Growth factors in chromaffin cells

Progress in Neurobiology

Volumn 48, Issue 4-5, 1996, Pages 307-324

  Unsicker, Klaus ^a   Krieglstein, Kerstin ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HEIDELBERG   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CYTOKINE; FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR; NEUROPEPTIDE; NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR; NEUROTROPHIN; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR;

ADRENAL MEDULLA; ANIMAL CELL; CHROMAFFIN CELL; DEVELOPMENT; IMMUNOCYTOCHEMISTRY; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; ULTRASTRUCTURE;

EID: 0030013312     PISSN: 03010082     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/0301-0082(95)00045-3     Document Type: Review

References (128)

1. Abe, K., Takayanagi, M. and Saito, H. (1991) Basic fibroblast growth factor and epidermal growth factor promote survival of primary cultured cerebellar neurons from neonatal rats. Jpn. J. Pharmacol. 56, 113-116.
2. Abe, M., Harpel, J. G., Metz, C. N., Nunes, I., Loskutoff, D. J. and Rifkin, D. B. (1994) An assay for transforming growth factor-beta using cells transfected with a plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 promoter luciferase construct. Anal. Biochem. 216, 276-284.
3. Acheson, A. L., Naujoks, K. and Thoenen, H. (1984) Nerve growth factor-mediated enzyme induction in primary cultures of bovine adrenal chromaffin cells: specificity and level of regulation. J. Neurosci. 4, 1771-1778.
4. Alexandrow, M. G. and Moses, H. L. (1995) Transforming growth factor β and cell cycle regulation. Cancer Res. 55, 1452-1457.
5. Anderson, D. J. (1989) The neural crest cell lineage problem: neuropoiesis?. Neuron 3, 1-12.
6. Anderson, K. J., Dam, D., Lee, S. and Cotman, C. W. (1988) Basic flbroblast growth factor prevents death of lesioned cholinergic neurons in vivo. Nature 332, 360-361.
7. Andersson, C., Svenson, S. B., van Deventer, S., Cerami, A. and Bartfai, T. (1992) Interleukin-1α expression is inducible by cholinergic stimulation in the rat adrenal gland. Neuroscience 47, 481-487.
8. Arvidsson, U., Risling, M., Frisen, J., Piehl, F., Fried, K., Hökfelt, T. and Cullheim, S. (1994) TrkC-like immunoreactivity in the primate descending serotoninergic system. Eur. J. Neurosci. 6, 230-236.
9. Barbin, G., Manthorpe, M. and Varon, S. (1984) Purification of the chick eye ciliary neuronotrophic factor. J. Neurochem. 43, 1468-1478.
10. Barde, Y.-A., Edgar, D. and Thoenen, H. (1982) Purification of a new neurotrophic factor from mammalian brain. EMBO J. 1, 549-553.
11. Barotte, C., Eclancher, F., Ebel, A., Labourdette, G., Sensenbrenner, M. and Will, B. (1989) Effects of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) on choline acetyltransferase activity and astroglial reaction in adult rats after partial fimbria transection. Neurosci. Lett. 101, 197-202.
12. Bieger, S. and Unsicker, K. (1996) Functions of fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) in the nervous system (in press).
13. Bieger, S., Lachmund, A., Meyer, V., Hüll, M., Krieglstein, K. and Unsicker, K. (1993a) Synthesis and release of FGF, TGF-β and other growth factors by cultured chromaffin cells. Abstr. Soc. Neurosci. 19, 246.
14. Bieger, S., Klafki, H.-W. and Unsicker, K. (1993b) Synthesis and release of the β-amyloid presursor protein by bovine chromaffin cells. Neurosci. Lett. 162, 173-175.
15. Bieger, S. C., Henkel, A. W. and Unsicker, K. (1995) Localization of basic fibroblast growth factor in bovine adrenal chromaffin cells. J. Neurochem. 64, 1521-1527.
16. Blöchl, A. and Thoenen, H. (1995) Characterization of nerve growth factor (NGF) release from hippocampal neurons: evidence for a constitutive and an unconventional sodium-dependent regulated pathway. Eur. J. Neurosci. 7, 1220-1228.
17. Blottner, D. and Unsicker, K. (1990) Maintenance of intermediolateral spinal cord neurons by fibroblast growth factor administered to the medullectomized rat adrenal gland: dependence on intact adrenal innervation and cellular organization of implants. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2, 378-382.
18. Blottner, D., Westermann, R., Grothe, C., Böhlen, P. and Unsicker, K. (1989) Basic fibroblast growth factor in the adrenal gland: possible trophic role for preganglionic neurons in vivo. Eur. J. Neurosci. 1, 471-478.
19. Blottner, D., Wolf, N., Lachmund, A., Flanders, K. C. and Unsicker, K. (1996) TGF-β rescues target-derived preganglionic sympathetic neurons in the spinal cord. Eur. J. Neurosci. 8, 202-210.
20. Böck, P. (1982) The paraganglia. In: Handbuch der Mikroskopischen Anatomie des Menschen, pp. 1-275. Eds A. Oksche and L. Vollrath. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
21. Bohn, M. C., Marciano, F., Cupit, L. and Gash, D. M. (1987) Adrenal medullary grafts promote recovery of striatal dopaminergic fibers in MPTP treated mice. Science 237, 913-916.
22. Brudzynski, S. M. and Munoz, D. G. (1994) Chromogranin A applied to the nucleus accumbens decreases locomotor activity induced by activation of the mesolimbic dopaminergic system in the rat. Brain Res. Bull. 35, 211-216.
23. Chen, M., Tempst, P. and Yankner, B. A. (1992) Secretogranin I/Chromogranin B is a heparin-binding adhesive protein. J. Neurochem. 58, 1691-1698.
24. Cheung, N. S., Small, D. H. and Livett, B. G. (1993) An amyloid peptide, beta-A4 25-35, mimics the function of substance-P on modulation of nicotine-evoked secretion and desensitization in cultured bovine adrenal chromaffin cells. J. Neurochem. 60, 1163-1166.
25. Choi-Lundberg, D. L. and Bohn, M. C. (1995) Ontogeny and distribution of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) mRNA in rat. Dev. Brain Res. 85, 80-88.
26. Claude, P., Parada, I. M., Gordon, K. A., D'Amore, P. A. and Wagner, J. A. (1988) Acidic fibroblast growth factor stimulates adrenal chromaffin cells to proliferate and to extend neurites, but is not a long-term survival factor. Neuron 1, 783-790.
27. 2 by postnatal cerebellar neurons and its effect on neuroblast proliferation. Eur. J. Neurosci. 6, 766-778.
28. Coulter, C. L., McMillen, I. C. and Browne, C. A. (1988) The catecholamine content of the perinatal rat adrenal gland. Gen. Pharmacol. 19, 825-828.
29. Doupe, A. J., Landis, S. C. and Patterson, P. H. (1985) Environmental influences in the development of neural derivatives: glucocorticoids, growth factors and chromaffin cell plasticity. J. Neurosci. 5, 2119-2142.
30. Davies, A. M. (1994) The role of neurotrophins in the developing nervous system. J. Neurobiol. 25, 1334-1348.
31. El Badry, O. M., Romanus, J. A., Helman, L. J., Cooper, M. J., Rechler, M. M. and Israel, M. A. (1989) Autonomous growth of a human neuroblastoma cell line is mediated by insulin-like growth factor II. J. Clin. Invest. 84, 829-839.
32. Ernfors, P., Merlio, J.-P. and Persson, H. (1992) Cells expressing mRNA for neurotrophins and their receptors during embryonic rat development. Ear. J. Neurosci. 4, 1140-1158.
33. Flanders, K. C., Lüdecke, G., Engels, S., Cissel, D. S., Roberts, A. B., Kondaiah, P., Lafyatis, R., Sporn, M. B. and Unsicker, K. (1991) Localization and actions of transforming growth factor-bs in the embryonic nervous system. Development 113, 183-191.
34. Flanders, K. C., Ludecke, G., Renzing, J., Hamm, C., Cissel, D. S. and Unsicker, K. (1993) Effects of TGF-beta-s and bFGF on astroglial cell growth and gene expression in vitro. Mol. Cell Neurosci. 4, 406-417.
35. Freed, W. J., Poltorak, M. and Becker, J. B. (1990) Intracerebral adrenal medulla grafts: a review. Experimental Neurology 110, 139-166.
36. Frödin, M. and Gammeltoft, S. (1994) Insulin-like growth factors act synergistically with basic fibroblast growth factor and nerve growth factor to promote chromaffin cell proliferation. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 91, 1771-1775.
37. Frödin, M., Hannibal, J., Wulff, B. S., Gammeltoft, S. and Fahrenkrug, J. (1995) Neuronal localization of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide 38 in the adrenal medulla and growth-inhibitory effect on chromaffin cells. Neuroscience, 65, 599-608.
38. Gadient, R. A., Cron, K. C. and Otten, U. (1990) Interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor - a synergistically stimulate nerve growth factor (NGF) release from cultured rat astrocytes. Neurosci. Lett. 117, 335-340.
39. Gadient, R. A., Lachmund, A., Unsicker, K. and Otten, U. (1995) Expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-6 receptor mRNAs in rat adrenal medulla. Neurosci. Lett. 194, 17-20.
40. Galindo, E., Rill, A., Bader, M. F. and Auni, D. (1991) Chromostatin, a 20 amino acid peptide derived from chromogranin A, inhibits chromaffin cell secretion. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 88, 1426-1430.
41. Goetz, C. G., Olanow, C. W., Koller, W. C., Penn, R. D., Cahill, D., Morantz, R., Stebbins, G., Tanner, C. M., Klawans, H. L., Shannon, K. M., Comella, C. L., Witt, T. and Cox, C. (1989) Multicenter study of autologous adrenal medullary transplantation to the corpus striatum in patients with advanced Parkinsons' disease. New Engl. J. Med. 320, 337-341.
42. Grothe, C. and Unsicker, K. (1990) Immunocytochemical mapping of basic fibroblast growth factor in the developing and adult rat adrenal gland. Histochemistry 94, 141-147.
43. Grothe, C. and Unsicker, K. (1989) Immuncytochemical localization of basic fibroblast growth factor in bovine adrenal gland, ovary and pituitary. J. Cytochem. Histochem. 37, 1877-1883.
44. Harper, G. L., Pearce, F. L. and Vernon, C. A. (1976) Production of nerve growth factor by the mouse adrenal medulla. Nature 261, 251-253.
45. Heine, U. I., Burmester, J. K., Flanders, K. C., Danielpour, D., Munoz, E. F., Roberts, A. B. and Sporn, M. B. (1991) Localization of transforming growth factor-β1 in mitochondria of murine heart and liver. Cell Regul. 2, 467-477.
46. Heller, S., Finn, T. P., Huber, J., Nishi, R., Geiáß, M., Püschel, A. W. and Rohrer, H. (1995) Analysis of function and expression of the chick GPA receptor (GPARa) suggests multiple roles in neuronal development. Development 121, 2681-2693.
47. Henderson, C. E., Phillips, H. S., Pollock, R. A., Davies, A. M., Lemeulle, C., Armanini, M., Simpson, L. C., Moffet, B., Vandlen, R. A., Koliatsos, V. E. and Rosenthal, A. (1994) GDNF: a potent survival factor for motoneurons present in peripheral nerve and muscle. Science 266, 1062-1068.
48. Hendry, I. A. (1992) Retrograde factors in peripheral nerves. Pharmacol. Ther. 56, 265-285.
49. Hofmann, H. D., Ebener, C. and Unsicker, K. (1987) Age dependent differences in 125J-nerve growth factor binding properties of rat adrenal chromaffin cells. J. Neurosci. Res. 18, 574-577.
50. Huber, K., Krieglstein, K. and Unsicker, K. (1995) A chromaffin cell-derived protein induces the NADPH-diphorase phenotype in cultured rat spinal cord neurons. Neuroscience 69, 771-779.
51. Hüttner, W. B., Gerdes, H.-H. and Rosa, P. (1991a) Chromogranins/ secretogranins - widespread constituents of the secretory granule matrix in endocrine cells and neurons. In: Markers from Neural and Endocrine Cells: Molecular and Cell Biology, Diagnostic Applications, pp. 93-131, Eds M. Gratzl et al. VCH, Weinheim,
52. Hüttner, W.B., Gerdes, H.-H. and Rosa, P. (1991b) The granin (chromogranin/secretogranin) family. TIBS 16, 27-30.
53. Katoh-Semba, R., Kaisho, Y., Shintani, A., Nagahama, M. and Kato, K. (1995) Distribution and immunocytochemical localization of neurotrophin-3 in the rat brain. J. Neurochem. 65, S86.
54. Kingsley, D. M. (1994) The TGF-beta superfamily - new members, new receptors and new genetic tests of function in different organisms. Gene Dev. 8, 133-146.
55. Kohn, A. (1902) Das chromaffine Gewebe. Ergebn. Anat. Entwickl.-Gesch. 12, 253-348.
56. Krassioukov, A. V., Munoz, D. G., Yang, J.-P. and Weaver, L. C. (1994) Effect of chromogranin A on central autonomic control of blood pressure. J. Auton. Nerv. System 50, 61-71.
57. Krieglstein, K. and Unsicker, K. (1994) Transforming growth factor-β promotes survival of midbrain dopaminergic neurons and protects them against N-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion toxicity. Neuroscience 63, 1189-1196.
58. Krieglstein, K. and Unsicker, K. (1995) Bovine chromaffin cells release a transforming growth factor-β-like molecule contained within chromaffin granules. J. Neurochem. 65, 1423-1426.
59. Krieglstein, K. and Unsicker, K. (1996a) TGF-βs, FGF-2 and CNTF synergistically control surival of ciliary ganglionic neurons (submitted).
60. Krieglstein, K. and Unsicker, K. (1996b) An EGF receptor ligand from chromaffin granules promotes survival of mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons (submitted).
61. Krieglstein, K., Rufer, M., Suter-Crazzolara, C. and Unsicker, K. (1995a) Neural functions of the transforming growth factors β. Intl J. Dev. Neurosci. 13, 301-315.
62. Krieglstein, K., Suter-Crazzolara, C., Fischer, W.H. and Unsicker, K. (1995b) TGF-β superfamily members promote survival of midbrain dopaminergic neurons and protect them against MPP + toxicity. EMBO J. 14, 736-742.
63. Lachmund, A., Bieger, S. and Unsicker, K. (1995) Expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin-3 in the adrenal gland. Ann. Anat. 177, S11.
64. Lachmund, A., Gehrke, D., Krieglstein, K. and Unsicker, K. (1994) Trophic factors from chromaffin granules promote survival of peripheral and central nervous system neurons. Neuroscience 62, 361-370.
65. Levi-Montalcini, R. (1987) The nerve growth factor 35 years later. Science 237, 1154-1162.
66. Lillien, L. E. and Claude, P. (1985) Nerve growth factor is a mitogen for cultured chromaffin cells. Nature 317, 632-634.
67. Lin, L. F. H., Doherty, D. H., Lile, J. D., Bektesh, S. and Collins, F. (1993) GDNF - a glial cell line derived neurotrophic factor for midbrain dopaminergic neurons. Science 260, 1130-1132.
68. Lindholm, D., Hengerer, B., Zafra, F. and Thoenen, H. (1990) Transforming growth factor-β1 stimulates expression of nerve growth factor in the rat cns. Neuroreport 1, 9-12.
69. Livett, B. G., Boksa, P., Dean, D. M., Mizobe, F. and Lindenbaum, M. H. (1983) Use of isolated chromaffin cells to study basic release mechanisms. J. Auton. Nerv. System 7, 59-86.
70. 1 is a potent survival factor for rat embryo motoneurons in culture. Dev. Brain Res. 52, 175-181.
71. Milward, E. A., Papadopoulos, R., Fuller, S. J., Moir, R. D., Small, D., Beyreuther, K. and Masters, C. L. (1992) The amyloid protein precursor of Alzheimer's disease is a mediator of the effects of nerve growth factor on neurite outgrowth. Neuron 9, 129-137.
72. Morrison, R. S., Sharma, A., De Vellis, J. and Bradshaw, R. A. (1986) Basic fibroblast growth factor supports the survival of cerebral cortical neurons in primary culture. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 83, 7537-7541.
73. Müller, T. H. and Unsicker, K. (1986) Nerve growth factor and dexamethasone modulate synthesis and storage of catecholamines in cultured rat adrenal medullary cells: dependence on postnatal age. J. Neurochem. 46, 516-524.
74. Natori, S. and Hüttner, W. B. (1994) Peptides derived from the granins (chromogranins/secretogranins). Biochimie 76, 277-282.
75. Parker, T. L. (1996) The innervation of the adrenal medulla. In: Autonomic Endocrine Interactions, Ed. K. Unsicker. Harwood, Reading, pp. 289-314.
76. Patterson, P. H. and Nawa, H. (1993) Neuronal differentiation factors/cytokines and synaptic plasticity. Cell Neuron 10, Suppl., 123-137.
77. Pirvola, U., Ylikoski, J., Palgi, J., Lethonen, E., Arumae, U. and Saarma, M. (1992) Brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin 3 mRNAs in the peripheral target fields of developing inner ear ganglia. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 89, 9915-9919.
78. Prehn, J. H. M., Peruche, B., Unsicker, K. and Krieglstein, J. (1993) Isoform-specific effects of transforming growth factors-beta on degeneration of primary neuronal cultures induced by cytotoxic hypoxia or glutamate. J. Neurochem. 60, 1665-1672.
79. Presta, M. and Rifkin, D. B. (1990) Immunoreactive basic fibroblast growth factor-like proteins in chromaffin granules. J. Neurochem. 56, 1087-1088.
80. Ramirez-Ordonez, R. and Garcia-Arraras, J. E. (1995) Peptidergic, catecholaminergic and morphological properties of avian chromaffin cells are modulated distinctively by growth factors. Dev. Brain Res. 87, 160-171.
81. Reinisch, N., Kirchmair, R., Kähler, C. M., Hogue-Angeletti, R., Fischer-Colbrie, R., Winkler, H. and Wiedermann, C. J. (1993) Attraction of human monocytes by the neuropeptide secretoneurin. FEBS J. 334, 41-44.
82. Roberts, A. B. and Sporn, M. B. (1990) The transforming growth factor-βs. In Peptide Growth Factors and their Receptors, pp. 419-472, Eds Sporn M. B. and Roberts A. B. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
83. Saria, A., Troger, J., Kirchmair, R., Fischer-Colbrie, R., Hogueangeletti, R. and Winkler, H. (1993) Secretoneurin releases dopamine from rat striatal slices - a biological effect of a peptide derived from secretogranin-ii (chromogranin-C). Neuroscience 54, 1-4.
84. Scarisbrick, I. A., Jones, E. G. and Isackson, P. J. (1993) Coexpression of mRNAs for NGF. BDNF and NT-3 in the cardiovascular system of the pre- and postnatal rat. J Neurosci. 13, 875-893.
85. von Schönfeld, J. and Müller, M. K. (1991) The effect of pancreastatin on endocrine and exocrine pancreas. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 26, 993-999.
86. Schober, A., Minichiello, L., Klein, R. and Unsicker, K. (1995) A physiological role for trkA and NGF in the adrenal medulla: evidence from the trkA knockout. Ann. Anat. 177, S154-S155.
87. Schubert, D., Jin, L.-W., Saitoh, T. and Cole, G. (1989) The regulation of amyloid β protein precursor secretion and its modulatory role in cell adhesion. Neuron 3, 689-694.
88. Schultzberg, M., Andersson, C., Undén, A., Troye-Blomberg, M., Svenson, S. B. and Bartfai, T. (1989) Interleukin-1 in adrenal chromaffin cells. Neuroscience 30, 1-6.
89. Segal, R. A., Taakahashi, H. and McKay, R. D. (1992) Changes in neurotrophin responsiveness during the development of cerebellar granule neurons. Neuron 9, 1041-1052.
90. Seidl, K., Manthorpe, M., Varon, S. and Unsicker, K. (1987) Differential effects of nerve growth factor and ciliary neuronotrophic factor on catecholamine storage and catecholamine synthesizing enzymes of cultured rat chromaffin cells. J. Neurochem. 49, 169-174.
91. Sendtner, M., Carroll, P., Holtmann, B., Hughes, R. A. and Thoenen, H. (1994) Ciliary neurotrophic factor. J. Neurobiol. 25, 1436-1453.
92. Shelton, D. L. and Reichardt, L. F. (1984) Expression of the beta-nerve growth factor gene correlates with density of sympathetic innervation in effector organs. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 81, 7951-7955.
93. Simon, J. P., Bader, M. F. and Aunis, D. (1988) Secretion from chromaffin cells is controlled by chromogranin A-derived peptides. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 85, 1712-1716.
94. Sjöholm, A., Funakoshi, A., Efendic, S., Ostenson, C. G. and Hellerstrom, C. (1991) Long term inhibitory effect of pancreastatin and diltiazem binding inhibitor on pancreatic beta-cell deoxyribonucleic acid replication, polyamine content and insulin secretion. Endocrinology 128, 3277-3282.
95. Smeyne, R. J., Klein, R., Schnapp, A., Long, L. K., Bryant, S., Lewin, A., Lira, S. A. and Barbacid, M. (1994) Severe sensory and sympathetic neuropathies in mice carrying a disrupted trk/NGF receptor gene. Nature 368, 246-249.
96. Somogyi, P., Hodgson, A. J., DePotter, R. W., Fischer-Colbrie, R., Schober, M., Winkler, H. and Chubb, I. W. (1984) Chromogranin Immunoreactivity in the Central Nervous System. Immunochemical Characterization, Distribution and Relationship to Catecholamine and Enkephalin Pathways. Brain Res. Rev. 8, 193-230.
97. Sporn, M. B. and Roberts, A. B. (1990) The multifunctional nature of peptide growth factors. In Peptide Growth Factors and their Receptors, pp. 3-15, Eds M. B. Sporn and A. B. Roberts, Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
98. Spranger, M., Lindholm, D., Bandtlow, C., Heumann, R., Gnahn, H., Näher-Noe, M. and Thoenen, H. (1990) Regulation of nerve growth factor (NGF) synthesis in the rat central nervous system: comparison between the effects of interleukin-1 and various growth factors in astrocyte cultures and in vivo. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2, 69-76.
99. Stachowiak, M. K., Moffett, J., Joy, A., Puchacz, E., Florkiewicz, R. and Stachowiak, E. K. (1994) Regulation of bFGF gene expression and subcellular distribution of bFGF protein in adrenal medullary cells. J. Cell Biol. 127, 203-223.
100. Stemple, D. L., Mahanthappa, N. K. and Anderson, D. J. (1988) Basic FGF induces neuronal differentiation, cell division and ngf dependence in chromaffin cells: a sequence of events in sympathetic development. Neuron 1, 517-525.
101. Suzuki, T., Iwafuchi, M., Yanaihara, C., Hatanaka, H., Tao, Z., Yanaihara, N., Tanaka, H. and Nishikawa, K. (1989) IGF-II-like immunoreactivity in human tissues, neuroendocrine tumors and PC12 cells. Diabet. Res. Clin. Pract. 7, Suppl. 1, S21-S27.
102. Tatemoto, K., Efendic, S., Mutt, V., Makk, G., Feistner, G. J. and Barchas, J. D. (1986) Pancreastatin, a novel pancreatic peptide that inhibits insulin secretion. Nature 324, 476-478.
103. Timmusk, T., Belluardo, N., Metsis, M. and Persson, H. (1993) Widespread and developmentally regulated expression of neurotrophin-4 mRNA in rat brain and peripheral tissues. Eur. J. Neurosci. 5, 605-613.
104. Tischler, A. S., Riseberg, J. C. and Cherington, V. (1994) Multiple mitogenic signalling pathways in chromaffin cells - a model for cell cycle regulation in the nervous system. Neurosci. Lett. 168, 181-184.
105. Tischler, A. S., Ruzicka, L. A., Donahue, S. R. and DeLellis, R. A. (1989) Chromaffin cell proliferation in the adult rat adrenal medulla. Intl J. Dev. Neurosci. 7, 439-448.
106. Tomlinson, A., Durbin, J. and Coupland, R. E. (1987) A quantitative analysis of rat adrenal chromaffin tissue: morphometric analysis at tissue and cellular level correlated with catecholamine content. Neuroscience 20, 895-904.
107. Unsicker, K. (1993a) The chromaffin cell: paradigm in cell, development and growth factor biology. J. Anal. 183, 207-221.
108. Unsicker, K. (1993b) The trophic cocktail made by chromaffin cells. Exp. Neurol. 123, 167-173.
109. Unsicker, K. (1994) Growth factors in parkinsons disease. Progr. Growth Factor Res. 5, 73-87.
110. Unsicker, K. and Heym, C. (1996) Innervation of the adrenal cortex. In: Autonomic Endocrine Interactions, Ed. K. Unsicker, Harwood, Reading, pp. 257-288.
111. Unsicker, K. and Lietzke, R. (1987) Chromaffin cells: modified neurons that are both targets and storage sites of neuronotrophic and neurite promoting factors. In: Glial-Neuronal Communication in Development and Regeneration, pp. 365-384, Eds H. Althaus and W. Seifert. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
112. Unsicker, K., Grothe, C., Lüdecke, G., Otto, D. and Westermann, R. (1992) Fibroblast growth factors: their roles in the central and peripheral nervous system. In: Neurotrophic Factors, pp. 313-338, Eds S. E. Loughlin and J. H. Fallon. Academic Press, New York.
113. Unsicker, K., Skaper, S.D. and Varon, S. (1985a) Neurotrophic and neurite-promoting factors: effects on early postnatal chromaffin cells from rat adrenal medulla. Dev. Brain Res. 111, 425-433.
114. Unsicker, K., Skaper, S.D. and Varon, S. (1985b) Developmental changes in the responses of rat chromaffin cells to neuronotrophic and neurite promoting factors. Dev. Biol. 111, 425-433.
115. Unsicker, K., Reichert-Preibsch, H., Schmidt, R., Pettmann, B., Labourdette, G. and Sensenbrenner, M. (1987) Astroblast and fibroblast growth factors have neurotrophic functions for peripheral and central nervous system neurons. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 84, 5459-5463.
116. Unsicker, K., Krisch, B., Otten, U. and Thoenen, H. (1978) Nerve growth factor-induced fiber outgrowth from isolated rat adrenal chromaffin cells: impairment by glucocorticoids. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 75, 3498-3502.
117. Unsicker, K. and Westermann, R. (1992) Basic FGF promotes transmitter storage and synthesis in cultured chromaffin cells. Dev. Brain Res. 62, 211-216.
118. Unsicker, K., Suter-Crazzolara, C. and Krieglstein, K. (1996) Functions of growth factors in the development and maintenance of midbrain dopaminergic neurons: concepts, facts and prospects of the transforming growth factors β. Growth factors as drugs to neurological and sensory disorders. Wiley, Chichester. CIBA Found. Symp. 196, 70-84.
119. Walicke, P., Cowan, W. M., Ueno, N., Baird, A. and Guillemin, R. (1986) Fibroblast growth factor promotes survival of dissociated hippocampal neurons and enhances neurite extension. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 83, 3012-3016.
120. Weise, B., Unsicker, K. and Growthe, C. (1992) Basic fibroblast growth factor in a subpopulation of rat sensory neurons. Cell Tissue Res. 267, 125-130.
121. Westermann, R., Johannsen, M., Unsicker, K. and Grothe, C. (1990) Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) immunoreactivity is present in chromaffin granules. J. Neurochem. 55, 285-292.
122. Westermann, R., Luetke, A. and Unsicker, K. (1991) The neurotrophic activity of chromogranin A. Biol. Chem. Hoppe-Seyler 372, 889.
123. Winkler, H., Apps, D. K. and Fischer-Colbrie, R. (1986) The molecular function of adrenal chromaffin granules: established facts and unresolved topics. Neuroscience 18, 261-290.
124. Winkler, H. and Fischer-Colbrie, R. (1992) The chromogranins A and B: the first 25 years and future perspectives. Neuroscience 49, 497-528.
125. Wolf, N., Bieger, S., Unsicker, K. and Krieglstein, K. (1994) Does TGF-β regulate chromaffin cell proliferation?. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 20, 1689.
126. Wolf, N., Krieglstein, K., Frödin, M., Gammeltoft, S. and Unsicker, K. (1996) Transforming growth factor-β, but not ciliary neurotrophic factor, inhibits proliferation of adrenal medullary chromaffin cells. (Submitted.)
127. Yan, Q., Elliott, J. L., Matheson, C., Sun, J., Zhang, L., Mu, X., Rex, K. L. and Snider, W. D. (1993) Influences of neurotrophins on mammalian motoneurons in vivo. J. Neurobiol. 24, 1555-1577.
128. Zhou, X. F. and Rush, R. A. (1994) Localization of neurotrophin-3-like immunoreactivity in the rat central nervous system. Brain Res. 643, 162-172.