The alleviation of pain by cell transplantation

Progress in Brain Research

Volumn 127, Issue , 2000, Pages 535-550

  Hentall, Ian D ^a   Sagen, Jacqueline ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI MILLER SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADRENALIN; ALPHA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; AMPA RECEPTOR AGONIST; ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; BETA ENDORPHIN; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; CATECHOLAMINE; CYCLOOXYGENASE 2 INHIBITOR; DIPHTHERIA TOXIN; DYNORPHIN; EPIBATIDINE; IBUPROFEN; MORPHINE; N METHYL DEXTRO ASPARTIC ACID RECEPTOR; N METHYL DEXTRO ASPARTIC ACID RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; NALTREXONE; NARCOTIC ANALGESIC AGENT; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; NEUROPEPTIDE Y; NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE INHIBITOR; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; NORADRENALIN; OPIATE ANTAGONIST; PHENTOLAMINE; PREPROENKEPHALIN; QUISQUALIC ACID; SAPORIN; SUBSTANCE P; UNINDEXED DRUG;

ADRENAL MEDULLA; ANALGESIA; ANIMAL MODEL; ANTINOCICEPTION; CELL TRANSPLANTATION; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; CHROMAFFIN CELL; CHRONIC PAIN; CLINICAL ARTICLE; CLINICAL TRIAL; DRUG TARGETING; GENE THERAPY; HUMAN; NONHUMAN; PAIN; PAIN ASSESSMENT; PHASE 1 CLINICAL TRIAL; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RAT; REVIEW; SPINAL CORD; TREATMENT OUTCOME; VISUAL ANALOG SCALE;

EID: 0034589759     PISSN: 00796123     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S0079-6123(00)27027-1     Document Type: Article

References (104)

1. Aebischer, P., Buchser, E., Joseph, J.M., Favre, J., De Tribolet, N., Lysaght, M., Rudnick, S. and Goddard, M. (1994) Transplantation in humans of encapsulated xenogeneic cells without immunosuppression. Transplantation, 58: 1275-1277.
2. Basbaum, A.I. (1999) Spinal mechanisms of acute and persistent pain. Reg. Anesth. Pain Med., 24: 59-67.
3. Benoliel, R., Eliav, E., Mannes, A.J., Caudle, R.M., Leeman, S. and Iadorala, M.J. (1999) Actions of intrathecal diphtheria toxin-substance P fusion protein on models of persistent pain. Pain, 79: 243-253.
4. Besson, J.M. (1999) The neurobiology of pain. Lancet, 353: 1610-1615.
5. Bonica, J.J. (1990) The Management of Pain. Lea and Fibiger, Philadelphia, PA.
6. Brewer, K.L. and Yezierski, R.P. (1998) Effects of adrenal medullary transplants on pain-related behaviors following excitotoxic spinal cord injury. Brain Res., 798: 83-92.
7. Buchser, E., Goddard, M., Heyd, B., Joseph, J.M., Favre, J., Detribolet, N., Lysaght, M. and Aebischer, P. (1995) Immunoisolated xenogeneic chromaffin cell therapy for chronic pain: Initial experience. Anesthesiology, 85: 1005-1012.
8. Burgess, F.W., Goddard, M., Savarese, D. and Wilkinson, H. (1996) Subarachnoid bovine adrenal chromaffin cell implants for cancer pain management. Am. Pain Soc. Abstr., 15: A-33.
9. Burgess, F.W., Goddard, M., Lewis-Cullinan, C., Savarese, D. and Wilkinson, H. (2000) Bovine adrenal medullary cell implants for cancer pain management. Pain (submitted).
10. Cejas, P., Martinez, M.A., Karmally, S., McKillop, M., McKillop, J., Plunkett, J.A., Oudega, M. and Eaton, M.J. (2000) Lumbar transplant of neurons genetically modified to secrete brain-derived neurotrophic factor attenuate allodynia and hyperalgesia after sciatic nerve constriction. Pain, 86: 195-210.
11. Coggeshall, R.E. (1999) Assaying structural changes after nerve damage, an essay on quantitative morphology. Pain (Suppl.), 6: S21-25.
12. Coggeshall, R.E., Woolf, C.J., White, F.A. and Lekan, H.A. (1999) Further studies on dorsal horn neuron loss following large sensory (A) fiber stimulation of transected rat sciatic nerve. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 25: 1680.
13. Czech, K.A., Pollak, R., Pappas, G.D. and Sagen, J. (1996) Bovine chromaffin cells for CNS transplants do not elicit xenogeneic T cell proliferative responses in vitro. Cell Transplant., 5: 257-267.
14. Davar, G., Bebrin, W.R., Day, R. and Breakefield, X.O. (1995) Gene delivery to mouse sensory neurons with herpes simplex virus: A model for postherpetic neuralgia and its treatment?. Neurology, 45(12 Suppl. 8): S69.
15. Decker, M.W. and Meyer, M.D. (1999) Therapeutic potential of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonists as novel analgesics. Biochem. Pharmacol., 58: 917-923.
16. Décosterd, I., Buchser, E., Gilliard, N., Saydoff, J., Zurn, A.D. and Aebischer, P. (1998) Intrathecal implants of bovine chromaffin cells alleviate mechanical allodynia in a rat model of neuropathic pain. Pain, 76: 159-166.
17. Dickenson, A.H., Chapman, V. and Green, G.M. (1997) The pharmacology of excitatory and inhibitory amino acid-mediated events in the transmission and modulation of pain in the spinal cord. Gen. Pharmacol., 28: 633-638.
18. Eaton, M.J., Dancausse, H.R., Santiago, D.I. and Whittemore, S.R. (1997) Lumbar transplants of immortalized serotonergic neurons alleviate chronic neuropathic pain. Pain, 72: 59-69.
19. Eaton, M.J., Plunkett, J.A., Martinez, M.A., Karmally, S., Montañez, K. and Rabade, J. (1998) Changes in GAD and GABA immunoreactivity in the spinal dorsal horn after peripheral nerve injury and promotion of recovery by lumbar transplants of immortalized serotonergic neurons. J. Chem. Neuroanat., 16: 57-72.
20. Eaton, M.J., Martinez, M.A., Lopez, T., Karmally, S., Cejas, P. and Plunkett, J.A. (1999a) Lumbar transplant of neurons genetically modified to secrete galanin reverse pain-like behaviors after partial sciatic nerve injury. J. Periph. Nerv. Syst., 4: 281-293.
21. Eaton, M.J., Plunkett, J.A., Martinez, M.A., Lopez, T., Karmally, S., Cejas, P. and Whittemore, S.R. (1999b) Transplants of neuronal cells bioengineered to synthesize GABA alleviate chronic neuropathic pain. Cell Transplant., 8: 87-101.
22. Eaton, M.J., Martinez, M.A., Karmally, S., Lopez, T. and Sagen, J. (2000) Initial characterization of the transplant of immortalized chromaffin cells for the attenuation of chronic neuropathic pain. Cell Transplant. (in press).
23. Finegold, A.A., Mannes, A.J. and Iadarola, M.J. (1999) A paracrine paradigm for in vivo gene therapy in the nervous system: Treatment of chronic pain. Hum. Gene Ther., 10: 1251-1257.
24. Furst, S. (1999) Transmitters involved in antinociception in the spinal cord. Brain Res. Bull., 48: 129-141.
25. Ginzburg, R. and Seltzer, Z. (1990) Subarachnoid spinal cord transplantation of adrenal medulla suppresses chronic neuropathic pain behavior in rats. Brain Res., 523: 147-150.
26. Hagihara, Y., Saitoh, Y., Arita, N., Eguchi, Y., Tsujimoto, Y., Yoshimine, T. and Hayakawa, T. (1999) Long-term functional assessment of encapsulated cells transfected with Tet-On system. Cell Transplant., 8: 431-434.
27. Hains, B.C., Chastain, K.M., Everhart, A.W. and Hulsebosch, C.E. (1998) Reduction of chronic central pain following spinal cord injury by transplants of adrenal medullary chromaffin cells. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 24: 1631.
28. Haley, J.E., Sullivan, A.F. and Dickenson, A.H. (1990) Evidence for spinal N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor involvement in prolonged chemical nociception in the rat. Brain Res., 518: 218-226.
29. Hama, A.T. and Sagen, J. (1993) Reduced pain-related behavior by adrenal medullary transplants in rats with experimental painful peripheral neuropathy. Pain, 52: 223-231.
30. Hama, A.T. and Sagen, J. (1994a) Alleviation of neuropathic pain symptoms by xenogeneic chromaffin cell grafts in the spinal subarachnoid space. Brain Res., 651: 183-193.
31. Hama, A.T. and Sagen, J. (1994b) Induction of a spinal NADPH-diaphorase by nerve injury is attenuated by adrenal medullary transplants. Brain Res., 640: 345-351.
32. Hama, A.T., Pappas, G.D. and Sagen, J. (1996) Adrenal medullary implants reduce transsynaptic degeneration in the spinal cord of rats following chronic constriction nerve injury. Exp. Neurol., 137: 81-93.
33. Hama, A.T., Siegan, J.B., Herzberg, U. and Sagen, J. (1999) NMDA-induced spinal hypersensitivity is reduced by naturally-derived peptide analog [Ser1]-histogranin. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 62: 67-74.
34. Hentall, I.D., Hunter, C.W., Noga, B.R. and Sagen, J. (1999) Spinal allografts of adrenal medulla reduce wind-up of dorsal horn cells to C-fiber input. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 25: 1941.
35. Hentall, I.D. and Sagen, J. (2000) Spinal CSF in painful peripheral neuropathy evokes catecholamine release from chromaffin cells in vitro. Neurosci. Lett., 286: 95-98.
36. Hunter, J.C. and Singh, L. (1994) Role of excitatory amino acid receptors in the mediation of the nociceptive response to formalin in the rat. Neurosci. Lett., 174: 217-221.
37. Ibuki, T., Hama, A.T., Wang, X.-T., Pappas, G.D. and Sagen, J. (1997) Loss of GABA-immunoreactivity in the spinal dorsal horn of rats with peripheral nerve injury and promotion of recovery by adrenal medullary grafts. Neuroscience, 76: 845-858.
38. Ishii, K., Isono, M., Inoue, R. and Hori, S. (1999) Attempted gene therapy for intractable pain; dexamethasone-mediated exogeneous control of β-endorphin secretin in genetically modified cells and their intrathecal transplantation. Int. Meet. Neural Transplant. Repair, 7: 27.
39. Lachmund, A., Gehrke, D., Krieglstein, K. and Unsicker, K. (1994) Trophic factors from chromaffin granules promote survival of peripheral and central nervous system neurons. Neuroscience, 62: 361-370.
40. Lazorthes, Y., Bès, J.C., Sagen, J., Tafani, M., Tkaczuk, J., Sallerin, B., Nahri, I., Verdié, J.C., Ohayon, E., Caratero, C. and Pappas, G.D. (1995) Transplantation of human chromaffin cells for control of intractable cancer pain. Acta Neurochir., 64: 97-100.
41. Lazorthes, Y., Sagen, J., Sallerin, B., Tkaczuk, J., Duplan, H., Sol, J.-C., Tafani, M. and Bès, J.C. (2000) Human chromaffin cell graft into the CSF for cancer pain management. Pain, 87: 19-32.
42. Lekan, H.A., Carlton, S.M. and Coggeshall, R.E. (1996) Sprouting of A beta fibers into lamina II of the rat dorsal horn in peripheral neuropathy. Neurosci. Lett., 208: 147-150.
43. Lemaire, S., Shukla, V.J., Rogers, C., Ibrahim, I.H., Lapierre, C., Parent, P. and Dumont, M. (1993) Isolation and characterization of histogranin, a natural peptide with NMDA receptor antagonist activity. Eur. J. Pharmacol., 245: 247-256.
44. Malmberg, A.B. and Yaksh, T.L. (1993) Spinal nitric oxide synthesis inhibition blocks NMDA-induced thermal hyperalgesia and produces antinociception in the formalin test in rats. Pain, 54: 291-300.
45. Malmberg, A.B. and Yaksh, T.L. (1995) Effect of continuous intrathecal infusion of omega-conopeptides, N-type calcium-channel blockers, on behavior and antinociception in the formalin and hot plate tests in rats. Pain, 60: 83-90.
46. Mannion, R.J., Doubell, T.P., Coggeshall, R.E. and Woolf, C.J. (1996) Collateral sprouting of uninjured primary afferent A-fibers into the superficial dorsal horn of the adult rat spinal cord after topical capsaicin treatment to the sciatic nerve. J. Neurosci., 16: 5189-5195.
47. Mantyh, P.W., Rogers, S.D., Honore, P., Allen, B.J., Ghilardi, J.R., Li, J., Daughters, R.S., Lappi, D.A., Wiley, R.G. and Simone, D.A. (1997) Inhibition of hyperalgesia by ablation of lamina I spinal neurons expressing the substance P receptor. Science, 278: 275-279.
48. Martin, W.J., Loo, C.M. and Basbaum, A.I. (1999) Spinal cannabinoids are anti-allodynic in rats with persistent inflammation. Pain, 82: 199-205.
49. Mayer, D.J., Mao, J., Holt, J. and Price, D.D. (1999) Cellular mechanisms of neuropathic pain, morphine tolerance, and their interactions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 96: 7731-7736.
50. Meller, S.T. and Gebhart, G.F. (1993) Nitric oxide (NO) and nociceptive processing in the spinal cord. Pain, 52: 127-136.
51. Michalewicz, P., Laurito, C.E., Pappas, G.D., Lu, Y. and Yeomans, D.C. (1999) Purification of adrenal chromaffin cells increases antinociceptive efficacy of xenotransplants without immunosuppression. Cell Transplant., 8: 103-109.
52. Nichols, M.L., Allen, B.J., Roger, S.D., Ghilardi, J.R., Honore, P., Luber, N.M., Finke, M.P., Li, J., Lappi, D.A., Simone, D.A. and Mantyh, P.W. (1999) Transmission of chronic nociceptin by spinal neurons expressing the substance P receptor. Science, 286: 1558-1561.
53. Ortega, J.D., Sagen, J. and Pappas, G.D. (1992) Short-term immunosuppression enhances long-term survival of bovine chromaffin cell xenografts in rat CNS. Cell Transplant., 1: 33-41.
54. Ortega-Alvaro, A., Gibert-Rahola, J., Chover, A.J., Tejedor-Real, P., Casas, J. and Mico, J.A. (1994) Effect of amitriptyline on the analgesia induced by adrenal medullary tissue transplanted in the rat spinal subarachnoid space as measured by an experimental model of acute pain. Exp. Neurol., 130: 9-14.
55. Ortega-Alvaro, A., Gibert-Rahola, J., Mellado-Fernández, M.L., Chove, A.J. and Micó, J.A. (1997) The effects of different monoaminergic antidepressants on the analgesia induced by spinal cord adrenal medullary transplants in the formalin test in rats. Anesth. Analg., 84: 816-820.
56. Pacheco-Cano, M.T., García-Hernández, F., Hiriart, M., Komisaruk, B.R. and Drucker-Colin, R. (1990) Dibutyryl camp stimulates analgesia in rats bearing a ventricular adrenal medulla transplant. Brain Res., 531: 290-293.
57. Petersen-Zeitz, K.R. and Basbaum, A.I. (1999) Second messengers, the substantia gelatinosa and injury-induced persistent pain. Pain (Suppl.), 6: S5-12.
58. Ralston, D.D., Behbehani, M., Sehlhorst, S.C., Meng, X.-W. and Ralston, H.J. (1997a) Decreased GABA immunoreactivity in rat dorsal horn is correlated with pain behavior: A light and electron microscopic study. In: T.S. Jensen, J.A. Turner and Z. Wiesenfeld-Hallin (Eds.), Proceedings of the 8th World Congress on Pain. IASP Press, Seattle, WA, pp. 547-560.
59. Ralston, D.D., Coyle, D.E., Tedesco, C.S., Milroy, A.M. and Ralston, H.J. (1997b) Long term changes in GABA immunoreactivity (GABA-ir) in a rat model of peripheral mononeuropathy. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 23: 1533.
60. Ruz-Franzi, J.I. and Gonzalez-Darder, J.M. (1991) Study of the analgesic effects of the implant of adrenal medullary into the subarachnoid space in rats. Acta Neurochir., 52: 39-41.
61. Sagen, J. and Wang, H. (1995) Adrenal medullary grafts suppress c-fos induction in spinal neurons of arthritic rats. Neurosci. Lett., 192: 1-4.
62. Sagen, J., Pappas, G.D. and Perlow, M.J. (1986a) Adrenal medullary tissue transplants in rat spinal cord reduce pain sensitivity. Brain Res., 384: 189-194.
63. Sagen, J., Pappas, G.D. and Pollard, H.B. (1986b) Analgesia induced by isolated bovine chromaffin cells implanted in the rat spinal cord. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 83: 7522-7526.
64. Sagen, J., Wang, H. and Pappas, G.D. (1990) Adrenal medullary implants in rat spinal cord reduce nociception in a chronic pain model. Pain, 42: 69-79.
65. Sagen, J., Wang, H., Tresco, P.A. and Aebischer, P. (1993) Transplants of immunologically-isolated xenogeneic chromaffin cells provide a long-term source of pain reducing neuroactive substances. J. Neurosci., 13: 2415-2423.
66. Saitoh, Y., Taki, T., Arita, N., Ohnishi, T. and Hayakawa, T. (1995a) Analgesia induced by transplantation of encapsulated tumor cells secreting β-endorphin. J. Neurosurg., 82: 630-634.
67. Saitoh, Y., Taki, T., Arita, N., Ohnishi, T. and Hayakawa, T. (1995b) Cell therapy with encapsulated xenogeneic tumor cells secreting β-endorphin for treatment of peripheral pain. Cell Transplant., 4(Suppl. 1): S13-S17.
68. Saitoh, Y., Eguchi, Y., Hagihara, Y., Arita, N., Watahiki, M., Tsujimoto, Y. and Hayakawa, T. (1998) Dose-dependent doxycycline-mediated adrenocorticotropic hormone secretion from encapsulated Tet-on proopiomelanocortin Neuro2A cells in the subarachnoid space. Hum. Gene Ther., 9: 997-1002.
69. Sallerin-Caute, B., Lazorthes, Y., Deguine, O., Francès B., Verdié, J.C., Charlet, J.P. and Bastide, R. (1998) Does intrathecal morphine in the treatment of cancer pain induce the development of tolerance?. Neurosurgety, 42: 44-50.
70. Schueler, S.B., Sagen, J., Pappas, G.D. and Kordower, J.H. (1995) Long-term viability of isolated bovine adrenal medullary chromaffin cells following intrastriatal transplantation. Cell Transplant., 4: 55-64.
71. Siegan, J.B. and Sagen, J. (1995) Attenuation of NMDA-induced spinal hypersensitivity by adrenal medullary transplants. Brain Res., 680: 88-98.
72. Siegan, J.B. and Sagen, J. (1997a) Attenuation of formalin pain responses in the rat by adrenal medullary transplants in the spinal subarachnoid space. Pain, 70: 279-285.
73. Siegan, J.B. and Sagen, J. (1997b) A natural peptide with NMDA inhibitory activity reduces tonic pain in the formalin model. Neuroreport, 8: 1379-1381.
74. Siegan, J.B., Frydel, B.R. and Sagen, J. (1996a) Attenuation of spinal c-fos activation in the formalin model by adrenal medullary implants. Am. Pain Soc. Abstr., 15:A-46.
75. Siegan, J.B., Hama, A.T. and Sagen, J. (1996b) Alterations in spinal cord cGMP by peripheral nerve injury and adrenal medullary transplantation. Neurosci. Lett., 215: 49-52.
76. Siegan, J.B., Hama, A.T. and Sagen, J. (1997) Suppression of neuropathic pain by a naturally-derived peptide with NMDA antagonist activity. Brain Res., 755: 331-334.
77. Strittmatter, M., Grauer, M., Isenberg, E., Hamann, G., Fischer, C., Hoffmann, K.H., Blaes, F. and Schimrigk, K. (1997) Cerebrospinal fluid neuropeptides and monoaminergic transmitters in patients with trigeminal neuralgia. Headache, 37: 211-216.
78. Sugimoto, T., Bennett, G.J. and Kajander, K.C. (1990) Transsynaptic degeneration in the superficial dorsal horn after sciatic nerve injury: Effects of a chronic constriction injury, transection, and strychnine. Pain, 42: 205-213.
79. Unsicker. K. (1993) The trophic cocktail made by adrenal chromaffin cells. Exp. Neurol., 123: 167-173.
80. Unsicker, K. and Krieglstein, K. (1996) Growth factors in chromaffin cells. Prog. Neurobiol. 48: 307-324.
81. Vaccarino, A.L., Marek, P., Kest, B., Weber, E., Keana, J.F.W. and Liebeskind, J.C. (1993) NMDA receptor antagonists, MK-801 and ACEA-1011, prevent the development of tonic pain following subcutaneous formalin. Brain Res., 615: 331-334.
82. Vaquero, J., Martinez, R., Oya, S., Coca, S., Salazer, F.G. and Colado, M.I. (1988) Transplantation of adrenal medulla into spinal cord for pain relief: Disappointing outcome. Lancet, 2: 1315.
83. Vaquero, J., Arias, A., Oya, S. and Zurita, M. (1991) Chromaffin allografts into arachnoid of spinal cord reduce basal pain responses in rats. Neuroreport, 2: 149-151.
84. Walker, J.M., Hohmann, A.G., Martin, W.J., Strangman, N.M., Huang, S.M. and Tsou, K. (1999) The neurobiology of cannabinoid analgesia. Life Sci., 65: 665-673.
85. Wang, H. and Sagen, J. (1991) Pain reduction by transplants of pineal and pituitary gland tissues in the spinal cord. Anat. Rec., 229: 91A.
86. Wang, H. and Sagen, J. (1994) Optimization of adrenal medullary allograft conditions for pain alleviation. J. Neural Transplant. Plast., 5: 49-64.
87. Wang, H. and Sagen, J. (1995) Attenuation of pain-related hyperventilation in adjuvant arthritic rats with adrenal medullary transplants in the spinal subarachnoid space. Pain, 63: 313-320.
88. Waxman, S.G. (1999) The molecular pathophysiology of pain: Abnormal expression of sodium channel genes and its contributions to hyperexcitability of primary sensory neurons. Pain (Suppl.), 6: S133-140.
89. Wiley, R.G. (1998) Molecular murder. Trends Neurosci., 21: 423-426.
90. Wilson, S.P., Yeomans, D.C., Bender, M.A., Lu, Y., Goins, W.F. and Glorioso, J.C. (1999) Antihyperalgesic effects of infection with a preproenkephalin-encoding herpes virus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 16: 3211-3216.
91. Winnie, A.P., Pappas, G.D., Das Gupta, T.K., Wang, H., Ortega, J.D. and Sagen, J. (1993) Alleviation of cancer pain by adrenal medullary transplants in the spinal subarachnoid space: A preliminary report. Anesthesiology, 79: 644-653.
92. Woolf, C.J. and Costigan, M. (1999) Transcriptional and post-translational plasticity and the generation of inflammatory pain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 96: 7723-7730.
93. Wu, H.H., McLoon, S.C. and Wilcox, G.L. (1993) Antinociception following implantation of AtT-20 and genetically modified AtT-20/hENK cells in rat spinal cord. J. Neural Transplant. Plast., 4: 15-26.
94. Wu, H., Lester, B., Sun, Z. and Wilcox, G.L. (1994a) Antinociception following implantation of mouse B16 melanoma cells in mouse and rat spinal cord. Pain, 56: 203-210.
95. Wu, H.H., Wilcox, G.L. and McLoon, S.C. (1994b) Implantation of AtT-20 or genetically modified AtT-20-hENK cells in mouse spinal cord induced antinociception and opioid tolerance. J. Neurosci., 14: 4806-4814.
96. Yaksh, T.L. (1999) Spinal systems and pain processing: Development of novel analgesic drugs with mechanistically defined models. Trends Pharmacol. Sci., 20: 329-337.
97. Yaksh, T.L., Hua, X.Y., Kalcheva, I., Nozaki-Taguchi, N. and Marsala, M. (1999) The spinal biology in humans and animals of pain states generated by persistent small afferent input. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 96: 7680-7686.
98. Yamamoto, T. and Yaksh, T.L. (1992) Comparison of the antinociceptive effects of pre- and post-treatment with intrathecal morphine and MK801, an NMDA antagonist, on the formalin test in the rat. Anesthesiology, 77: 757-763.
99. Yang, L.C., Marsala, M. and Yaksh, T.L. (1996) Characterization of time course of spinal amino acids, citrulline, and PGE2 release after carrageenan/kaolin-induced knee joint inflammation: A chronic microdialysis study. Pain, 67: 345-354.
100. Yeomans, D.C., Lu, Y., Laurito, C., Kim, P., Votta-Velis, E.G., Peters, M. and Wilson, S.P. (1999) Stimulus-dependent analgesia after application of a transgenic herpes virus encoding human proenkephalin to primate skin. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 25: 924.
101. Yezierski. R.P. (1996) Pain following spinal cord injury: The clinical problem and experimental studies. Pain, 68: 185-194.
102. Yezierski, R.P., Liu, S., Ruenes, G.L., Kajander, K.J. and Brewer, K.L. (1998) Excitotoxic spinal cord injury: Behavioral and morphological characteristics of a central pain model. Pain. 75: 141-155.
103. Yu, W., Hao, J.-X., Xu, X.-J., Saydoff, J., Haegerstrand, A. and Wiesenfeld-Hallin, Z. (1998a) Long-term alleviation of allodynia-like behaviors by intrathecal implantation of bovine chromaffin cells in rats with spinal cord injury. Pain, 74: 115-122.
104. Yu, W., Hao, J.-X., Xu, X.-J., Saydoff, J., Haegerstrand, A. and Wiesenfeld-Hallin, Z. (1998b) Immunoisolating encapsulation of intrathecally implanted bovine chromaffin cells prolongs their survival and produces anti-allodynic effects in spinally injured rats. Eur. J. Pain, 2: 143-151.