Self-complementary [2]catenanes and their related [3]catenanes

Chemistry - A European Journal

Volumn 6, Issue 12, 2000, Pages 2262-2273

  Cabezon, Beatriz ^a   Cao, Jianguo ^a   Raymo, Françisco M ^a,c   Stoddart, J Fraser ^a   White, Andrew J P ^b   Williams, David J ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^c Department of Biology   (United States)

Author keywords

Catenanes; Crystal engineering; Molecular recognition; Supramolecular chemistry; Template synthesis

Indexed keywords

CATENANE;

ARTICLE; CRYSTAL STRUCTURE; HYDROGEN BOND; MOLECULAR INTERACTION; MOLECULAR RECOGNITION; STRUCTURE ANALYSIS; SYNTHESIS;

EID: 0034674234     PISSN: 09476539     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/1521-3765(20000616)6:12<2262::AID-CHEM2262>3.0.CO;2-G     Document Type: Article

References (84)

1. D. B. Amabilino, P. R. Ashton, V. Balzani, S. E. Boyd, A. Credi, J. Y. Lee, S. Menzer, J. F. Stoddart, M. Venturi, D. J. Williams, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 4295-4307.
2. D. B. Amabilino, P. R. Ashton, J. A. Bravo, F. M. Raymo, J. F. Stoddart, A. J. P. White, D. J. Williams, Eur. J. Org. Chem. 1999, 1295-1302.
3. For books and reviews on catenanes and rotaxanes, see: a) J.-C. Chambron, C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker, J.-P. Sauvage, Top. Curr. Chem. 1993, 165, 131 - 162; b) H. W. Gibson, H. Marand, Adv. Mater. 1993,5, 11 - 21 ; c) H. W. Gibson, M. C. Bheda, P. T. Engen, Prog. Palym. Sci. 1994, 19, 843-945; d) D. B. Amabilino, J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 2725-2828; e) M. Belohradsky, F. M. Raymo, J. F. Stoddart, Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 1996, 61, 1 - 43 and 527-557; f) M. Fujita, K. Ogura, Coord. Chem. Rev. 1996, 148, 249-264; g) R. Jäger, F. Vögtle, Angew. Chem. 1997, 109, 966-980; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 930-944; h) S. A. Nepogodiev, J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev. 1998, 98, 1959- 1976; i) M. Fujita. Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 53-61; j) D. A. Leigh, A. Murphy, Chem. Ind. 1999, 178-183; k) G. A. Breault, C. A. Hunter, P. C. Mayers, Tetrahedron 1999, 55, 5265-5293; I) Molecular Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots (Eds.: J.-P. Sauvage, C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker,). VCH-Wiley, Weinheim, 1999 ; m) F. M. Raymo. J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 1643-1664.
4. For books and reviews on catenanes and rotaxanes, see: a) J.-C. Chambron, C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker, J.-P. Sauvage, Top. Curr. Chem. 1993, 165, 131 - 162; b) H. W. Gibson, H. Marand, Adv. Mater. 1993,5, 11 - 21 ; c) H. W. Gibson, M. C. Bheda, P. T. Engen, Prog. Palym. Sci. 1994, 19, 843-945; d) D. B. Amabilino, J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 2725-2828; e) M. Belohradsky, F. M. Raymo, J. F. Stoddart, Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 1996, 61, 1 - 43 and 527-557; f) M. Fujita, K. Ogura, Coord. Chem. Rev. 1996, 148, 249-264; g) R. Jäger, F. Vögtle, Angew. Chem. 1997, 109, 966-980; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 930-944; h) S. A. Nepogodiev, J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev. 1998, 98, 1959- 1976; i) M. Fujita. Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 53-61; j) D. A. Leigh, A. Murphy, Chem. Ind. 1999, 178-183; k) G. A. Breault, C. A. Hunter, P. C. Mayers, Tetrahedron 1999, 55, 5265-5293; I) Molecular Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots (Eds.: J.-P. Sauvage, C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker,). VCH-Wiley, Weinheim, 1999 ; m) F. M. Raymo. J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 1643-1664.
5. For books and reviews on catenanes and rotaxanes, see: a) J.-C. Chambron, C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker, J.-P. Sauvage, Top. Curr. Chem. 1993, 165, 131 - 162; b) H. W. Gibson, H. Marand, Adv. Mater. 1993,5, 11 - 21 ; c) H. W. Gibson, M. C. Bheda, P. T. Engen, Prog. Palym. Sci. 1994, 19, 843-945; d) D. B. Amabilino, J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 2725-2828; e) M. Belohradsky, F. M. Raymo, J. F. Stoddart, Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 1996, 61, 1 - 43 and 527-557; f) M. Fujita, K. Ogura, Coord. Chem. Rev. 1996, 148, 249-264; g) R. Jäger, F. Vögtle, Angew. Chem. 1997, 109, 966-980; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 930-944; h) S. A. Nepogodiev, J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev. 1998, 98, 1959- 1976; i) M. Fujita. Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 53-61; j) D. A. Leigh, A. Murphy, Chem. Ind. 1999, 178-183; k) G. A. Breault, C. A. Hunter, P. C. Mayers, Tetrahedron 1999, 55, 5265-5293; I) Molecular Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots (Eds.: J.-P. Sauvage, C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker,). VCH-Wiley, Weinheim, 1999 ; m) F. M. Raymo. J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 1643-1664.
6. For books and reviews on catenanes and rotaxanes, see: a) J.-C. Chambron, C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker, J.-P. Sauvage, Top. Curr. Chem. 1993, 165, 131 - 162; b) H. W. Gibson, H. Marand, Adv. Mater. 1993,5, 11 - 21 ; c) H. W. Gibson, M. C. Bheda, P. T. Engen, Prog. Palym. Sci. 1994, 19, 843-945; d) D. B. Amabilino, J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 2725-2828; e) M. Belohradsky, F. M. Raymo, J. F. Stoddart, Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 1996, 61, 1 - 43 and 527-557; f) M. Fujita, K. Ogura, Coord. Chem. Rev. 1996, 148, 249-264; g) R. Jäger, F. Vögtle, Angew. Chem. 1997, 109, 966-980; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 930-944; h) S. A. Nepogodiev, J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev. 1998, 98, 1959- 1976; i) M. Fujita. Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 53-61; j) D. A. Leigh, A. Murphy, Chem. Ind. 1999, 178-183; k) G. A. Breault, C. A. Hunter, P. C. Mayers, Tetrahedron 1999, 55, 5265-5293; I) Molecular Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots (Eds.: J.-P. Sauvage, C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker,). VCH-Wiley, Weinheim, 1999 ; m) F. M. Raymo. J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 1643-1664.
7. For books and reviews on catenanes and rotaxanes, see: a) J.-C. Chambron, C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker, J.-P. Sauvage, Top. Curr. Chem. 1993, 165, 131 - 162; b) H. W. Gibson, H. Marand, Adv. Mater. 1993,5, 11 - 21 ; c) H. W. Gibson, M. C. Bheda, P. T. Engen, Prog. Palym. Sci. 1994, 19, 843-945; d) D. B. Amabilino, J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 2725-2828; e) M. Belohradsky, F. M. Raymo, J. F. Stoddart, Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 1996, 61, 1 - 43 and 527-557; f) M. Fujita, K. Ogura, Coord. Chem. Rev. 1996, 148, 249-264; g) R. Jäger, F. Vögtle, Angew. Chem. 1997, 109, 966-980; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 930-944; h) S. A. Nepogodiev, J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev. 1998, 98, 1959- 1976; i) M. Fujita. Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 53-61; j) D. A. Leigh, A. Murphy, Chem. Ind. 1999, 178-183; k) G. A. Breault, C. A. Hunter, P. C. Mayers, Tetrahedron 1999, 55, 5265-5293; I) Molecular Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots (Eds.: J.-P. Sauvage, C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker,). VCH-Wiley, Weinheim, 1999 ; m) F. M. Raymo. J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 1643-1664.
8. For books and reviews on catenanes and rotaxanes, see: a) J.-C. Chambron, C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker, J.-P. Sauvage, Top. Curr. Chem. 1993, 165, 131 - 162; b) H. W. Gibson, H. Marand, Adv. Mater. 1993,5, 11 - 21 ; c) H. W. Gibson, M. C. Bheda, P. T. Engen, Prog. Palym. Sci. 1994, 19, 843-945; d) D. B. Amabilino, J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 2725-2828; e) M. Belohradsky, F. M. Raymo, J. F. Stoddart, Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 1996, 61, 1 - 43 and 527-557; f) M. Fujita, K. Ogura, Coord. Chem. Rev. 1996, 148, 249-264; g) R. Jäger, F. Vögtle, Angew. Chem. 1997, 109, 966-980; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 930-944; h) S. A. Nepogodiev, J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev. 1998, 98, 1959- 1976; i) M. Fujita. Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 53-61; j) D. A. Leigh, A. Murphy, Chem. Ind. 1999, 178-183; k) G. A. Breault, C. A. Hunter, P. C. Mayers, Tetrahedron 1999, 55, 5265-5293; I) Molecular Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots (Eds.: J.-P. Sauvage, C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker,). VCH-Wiley, Weinheim, 1999 ; m) F. M. Raymo. J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 1643-1664.
9. For books and reviews on catenanes and rotaxanes, see: a) J.-C. Chambron, C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker, J.-P. Sauvage, Top. Curr. Chem. 1993, 165, 131 - 162; b) H. W. Gibson, H. Marand, Adv. Mater. 1993,5, 11 - 21 ; c) H. W. Gibson, M. C. Bheda, P. T. Engen, Prog. Palym. Sci. 1994, 19, 843-945; d) D. B. Amabilino, J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 2725-2828; e) M. Belohradsky, F. M. Raymo, J. F. Stoddart, Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 1996, 61, 1 - 43 and 527-557; f) M. Fujita, K. Ogura, Coord. Chem. Rev. 1996, 148, 249-264; g) R. Jäger, F. Vögtle, Angew. Chem. 1997, 109, 966-980; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 930-944; h) S. A. Nepogodiev, J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev. 1998, 98, 1959- 1976; i) M. Fujita. Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 53-61; j) D. A. Leigh, A. Murphy, Chem. Ind. 1999, 178-183; k) G. A. Breault, C. A. Hunter, P. C. Mayers, Tetrahedron 1999, 55, 5265-5293; I) Molecular Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots (Eds.: J.-P. Sauvage, C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker,). VCH-Wiley, Weinheim, 1999 ; m) F. M. Raymo. J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 1643-1664.
10. For books and reviews on catenanes and rotaxanes, see: a) J.-C. Chambron, C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker, J.-P. Sauvage, Top. Curr. Chem. 1993, 165, 131 - 162; b) H. W. Gibson, H. Marand, Adv. Mater. 1993,5, 11 - 21 ; c) H. W. Gibson, M. C. Bheda, P. T. Engen, Prog. Palym. Sci. 1994, 19, 843-945; d) D. B. Amabilino, J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 2725-2828; e) M. Belohradsky, F. M. Raymo, J. F. Stoddart, Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 1996, 61, 1 - 43 and 527-557; f) M. Fujita, K. Ogura, Coord. Chem. Rev. 1996, 148, 249-264; g) R. Jäger, F. Vögtle, Angew. Chem. 1997, 109, 966-980; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 930-944; h) S. A. Nepogodiev, J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev. 1998, 98, 1959- 1976; i) M. Fujita. Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 53-61; j) D. A. Leigh, A. Murphy, Chem. Ind. 1999, 178-183; k) G. A. Breault, C. A. Hunter, P. C. Mayers, Tetrahedron 1999, 55, 5265-5293; I) Molecular Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots (Eds.: J.-P. Sauvage, C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker,). VCH-Wiley, Weinheim, 1999 ; m) F. M. Raymo. J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 1643-1664.
11. For books and reviews on catenanes and rotaxanes, see: a) J.-C. Chambron, C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker, J.-P. Sauvage, Top. Curr. Chem. 1993, 165, 131 - 162; b) H. W. Gibson, H. Marand, Adv. Mater. 1993,5, 11 - 21 ; c) H. W. Gibson, M. C. Bheda, P. T. Engen, Prog. Palym. Sci. 1994, 19, 843-945; d) D. B. Amabilino, J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 2725-2828; e) M. Belohradsky, F. M. Raymo, J. F. Stoddart, Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 1996, 61, 1 - 43 and 527-557; f) M. Fujita, K. Ogura, Coord. Chem. Rev. 1996, 148, 249-264; g) R. Jäger, F. Vögtle, Angew. Chem. 1997, 109, 966-980; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 930-944; h) S. A. Nepogodiev, J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev. 1998, 98, 1959- 1976; i) M. Fujita. Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 53-61; j) D. A. Leigh, A. Murphy, Chem. Ind. 1999, 178-183; k) G. A. Breault, C. A. Hunter, P. C. Mayers, Tetrahedron 1999, 55, 5265-5293; I) Molecular Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots (Eds.: J.-P. Sauvage, C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker,). VCH-Wiley, Weinheim, 1999 ; m) F. M. Raymo. J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 1643-1664.
12. For books and reviews on catenanes and rotaxanes, see: a) J.-C. Chambron, C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker, J.-P. Sauvage, Top. Curr. Chem. 1993, 165, 131 - 162; b) H. W. Gibson, H. Marand, Adv. Mater. 1993,5, 11 - 21 ; c) H. W. Gibson, M. C. Bheda, P. T. Engen, Prog. Palym. Sci. 1994, 19, 843-945; d) D. B. Amabilino, J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 2725-2828; e) M. Belohradsky, F. M. Raymo, J. F. Stoddart, Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 1996, 61, 1 - 43 and 527-557; f) M. Fujita, K. Ogura, Coord. Chem. Rev. 1996, 148, 249-264; g) R. Jäger, F. Vögtle, Angew. Chem. 1997, 109, 966-980; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 930-944; h) S. A. Nepogodiev, J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev. 1998, 98, 1959- 1976; i) M. Fujita. Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 53-61; j) D. A. Leigh, A. Murphy, Chem. Ind. 1999, 178-183; k) G. A. Breault, C. A. Hunter, P. C. Mayers, Tetrahedron 1999, 55, 5265-5293; I) Molecular Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots (Eds.: J.-P. Sauvage, C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker,). VCH-Wiley, Weinheim, 1999 ; m) F. M. Raymo. J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 1643-1664.
13. For books and reviews on catenanes and rotaxanes, see: a) J.-C. Chambron, C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker, J.-P. Sauvage, Top. Curr. Chem. 1993, 165, 131 - 162; b) H. W. Gibson, H. Marand, Adv. Mater. 1993,5, 11 - 21 ; c) H. W. Gibson, M. C. Bheda, P. T. Engen, Prog. Palym. Sci. 1994, 19, 843-945; d) D. B. Amabilino, J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 2725-2828; e) M. Belohradsky, F. M. Raymo, J. F. Stoddart, Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 1996, 61, 1 - 43 and 527-557; f) M. Fujita, K. Ogura, Coord. Chem. Rev. 1996, 148, 249-264; g) R. Jäger, F. Vögtle, Angew. Chem. 1997, 109, 966-980; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 930-944; h) S. A. Nepogodiev, J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev. 1998, 98, 1959- 1976; i) M. Fujita. Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 53-61; j) D. A. Leigh, A. Murphy, Chem. Ind. 1999, 178-183; k) G. A. Breault, C. A. Hunter, P. C. Mayers, Tetrahedron 1999, 55, 5265-5293; I) Molecular Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots (Eds.: J.-P. Sauvage, C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker,). VCH-Wiley, Weinheim, 1999 ; m) F. M. Raymo. J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 1643-1664.
14. For books and reviews on catenanes and rotaxanes, see: a) J.-C. Chambron, C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker, J.-P. Sauvage, Top. Curr. Chem. 1993, 165, 131 - 162; b) H. W. Gibson, H. Marand, Adv. Mater. 1993,5, 11 - 21 ; c) H. W. Gibson, M. C. Bheda, P. T. Engen, Prog. Palym. Sci. 1994, 19, 843-945; d) D. B. Amabilino, J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 2725-2828; e) M. Belohradsky, F. M. Raymo, J. F. Stoddart, Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 1996, 61, 1 - 43 and 527-557; f) M. Fujita, K. Ogura, Coord. Chem. Rev. 1996, 148, 249-264; g) R. Jäger, F. Vögtle, Angew. Chem. 1997, 109, 966-980; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 930-944; h) S. A. Nepogodiev, J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev. 1998, 98, 1959- 1976; i) M. Fujita. Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 53-61; j) D. A. Leigh, A. Murphy, Chem. Ind. 1999, 178-183; k) G. A. Breault, C. A. Hunter, P. C. Mayers, Tetrahedron 1999, 55, 5265-5293; I) Molecular Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots (Eds.: J.-P. Sauvage, C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker,). VCH-Wiley, Weinheim, 1999 ; m) F. M. Raymo. J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 1643-1664.
15. For books and reviews on catenanes and rotaxanes, see: a) J.-C. Chambron, C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker, J.-P. Sauvage, Top. Curr. Chem. 1993, 165, 131 - 162; b) H. W. Gibson, H. Marand, Adv. Mater. 1993,5, 11 - 21 ; c) H. W. Gibson, M. C. Bheda, P. T. Engen, Prog. Palym. Sci. 1994, 19, 843-945; d) D. B. Amabilino, J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 2725-2828; e) M. Belohradsky, F. M. Raymo, J. F. Stoddart, Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 1996, 61, 1 - 43 and 527-557; f) M. Fujita, K. Ogura, Coord. Chem. Rev. 1996, 148, 249-264; g) R. Jäger, F. Vögtle, Angew. Chem. 1997, 109, 966-980; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 930-944; h) S. A. Nepogodiev, J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev. 1998, 98, 1959- 1976; i) M. Fujita. Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 53-61; j) D. A. Leigh, A. Murphy, Chem. Ind. 1999, 178-183; k) G. A. Breault, C. A. Hunter, P. C. Mayers, Tetrahedron 1999, 55, 5265-5293; I) Molecular Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots (Eds.: J.-P. Sauvage, C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker,). VCH-Wiley, Weinheim, 1999 ; m) F. M. Raymo. J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 1643-1664.
16. For books and reviews on catenanes and rotaxanes, see: a) J.-C. Chambron, C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker, J.-P. Sauvage, Top. Curr. Chem. 1993, 165, 131 - 162; b) H. W. Gibson, H. Marand, Adv. Mater. 1993,5, 11 - 21 ; c) H. W. Gibson, M. C. Bheda, P. T. Engen, Prog. Palym. Sci. 1994, 19, 843-945; d) D. B. Amabilino, J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 2725-2828; e) M. Belohradsky, F. M. Raymo, J. F. Stoddart, Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 1996, 61, 1 - 43 and 527-557; f) M. Fujita, K. Ogura, Coord. Chem. Rev. 1996, 148, 249-264; g) R. Jäger, F. Vögtle, Angew. Chem. 1997, 109, 966-980; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 930-944; h) S. A. Nepogodiev, J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev. 1998, 98, 1959- 1976; i) M. Fujita. Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 53-61; j) D. A. Leigh, A. Murphy, Chem. Ind. 1999, 178-183; k) G. A. Breault, C. A. Hunter, P. C. Mayers, Tetrahedron 1999, 55, 5265-5293; I) Molecular Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots (Eds.: J.-P. Sauvage, C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker,). VCH-Wiley, Weinheim, 1999 ; m) F. M. Raymo. J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 1643-1664.
17. For accounts on catenanes able to bind transition metals, see:a) J.-P. Sauvage. Acc. Chem. Res. 1990, 23, 319-327; b) J.-C. Chambron, C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker, C. Hemmert, A. K. Khemiss, D. Mitchell, J.-P. Sauvage, J. Weiss, Pure Appl. Chem. 1990, 62, 1027-1034: c) J.-C. Chambron, S. Chardon-Noblat, A. Harriman, V. Heitz, J.-P. Sauvage, Pure Appl. Chem. 1993, 65, 2343-2349; d) J.-C Chambron, C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker, J.-F. Nierengarten. J.-P. Sauvage, Pure Appl. Chem. 1994, 66, 1543-1550; e) J.-C. Chambron, C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker, V. Heitz, J.-F. Nierengarten, J.-P. Sauvage, C. Pascard, J. Guilhem, Pure Appl. Chem. 1995, 67, 233-240; f) J.-C. Chambron, C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker, J.-P. Sauvage, Comprehensive Supramolecular Chemistry, Vol. 9 (Eds.: M. W. Hosseini, J.-P. Sauvage), Pergamon, Oxford, 1996, 43-83; g) J.-P. Sauvage, Acc. Chem. Res. 1998. 31, 611-619; h) J.-C.Chambron, J.-P. Sauvage, Chem. Eur. J. 1998, 4, 1362-1366.
18. For accounts on catenanes able to bind transition metals, see:a) J.-P. Sauvage. Acc. Chem. Res. 1990, 23, 319-327; b) J.-C. Chambron, C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker, C. Hemmert, A. K. Khemiss, D. Mitchell, J.-P. Sauvage, J. Weiss, Pure Appl. Chem. 1990, 62, 1027-1034: c) J.-C. Chambron, S. Chardon-Noblat, A. Harriman, V. Heitz, J.-P. Sauvage, Pure Appl. Chem. 1993, 65, 2343-2349; d) J.-C Chambron, C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker, J.-F. Nierengarten. J.-P. Sauvage, Pure Appl. Chem. 1994, 66, 1543-1550; e) J.-C. Chambron, C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker, V. Heitz, J.-F. Nierengarten, J.-P. Sauvage, C. Pascard, J. Guilhem, Pure Appl. Chem. 1995, 67, 233-240; f) J.-C. Chambron, C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker, J.-P. Sauvage, Comprehensive Supramolecular Chemistry, Vol. 9 (Eds.: M. W. Hosseini, J.-P. Sauvage), Pergamon, Oxford, 1996, 43-83; g) J.-P. Sauvage, Acc. Chem. Res. 1998. 31, 611-619; h) J.-C.Chambron, J.-P. Sauvage, Chem. Eur. J. 1998, 4, 1362-1366.
19. For accounts on catenanes able to bind transition metals, see:a) J.-P. Sauvage. Acc. Chem. Res. 1990, 23, 319-327; b) J.-C. Chambron, C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker, C. Hemmert, A. K. Khemiss, D. Mitchell, J.-P. Sauvage, J. Weiss, Pure Appl. Chem. 1990, 62, 1027-1034: c) J.-C. Chambron, S. Chardon-Noblat, A. Harriman, V. Heitz, J.-P. Sauvage, Pure Appl. Chem. 1993, 65, 2343-2349; d) J.-C Chambron, C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker, J.-F. Nierengarten. J.-P. Sauvage, Pure Appl. Chem. 1994, 66, 1543-1550; e) J.-C. Chambron, C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker, V. Heitz, J.-F. Nierengarten, J.-P. Sauvage, C. Pascard, J. Guilhem, Pure Appl. Chem. 1995, 67, 233-240; f) J.-C. Chambron, C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker, J.-P. Sauvage, Comprehensive Supramolecular Chemistry, Vol. 9 (Eds.: M. W. Hosseini, J.-P. Sauvage), Pergamon, Oxford, 1996, 43-83; g) J.-P. Sauvage, Acc. Chem. Res. 1998. 31, 611-619; h) J.-C.Chambron, J.-P. Sauvage, Chem. Eur. J. 1998, 4, 1362-1366.
20. For accounts on catenanes able to bind transition metals, see:a) J.-P. Sauvage. Acc. Chem. Res. 1990, 23, 319-327; b) J.-C. Chambron, C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker, C. Hemmert, A. K. Khemiss, D. Mitchell, J.-P. Sauvage, J. Weiss, Pure Appl. Chem. 1990, 62, 1027-1034: c) J.-C. Chambron, S. Chardon-Noblat, A. Harriman, V. Heitz, J.-P. Sauvage, Pure Appl. Chem. 1993, 65, 2343-2349; d) J.-C Chambron, C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker, J.-F. Nierengarten. J.-P. Sauvage, Pure Appl. Chem. 1994, 66, 1543-1550; e) J.-C. Chambron, C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker, V. Heitz, J.-F. Nierengarten, J.-P. Sauvage, C. Pascard, J. Guilhem, Pure Appl. Chem. 1995, 67, 233-240; f) J.-C. Chambron, C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker, J.-P. Sauvage, Comprehensive Supramolecular Chemistry, Vol. 9 (Eds.: M. W. Hosseini, J.-P. Sauvage), Pergamon, Oxford, 1996, 43-83; g) J.-P. Sauvage, Acc. Chem. Res. 1998. 31, 611-619; h) J.-C.Chambron, J.-P. Sauvage, Chem. Eur. J. 1998, 4, 1362-1366.
21. For accounts on catenanes able to bind transition metals, see:a) J.-P. Sauvage. Acc. Chem. Res. 1990, 23, 319-327; b) J.-C. Chambron, C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker, C. Hemmert, A. K. Khemiss, D. Mitchell, J.-P. Sauvage, J. Weiss, Pure Appl. Chem. 1990, 62, 1027-1034: c) J.-C. Chambron, S. Chardon-Noblat, A. Harriman, V. Heitz, J.-P. Sauvage, Pure Appl. Chem. 1993, 65, 2343-2349; d) J.-C Chambron, C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker, J.-F. Nierengarten. J.-P. Sauvage, Pure Appl. Chem. 1994, 66, 1543-1550; e) J.-C. Chambron, C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker, V. Heitz, J.-F. Nierengarten, J.-P. Sauvage, C. Pascard, J. Guilhem, Pure Appl. Chem. 1995, 67, 233-240; f) J.-C. Chambron, C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker, J.-P. Sauvage, Comprehensive Supramolecular Chemistry, Vol. 9 (Eds.: M. W. Hosseini, J.-P. Sauvage), Pergamon, Oxford, 1996, 43-83; g) J.-P. Sauvage, Acc. Chem. Res. 1998. 31, 611-619; h) J.-C.Chambron, J.-P. Sauvage, Chem. Eur. J. 1998, 4, 1362-1366.
22. For accounts on catenanes able to bind transition metals, see:a) J.-P. Sauvage. Acc. Chem. Res. 1990, 23, 319-327; b) J.-C. Chambron, C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker, C. Hemmert, A. K. Khemiss, D. Mitchell, J.-P. Sauvage, J. Weiss, Pure Appl. Chem. 1990, 62, 1027-1034: c) J.-C. Chambron, S. Chardon-Noblat, A. Harriman, V. Heitz, J.-P. Sauvage, Pure Appl. Chem. 1993, 65, 2343-2349; d) J.-C Chambron, C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker, J.-F. Nierengarten. J.-P. Sauvage, Pure Appl. Chem. 1994, 66, 1543-1550; e) J.-C. Chambron, C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker, V. Heitz, J.-F. Nierengarten, J.-P. Sauvage, C. Pascard, J. Guilhem, Pure Appl. Chem. 1995, 67, 233-240; f) J.-C. Chambron, C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker, J.-P. Sauvage, Comprehensive Supramolecular Chemistry, Vol. 9 (Eds.: M. W. Hosseini, J.-P. Sauvage), Pergamon, Oxford, 1996, 43-83; g) J.-P. Sauvage, Acc. Chem. Res. 1998. 31, 611-619; h) J.-C.Chambron, J.-P. Sauvage, Chem. Eur. J. 1998, 4, 1362-1366.
23. For accounts on catenanes able to bind transition metals, see:a) J.-P. Sauvage. Acc. Chem. Res. 1990, 23, 319-327; b) J.-C. Chambron, C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker, C. Hemmert, A. K. Khemiss, D. Mitchell, J.-P. Sauvage, J. Weiss, Pure Appl. Chem. 1990, 62, 1027-1034: c) J.-C. Chambron, S. Chardon-Noblat, A. Harriman, V. Heitz, J.-P. Sauvage, Pure Appl. Chem. 1993, 65, 2343-2349; d) J.-C Chambron, C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker, J.-F. Nierengarten. J.-P. Sauvage, Pure Appl. Chem. 1994, 66, 1543-1550; e) J.-C. Chambron, C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker, V. Heitz, J.-F. Nierengarten, J.-P. Sauvage, C. Pascard, J. Guilhem, Pure Appl. Chem. 1995, 67, 233-240; f) J.-C. Chambron, C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker, J.-P. Sauvage, Comprehensive Supramolecular Chemistry, Vol. 9 (Eds.: M. W. Hosseini, J.-P. Sauvage), Pergamon, Oxford, 1996, 43-83; g) J.-P. Sauvage, Acc. Chem. Res. 1998. 31, 611-619; h) J.-C.Chambron, J.-P. Sauvage, Chem. Eur. J. 1998, 4, 1362-1366.
24. For accounts on catenanes able to bind transition metals, see:a) J.-P. Sauvage. Acc. Chem. Res. 1990, 23, 319-327; b) J.-C. Chambron, C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker, C. Hemmert, A. K. Khemiss, D. Mitchell, J.-P. Sauvage, J. Weiss, Pure Appl. Chem. 1990, 62, 1027-1034: c) J.-C. Chambron, S. Chardon-Noblat, A. Harriman, V. Heitz, J.-P. Sauvage, Pure Appl. Chem. 1993, 65, 2343-2349; d) J.-C Chambron, C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker, J.-F. Nierengarten. J.-P. Sauvage, Pure Appl. Chem. 1994, 66, 1543-1550; e) J.-C. Chambron, C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker, V. Heitz, J.-F. Nierengarten, J.-P. Sauvage, C. Pascard, J. Guilhem, Pure Appl. Chem. 1995, 67, 233-240; f) J.-C. Chambron, C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker, J.-P. Sauvage, Comprehensive Supramolecular Chemistry, Vol. 9 (Eds.: M. W. Hosseini, J.-P. Sauvage), Pergamon, Oxford, 1996, 43-83; g) J.-P. Sauvage, Acc. Chem. Res. 1998. 31, 611-619; h) J.-C.Chambron, J.-P. Sauvage, Chem. Eur. J. 1998, 4, 1362-1366.
25. a) P. R. Ashton, S. Menzer, F. M. Raymo, G. K. H. Shimizu, J. F. Stoddart, D. J. Williams, Chem. Commun. 1996 487-490;
26. b) M. Asakawa, P. R. Ashton, S. Menzer, F. M. Raymo, J. F. Stoddart, A. J. P. White. D. J. Williams, Chem. Eur. J. 1996, 2, 877-893.
27. For accounts and reviews on (C-H⋯O] hydrogen bonds, see : a) G. R. Desiraju, Acc. Chem. Res. 1991, 24, 290-296; b) G. R. Desiraju, Acc. Chem. Res. 1996, 29, 441-449; c) T. Steiner Chem. Commun. 1997, 727-734; d) I. Berger, M. Egli, Chem. Eur. J. 1997,3, 1400-1404; e) T. Steiner, Chem. Commun. 1999, 313-314.
28. For accounts and reviews on (C-H⋯O] hydrogen bonds, see : a) G. R. Desiraju, Acc. Chem. Res. 1991, 24, 290-296; b) G. R. Desiraju, Acc. Chem. Res. 1996, 29, 441-449; c) T. Steiner Chem. Commun. 1997, 727-734; d) I. Berger, M. Egli, Chem. Eur. J. 1997,3, 1400-1404; e) T. Steiner, Chem. Commun. 1999, 313-314.
29. For accounts and reviews on (C-H⋯O] hydrogen bonds, see : a) G. R. Desiraju, Acc. Chem. Res. 1991, 24, 290-296; b) G. R. Desiraju, Acc. Chem. Res. 1996, 29, 441-449; c) T. Steiner Chem. Commun. 1997, 727-734; d) I. Berger, M. Egli, Chem. Eur. J. 1997,3, 1400-1404; e) T. Steiner, Chem. Commun. 1999, 313-314.
30. For accounts and reviews on (C-H⋯O] hydrogen bonds, see : a) G. R. Desiraju, Acc. Chem. Res. 1991, 24, 290-296; b) G. R. Desiraju, Acc. Chem. Res. 1996, 29, 441-449; c) T. Steiner Chem. Commun. 1997, 727-734; d) I. Berger, M. Egli, Chem. Eur. J. 1997,3, 1400-1404; e) T. Steiner, Chem. Commun. 1999, 313-314.
31. For accounts and reviews on (C-H⋯O] hydrogen bonds, see : a) G. R. Desiraju, Acc. Chem. Res. 1991, 24, 290-296; b) G. R. Desiraju, Acc. Chem. Res. 1996, 29, 441-449; c) T. Steiner Chem. Commun. 1997, 727-734; d) I. Berger, M. Egli, Chem. Eur. J. 1997,3, 1400-1404; e) T. Steiner, Chem. Commun. 1999, 313-314.
32. For accounts and reviews on [π⋯π] stacking interactions, see: a) C. A. Hunter, J. K. M. Sanders, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 5525-5534; b) M. H. Schwartz, J. Inclusion Phenom. 1990, 9, 1 -35; c) J. H. Williams, Acc. Chem. Res. 1993, 26,593-598; d) C. A. Hunter, Angew. Chem. 1993, 105, 1653-1655; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1993, 32, 1584-1586; e) C. A. Hunter, J. Mol. Biol. 1993, 230, 1025-1054; f) T. Dahl, Acta Chem. Scand. 1994, 48, 95-116: g) F. Cozzi, J. S. Siegel, Pure Appl. Chem. 1995, 67, 683-689: h) C. G. Claessens, J. F. Stoddart. J. Phys. Org. Chem. 1997, 10, 254-272.
33. For accounts and reviews on [π⋯π] stacking interactions, see: a) C. A. Hunter, J. K. M. Sanders, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 5525-5534; b) M. H. Schwartz, J. Inclusion Phenom. 1990, 9, 1 -35; c) J. H. Williams, Acc. Chem. Res. 1993, 26,593-598; d) C. A. Hunter, Angew. Chem. 1993, 105, 1653-1655; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1993, 32, 1584-1586; e) C. A. Hunter, J. Mol. Biol. 1993, 230, 1025-1054; f) T. Dahl, Acta Chem. Scand. 1994, 48, 95-116: g) F. Cozzi, J. S. Siegel, Pure Appl. Chem. 1995, 67, 683-689: h) C. G. Claessens, J. F. Stoddart. J. Phys. Org. Chem. 1997, 10, 254-272.
34. For accounts and reviews on [π⋯π] stacking interactions, see: a) C. A. Hunter, J. K. M. Sanders, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 5525-5534; b) M. H. Schwartz, J. Inclusion Phenom. 1990, 9, 1 -35; c) J. H. Williams, Acc. Chem. Res. 1993, 26,593-598; d) C. A. Hunter, Angew. Chem. 1993, 105, 1653-1655; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1993, 32, 1584-1586; e) C. A. Hunter, J. Mol. Biol. 1993, 230, 1025-1054; f) T. Dahl, Acta Chem. Scand. 1994, 48, 95-116: g) F. Cozzi, J. S. Siegel, Pure Appl. Chem. 1995, 67, 683-689: h) C. G. Claessens, J. F. Stoddart. J. Phys. Org. Chem. 1997, 10, 254-272.
35. For accounts and reviews on [π⋯π] stacking interactions, see: a) C. A. Hunter, J. K. M. Sanders, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 5525-5534; b) M. H. Schwartz, J. Inclusion Phenom. 1990, 9, 1 -35; c) J. H. Williams, Acc. Chem. Res. 1993, 26,593-598; d) C. A. Hunter, Angew. Chem. 1993, 105, 1653-1655; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1993, 32, 1584-1586; e) C. A. Hunter, J. Mol. Biol. 1993, 230, 1025-1054; f) T. Dahl, Acta Chem. Scand. 1994, 48, 95-116: g) F. Cozzi, J. S. Siegel, Pure Appl. Chem. 1995, 67, 683-689: h) C. G. Claessens, J. F. Stoddart. J. Phys. Org. Chem. 1997, 10, 254-272.
36. For accounts and reviews on [π⋯π] stacking interactions, see: a) C. A. Hunter, J. K. M. Sanders, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 5525-5534; b) M. H. Schwartz, J. Inclusion Phenom. 1990, 9, 1 -35; c) J. H. Williams, Acc. Chem. Res. 1993, 26,593-598; d) C. A. Hunter, Angew. Chem. 1993, 105, 1653-1655; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1993, 32, 1584-1586; e) C. A. Hunter, J. Mol. Biol. 1993, 230, 1025-1054; f) T. Dahl, Acta Chem. Scand. 1994, 48, 95-116: g) F. Cozzi, J. S. Siegel, Pure Appl. Chem. 1995, 67, 683-689: h) C. G. Claessens, J. F. Stoddart. J. Phys. Org. Chem. 1997, 10, 254-272.
37. For accounts and reviews on [π⋯π] stacking interactions, see: a) C. A. Hunter, J. K. M. Sanders, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 5525-5534; b) M. H. Schwartz, J. Inclusion Phenom. 1990, 9, 1 -35; c) J. H. Williams, Acc. Chem. Res. 1993, 26,593-598; d) C. A. Hunter, Angew. Chem. 1993, 105, 1653-1655; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1993, 32, 1584-1586; e) C. A. Hunter, J. Mol. Biol. 1993, 230, 1025-1054; f) T. Dahl, Acta Chem. Scand. 1994, 48, 95-116: g) F. Cozzi, J. S. Siegel, Pure Appl. Chem. 1995, 67, 683-689: h) C. G. Claessens, J. F. Stoddart. J. Phys. Org. Chem. 1997, 10, 254-272.
38. For accounts and reviews on [π⋯π] stacking interactions, see: a) C. A. Hunter, J. K. M. Sanders, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 5525-5534; b) M. H. Schwartz, J. Inclusion Phenom. 1990, 9, 1 -35; c) J. H. Williams, Acc. Chem. Res. 1993, 26,593-598; d) C. A. Hunter, Angew. Chem. 1993, 105, 1653-1655; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1993, 32, 1584-1586; e) C. A. Hunter, J. Mol. Biol. 1993, 230, 1025-1054; f) T. Dahl, Acta Chem. Scand. 1994, 48, 95-116: g) F. Cozzi, J. S. Siegel, Pure Appl. Chem. 1995, 67, 683-689: h) C. G. Claessens, J. F. Stoddart. J. Phys. Org. Chem. 1997, 10, 254-272.
39. For accounts and reviews on [π⋯π] stacking interactions, see: a) C. A. Hunter, J. K. M. Sanders, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 5525-5534; b) M. H. Schwartz, J. Inclusion Phenom. 1990, 9, 1 -35; c) J. H. Williams, Acc. Chem. Res. 1993, 26,593-598; d) C. A. Hunter, Angew. Chem. 1993, 105, 1653-1655; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1993, 32, 1584-1586; e) C. A. Hunter, J. Mol. Biol. 1993, 230, 1025-1054; f) T. Dahl, Acta Chem. Scand. 1994, 48, 95-116: g) F. Cozzi, J. S. Siegel, Pure Appl. Chem. 1995, 67, 683-689: h) C. G. Claessens, J. F. Stoddart. J. Phys. Org. Chem. 1997, 10, 254-272.
40. For accounts and reviews on [π⋯π] stacking interactions, see: a) C. A. Hunter, J. K. M. Sanders, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 5525-5534; b) M. H. Schwartz, J. Inclusion Phenom. 1990, 9, 1 -35; c) J. H. Williams, Acc. Chem. Res. 1993, 26,593-598; d) C. A. Hunter, Angew. Chem. 1993, 105, 1653-1655; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1993, 32, 1584-1586; e) C. A. Hunter, J. Mol. Biol. 1993, 230, 1025-1054; f) T. Dahl, Acta Chem. Scand. 1994, 48, 95-116: g) F. Cozzi, J. S. Siegel, Pure Appl. Chem. 1995, 67, 683-689: h) C. G. Claessens, J. F. Stoddart. J. Phys. Org. Chem. 1997, 10, 254-272.
41. For accounts and reviews on [C-H⋯π] interactions, see: a) M. Oki, Acc. Chem. Res. 1990, 23, 351-356; b)M. C. Etter, J. Phys. Chem. 1991, 95, 4601; c) M. J. Zaworotko, Chem. Soc. Rev. 1994. 23, 283-288; d) M. Nishio, Y. Umezawa, M. Hirota, Y. Takeuchi, Tetrahedron 1995, 51, 8665-8701; e) M. Nishio, Y. Umezawa, M. Hirota, The [C-H⋯] Interaction, Wiley-VCH, New York, 1998.
42. For accounts and reviews on [C-H⋯π] interactions, see: a) M. Oki, Acc. Chem. Res. 1990, 23, 351-356; b)M. C. Etter, J. Phys. Chem. 1991, 95, 4601; c) M. J. Zaworotko, Chem. Soc. Rev. 1994. 23, 283-288; d) M. Nishio, Y. Umezawa, M. Hirota, Y. Takeuchi, Tetrahedron 1995, 51, 8665-8701; e) M. Nishio, Y. Umezawa, M. Hirota, The [C-H⋯] Interaction, Wiley-VCH, New York, 1998.
43. For accounts and reviews on [C-H⋯π] interactions, see: a) M. Oki, Acc. Chem. Res. 1990, 23, 351-356; b)M. C. Etter, J. Phys. Chem. 1991, 95, 4601; c) M. J. Zaworotko, Chem. Soc. Rev. 1994. 23, 283-288; d) M. Nishio, Y. Umezawa, M. Hirota, Y. Takeuchi, Tetrahedron 1995, 51, 8665-8701; e) M. Nishio, Y. Umezawa, M. Hirota, The [C-H⋯] Interaction, Wiley-VCH, New York, 1998.
44. For accounts and reviews on [C-H⋯π] interactions, see: a) M. Oki, Acc. Chem. Res. 1990, 23, 351-356; b)M. C. Etter, J. Phys. Chem. 1991, 95, 4601; c) M. J. Zaworotko, Chem. Soc. Rev. 1994. 23, 283-288; d) M. Nishio, Y. Umezawa, M. Hirota, Y. Takeuchi, Tetrahedron 1995, 51, 8665-8701; e) M. Nishio, Y. Umezawa, M. Hirota, The [C-H⋯] Interaction, Wiley-VCH, New York, 1998.
45. For accounts and reviews on [C-H⋯π] interactions, see: a) M. Oki, Acc. Chem. Res. 1990, 23, 351-356; b)M. C. Etter, J. Phys. Chem. 1991, 95, 4601; c) M. J. Zaworotko, Chem. Soc. Rev. 1994. 23, 283-288; d) M. Nishio, Y. Umezawa, M. Hirota, Y. Takeuchi, Tetrahedron 1995, 51, 8665-8701; e) M. Nishio, Y. Umezawa, M. Hirota, The [C-H⋯] Interaction, Wiley-VCH, New York, 1998.
46. P.-L. Anelli, P. R. Ashton, R. Ballardini, V. Balzani, M. Delgado, M. T. Gandolfi, T. T. Goodnow, A. E. Kaifer, D. Philp, M. Pietraszkiewicz, L. Prodi, M. V. Reddington, A. M. Z. Slawin, N. Spencer. J. F. Stoddart, C. Vicent, D. J. Williams, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114, 193-218.
47. M. C. T. Fyfe, J. F. Stoddart, Acc. Chem. Res. 1997, 30, 393-401.
48. K. N. Houk, S. Menzer, S. P. Newton, F. M. Raymo, J. F. Stoddart, D. J. Williams, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 1479-1487.
49. B. Cabezon, S. J. Cantrill, F. M. Raymo, J. F. Stoddart, A. J. P. White. D. J. Williams, Angew. Chem. 2000, 112, 152-155; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2000, 39, 148-151.
50. B. Cabezon, S. J. Cantrill, F. M. Raymo, J. F. Stoddart, A. J. P. White. D. J. Williams, Angew. Chem. 2000, 112, 152-155; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2000, 39, 148-151.
51. H. L. Anderson, A. Bashall, K. Hendrick, M. McPartlin, J. K. M. Sanders, Angew. Chem. 1994, 106, 445-447; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1994, 429-431.
52. H. L. Anderson, A. Bashall, K. Hendrick, M. McPartlin, J. K. M. Sanders, Angew. Chem. 1994, 106, 445-447; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1994, 429-431.
53. a) J. L. Atwood, K. T. Holman, J. W. Steed, Chem. Commun. 1996, 1401-1407;
54. b) J. Rebek Jr,. Chem. Soc. Rev. 1996, 25, 255-264;
55. C) M. M. Conn, J. Rebek Jr., Chem. Rev. 1997, 97,1647-1668;
56. d) R. G. Chapman, J. C. Sherman, Tetrahedron 1997, 53, 15911 -15945;
57. e) A. Jasat, J. C. Sherman, Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 931 -967.
58. a) P. R. Ashton, I. Baxter, S. J. Cantrill, M. C. T. Fyfe, P. T. Glink, J. F. Stoddart, A. J. P. White, D. J. Williams, Angew. Chem. 1998, 110, 1344-1347; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 1294-1297;
59. a) P. R. Ashton, I. Baxter, S. J. Cantrill, M. C. T. Fyfe, P. T. Glink, J. F. Stoddart, A. J. P. White, D. J. Williams, Angew. Chem. 1998, 110, 1344-1347; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 1294-1297;
60. b) P. R. Ashton, I. W. Parsons, F. M. Raymo, J. F. Stoddart, A. J. P. White, D. J. Williams, R. Wolf, Angew. Chem. 1998, 110, 2016-2019; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 1913- 1916;
61. b) P. R. Ashton, I. W. Parsons, F. M. Raymo, J. F. Stoddart, A. J. P. White, D. J. Williams, R. Wolf, Angew. Chem. 1998, 110, 2016-2019; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 1913- 1916;
62. c) N. Yamaguchi, D. S. Nagvekar, H. W. Gibson, Angew. Chem. 1998, 110, 2518-2520; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 2361 -2364;
63. c) N. Yamaguchi, D. S. Nagvekar, H. W. Gibson, Angew. Chem. 1998, 110, 2518-2520; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 2361 -2364;
64. d) N. Yamaguchi. H. W. Gibson, Angew. Chem. 1999, 111, 195-199; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 143 -147.
65. d) N. Yamaguchi. H. W. Gibson, Angew. Chem. 1999, 111, 195-199; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 143 -147.
66. a) J. Rebek Jr., Acc. Chem. Res. 1990, 23, 399-404;
67. b) J. Rebek Jr., Angew. Chem. 1990,102, 261 -272; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1990, 29, 245-255:
68. b) J. Rebek Jr., Angew. Chem. 1990,102, 261 -272; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1990, 29, 245-255:
69. c) S. Hoffmann, Angew. Chem. 1992, 104. 1032-1035; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1992, 31. 1013-1016;
70. c) S. Hoffmann, Angew. Chem. 1992, 104. 1032-1035; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1992, 31. 1013-1016;
71. d) L. E. Orgel, Nature 1992,358,203 - 209;
72. e) E. A. Winter, M. M. Conn, J. Rebek Jr., Acc. Chem. Res. 1994, 27, 198-203;
73. f) L. E. Orgel, Acc. Chem. Res. 1995, 28, 109-118;
74. g) S. Kauffman, Nature 1996, 382, 496-497;
75. h) D. H. Lee, K. Severin, M. R. Ghadiri, Curr. Op. Chem. Biol. 1997,1, 491- 496;
76. i) J. Rebek Jr., Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 278-286.
77. c (2) respectively. Δv is the limiting frequency separation and R, k and h are the gas, Boltzmann, and Planck constants, respectively. For Equations (1) and (2), see:I. O. Sutherland, Annu. Rep. NMR Spectrosc., 1971, 4, 71 -235.
78. a even at 183 K.
79. For a definition of the term 'co-conformation', see: M. C T. Fyfe, P. T. Glink, S. Menzer, J. F. Stoddart, A. J. P. White, D. J. Williams, Angew. Chem. 1997, 109, 2158-2160; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 2068-2070.
80. For a definition of the term 'co-conformation', see: M. C T. Fyfe, P. T. Glink, S. Menzer, J. F. Stoddart, A. J. P. White, D. J. Williams, Angew. Chem. 1997, 109, 2158-2160; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 2068-2070.
81. a (3)
82. B. S. Furniss, A. J. Hannaford, P. W. G. Smith, A. R. Tatchell, Practical Organic Chemistry, Longman, New York, 1989.
83. G. R. Newkome, D. L. Fishel, J. Org. Chem. 1972, 37, 1329-1336.
84. R. R. Ashton. E. J. T. Chrystal, J. P. Mathias, K. P. Parry, A. M. Z. Slawin, N. Spencer, J. F. Stoddart, D. J. Williams, Tetrahedron Lett. 1987, 28, 6367-6370.