B.2    Holbrook, M.3    Gokce, N.4    Leaf, C.5    Keaney J.F., Jr.6
  • 112
    • 0032537610 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intracoronary infusion of reduced glutathione improves endothelial vasomotor response to acetylcholine in human coronary circulation
    • Kugiyama K., Ohgushi M., Motoyama T., et al. Intracoronary infusion of reduced glutathione improves endothelial vasomotor response to acetylcholine in human coronary circulation. Circulation. 97:1998;2299-2301.
    • (1998) Circulation , vol.97 , pp. 2299-2301
    • Kugiyama, K.1    Ohgushi, M.2    Motoyama, T.3
  • 113
    • 0032698871 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glutathione reverses endothelial dysfunction and improves nitric oxide bioavailability
    • Prasad A., Andrews N.P., Padder F.A., Husain M., Quyyumi A.A. Glutathione reverses endothelial dysfunction and improves nitric oxide bioavailability. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 34:1999;507-514.
    • (1999) J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. , vol.34 , pp. 507-514
    • Prasad, A.1    Andrews, N.P.2    Padder, F.A.3    Husain, M.4    Quyyumi, A.A.5
  • 114
    • 0028824722 scopus 로고
    • Thiol dependence of nitric oxide synthase
    • Hofmann H., Schmidt H.H.H.W. Thiol dependence of nitric oxide synthase. Biochemistry. 34:1995;13443-13452.
    • (1995) Biochemistry , vol.34 , pp. 13443-13452
    • Hofmann, H.1    Schmidt, H.H.H.W.2
  • 115
    • 0039550848 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • L-Ascorbic acid potentiates nitric oxide synthesis in endothelial cells
    • Heller R., Munscher-Paulig F., Grabner R., Till U. L-Ascorbic acid potentiates nitric oxide synthesis in endothelial cells. J. Biol. Chem. 274:1999;8254-8260.
    • (1999) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.274 , pp. 8254-8260
    • Heller, R.1    Munscher-Paulig, F.2    Grabner, R.3    Till, U.4
  • 116
    • 0004728552 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ascorbic acid enhances endothelial nitric oxide production in a tetrahydrobiopterin-dependent manner
    • Huang A., Venema R.C., Vita J.A., Keaney J.F. Jr. Ascorbic acid enhances endothelial nitric oxide production in a tetrahydrobiopterin-dependent manner. Circulation. 100:1999;I702.
    • (1999) Circulation , vol.100 , pp. 702
    • Huang, A.1    Venema, R.C.2    Vita, J.A.3    Keaney J.F., Jr.4
  • 117
    • 0031018510 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tetrahydrobiopterin restores endothelial function in hypercholesterolemia
    • Stroes E., Kastelein J., Cosentino F., et al. Tetrahydrobiopterin restores endothelial function in hypercholesterolemia. J. Clin. Invest. 99:1997;41-46.
    • (1997) J. Clin. Invest. , vol.99 , pp. 41-46
    • Stroes, E.1    Kastelein, J.2    Cosentino, F.3
  • 118
    • 0029056560 scopus 로고
    • Dietary probucol preserves endothelial function in cholesterol-fed rabbits by limiting vascular oxidative stress and superoxide production
    • Keaney J.F. Jr., Xu A., Cunningham D.C., Jackson T., Frei B., Vita J.A. Dietary probucol preserves endothelial function in cholesterol-fed rabbits by limiting vascular oxidative stress and superoxide production. J. Clin. Invest. 95:1995;2520-2529.
    • (1995) J. Clin. Invest. , vol.95 , pp. 2520-2529
    • Keaney J.F., Jr.1    Xu, A.2    Cunningham, D.C.3    Jackson, T.4    Frei, B.5    Vita, J.A.6
  • 120
    • 0032965758 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Falvonoids in food and natural antioxidants in wine
    • Lairon D., Amiot M.J. Falvonoids in food and natural antioxidants in wine. Curr. Opin. Lipid. 10:1999;23-28.
    • (1999) Curr. Opin. Lipid , vol.10 , pp. 23-28
    • Lairon, D.1    Amiot, M.J.2
  • 121
    • 0030057753 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Flavonoids and heart disease
    • Muldoon M.F., Kritchevsky S.B. Flavonoids and heart disease. Br Med J. 312:1996;458-459.
    • (1996) Br Med J , vol.312 , pp. 458-459
    • Muldoon, M.F.1    Kritchevsky, S.B.2
  • 122
    • 0031723243 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of red and white wine on endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation of rat aorta and human coronary arteries
    • Flesch M., Schwarz A., Bohm M. Effects of red and white wine on endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation of rat aorta and human coronary arteries. Am. J. Physiol. 275:1998;H1183-H1190.
    • (1998) Am. J. Physiol. , vol.275 , pp. 1183-H1190
    • Flesch, M.1    Schwarz, A.2    Bohm, M.3
  • 123
    • 0033533593 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Purple grape juice improves endothelial function and reduces the susceptibility of LDL cholesterol to oxidation in patients with coronary artery disease
    • Stein J.H., Keevil J.G., Wiebe D.A., Aeschlimann S., Folts J.D. Purple grape juice improves endothelial function and reduces the susceptibility of LDL cholesterol to oxidation in patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation. 100:1999;1050-1055.
    • (1999) Circulation , vol.100 , pp. 1050-1055
    • Stein, J.H.1    Keevil, J.G.2    Wiebe, D.A.3    Aeschlimann, S.4    Folts, J.D.5
  • 124
    • 0028801342 scopus 로고
    • Effect of copper-zinc superoxide dismutase on endothelium-dependent vasodilation in patients with essential hypertension
    • Garcia C.E., Kilcoyne C.M., Cardillo C., Cannon R.O. III, Quyyumi A.A., Panza J.A. Effect of copper-zinc superoxide dismutase on endothelium-dependent vasodilation in patients with essential hypertension. Hypertension. 26:1995;863-868.
    • (1995) Hypertension , vol.26 , pp. 863-868
    • Garcia, C.E.1    Kilcoyne, C.M.2    Cardillo, C.3    Cannon R.O. III4    Quyyumi, A.A.5    Panza, J.A.6
  • 125
    • 0028862219 scopus 로고
    • Evidence that endothelial dysfunction in patients with hypercholesterolemia is not due to increased extracellular nitric oxide breakdown by superoxide anions
    • Garcia C.E., Kilcoyne C.M., Cardillo C., Cannon R.O., Quyyumi A.A., Panza J.A. Evidence that endothelial dysfunction in patients with hypercholesterolemia is not due to increased extracellular nitric oxide breakdown by superoxide anions. Am. J. Cardiol. 76:1995;1157-1161.
    • (1995) Am. J. Cardiol. , vol.76 , pp. 1157-1161
    • Garcia, C.E.1    Kilcoyne, C.M.2    Cardillo, C.3    Cannon, R.O.4    Quyyumi, A.A.5    Panza, J.A.6
  • 126
    • 0013693531 scopus 로고
    • Antiatherogenic effect of probucol unrelated to its hypocholesterolemic effect: Evidence that antioxidants in vivo can selectively inhibit low density lipoprotein degradation in macrophage-rich fatty streaks and slow the progression of atherosclerosis in the Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic rabbit
    • Carew T.E., Schwenke D.C., Steinberg D. Antiatherogenic effect of probucol unrelated to its hypocholesterolemic effect: evidence that antioxidants in vivo can selectively inhibit low density lipoprotein degradation in macrophage-rich fatty streaks and slow the progression of atherosclerosis in the Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic rabbit. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 84:1987;7725-7729.
    • (1987) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.84 , pp. 7725-7729
    • Carew, T.E.1    Schwenke, D.C.2    Steinberg, D.3
  • 127
    • 0038346930 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antioxidants and atherosclerosis: Animal studies
    • J.F. Jr. Keaney. Boston: Kluwer
    • Keaney J.F. Jr. Antioxidants and atherosclerosis: animal studies. Keaney J.F. Jr. Oxidative stress and vascular disease. 2000;195-211 Kluwer, Boston.
    • (2000) Oxidative Stress and Vascular Disease , pp. 195-211
    • Keaney J.F., Jr.1
  • 128
    • 0011645211 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antioxidants and cardiovascular disease
    • J.F. Jr. Keaney. Boston: Kluwer
    • Gaziano J.M. Antioxidants and cardiovascular disease. Keaney J.F. Jr. Oxidative stress and vascular disease. 1999;245-258 Kluwer, Boston.
    • (1999) Oxidative Stress and Vascular Disease , pp. 245-258
    • Gaziano, J.M.1
  • 131
    • 0026576932 scopus 로고
    • Vitamin C intake and mortality among a sample of the United States population
    • Enstrom J.E., Kanim L.E., Klein M.A. Vitamin C intake and mortality among a sample of the United States population. Epidemiology. 3:1992;194-202.
    • (1992) Epidemiology , vol.3 , pp. 194-202
    • Enstrom, J.E.1    Kanim, L.E.2    Klein, M.A.3
  • 132
    • 0031046270 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vitamin C deficiency and risk of myocardial infarction: Prospective population study of men from eastern Finland
    • Nyyssonen K., Parviainen M.T., Salonen R., Tuomilehto J., Salonen J.T. Vitamin C deficiency and risk of myocardial infarction: prospective population study of men from eastern Finland. Br Med J. 314:1997;634-638.
    • (1997) Br Med J , vol.314 , pp. 634-638
    • Nyyssonen, K.1    Parviainen, M.T.2    Salonen, R.3    Tuomilehto, J.4    Salonen, J.T.5
  • 133
    • 0029925181 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Randomised controlled trial of vitamin E in patients with coronary disease: Cambridge Heart Antioxidant Study (CHAOS)
    • Stephens N.G., Parsons A., Schofield P.M., Kelly F., Cheeseman K., Mitchinson M.J. Randomised controlled trial of vitamin E in patients with coronary disease: Cambridge Heart Antioxidant Study (CHAOS). Lancet. 347:1996;781-786.
    • (1996) Lancet , vol.347 , pp. 781-786
    • Stephens, N.G.1    Parsons, A.2    Schofield, P.M.3    Kelly, F.4    Cheeseman, K.5    Mitchinson, M.J.6
  • 134
    • 0345109256 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E after myocardial infarction: Results of the GISSI-Prevenzione trial. Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell'Infarto miocardico
    • Dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E after myocardial infarction: results of the GISSI-Prevenzione trial. Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell'Infarto miocardico. Lancet. 354:1999;447-455.
    • (1999) Lancet , vol.354 , pp. 447-455
  • 135
    • 0034688195 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vitamin E supplementation and cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators
    • Yusuf S., Dagenais G., Pogue J., Bosch J., Sleight P. Vitamin E supplementation and cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. N. Engl. J. Med. 342:2000;154-160.
    • (2000) N. Engl. J. Med. , vol.342 , pp. 154-160
    • Yusuf, S.1    Dagenais, G.2    Pogue, J.3    Bosch, J.4    Sleight, P.5
  • 136
    • 0010607277 scopus 로고
    • The effect of vitamin E and beta carotene on the incidence of lung cancer and other cancers in male smokers
    • The effect of vitamin E and beta carotene on the incidence of lung cancer and other cancers in male smokers. N Engl J Med. 330:1994;1029-1035.
    • (1994) N Engl J Med , vol.330 , pp. 1029-1035
  • 137
    • 0345157579 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lack of effect of long-term supplementation with beta carotene on the incidence of malignant neoplasms and cardiovascular disease
    • Hennekens C.H., Buring J.E., Manson J.E., et al. Lack of effect of long-term supplementation with beta carotene on the incidence of malignant neoplasms and cardiovascular disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 334:1996;1145-1149.
    • (1996) N. Engl. J. Med. , vol.334 , pp. 1145-1149
    • Hennekens, C.H.1    Buring, J.E.2    Manson, J.E.3
  • 138
    • 9244262406 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of a combination of beta carotene and vitamin A on lung cancer and cardiovascular disease
    • Omenn G.S., Goodman G.E., Thornquist M.D. Effects of a combination of beta carotene and vitamin A on lung cancer and cardiovascular disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 334:1996;1150-1155.
    • (1996) N. Engl. J. Med. , vol.334 , pp. 1150-1155
    • Omenn, G.S.1    Goodman, G.E.2    Thornquist, M.D.3
  • 139
    • 0029046349 scopus 로고
    • Serial coronary angiographic evidence that antioxidant vitamin intake reduces progression of coronary artery atherosclerosis
    • Hodis H.N., Mack W.J., LaBree L., et al. Serial coronary angiographic evidence that antioxidant vitamin intake reduces progression of coronary artery atherosclerosis. J Am Med Assoc. 273:1995;1849-1854.
    • (1995) J Am Med Assoc , vol.273 , pp. 1849-1854
    • Hodis, H.N.1    Mack, W.J.2    Labree, L.3
  • 140
    • 0028884723 scopus 로고
    • Dietary antioxidants and carotid artery wall thickness: The ARIC study
    • Kritchevsky S.B., Shimakawa T., Tell G.S., et al. Dietary antioxidants and carotid artery wall thickness: The ARIC study. Circulation. 92:1995;2142-2150.
    • (1995) Circulation , vol.92 , pp. 2142-2150
    • Kritchevsky, S.B.1    Shimakawa, T.2    Tell, G.S.3
  • 141
    • 0028000285 scopus 로고
    • The effect of probucol on femoral atherosclerosis: The Probucol Quantitative Regression Swedish Trial (PQRST)
    • Walldius G., Erikson U., Olsson A.G., et al. The effect of probucol on femoral atherosclerosis: the Probucol Quantitative Regression Swedish Trial (PQRST). Am. J. Cardiol. 74:1994;875-883.
    • (1994) Am. J. Cardiol. , vol.74 , pp. 875-883
    • Walldius, G.1    Erikson, U.2    Olsson, A.G.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.