Anniversary article classroom SLA research and second language teaching

Applied Linguistics

Volumn 21, Issue 4, 2000, Pages 431-462

  Lightbown, Patsy M ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0034364911     PISSN: 01426001     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/applin/21.4.431     Document Type: Article

References (151)

1. Ammar, A. 1996. Is Implicational Generalisation Unidirectional and Applicable in Foreign Contexts? Unpublished M.A. thesis, Concordia University, Montreal.
2. Ausubel, D. 1964. 'Adults vs. children in second language learning: Psychological considerations.' Modern Language Journal 48: 420-24.
3. Bardovi-Harlig, K. and Z. Dörnyei. 1998. 'Do language learners recognize pragmatic violations? Pragmatic vs. grammatical awareness in instructed L2 learning.' TESOL Quarterly 32: 233-59.
4. Bialystok, E. 1994. 'Analysis and control in the development of second language proficiency.' Studies in Second Language Acquisition 16: 157-68.
5. Bialystok, E. 1997. 'The structure of age: In search of barriers to second language acquisition.' Second Language Research 13: 116-37.
6. Birdsong, D. (ed.) 1998. Second Language Acquisition and the Critical Period Hypothesis. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
7. Bley-Vroman, R. 1983. 'The comparative fallacy in interlanguage studies: The case of systematicity.' Language Learning 33: 1-17.
8. Brooks, N. 1964. Language and Language Learning: Theory and Practice, second edition. New York: Harcourt, Brace.
9. Brown, H. D. 1980. Principles of Language Learning and Teaching. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. (Second edition published in 1987.)
10. Burstall, C. 1975. 'French in the Primary School.' Canadian Modern Language Review 31: 388-402.
11. Carroll, J. B. 1966. 'The contributions of psychological theory and educational research to the teaching of foreign languages' in A. Valdman (ed.): Trends in Language Teaching. New York: McGraw-Hill.
12. Chastain, K. 1971. The Development of Modern Language Skills: Theory to Practice. Chicago: Rand McNally.
13. Chaudron, C. 1977. 'A descriptive model of discourse in the corrective treatment of learners' errors.' Language Learning 27: 29-46.
14. Collier, V. P. 1989. 'How long? A synthesis of research on academic achievement in a second language.' TESOL Quarterly 23: 509-31.
15. Collins, L., R. Halter, P. Lightbown, and N. Spada. 1999. 'Time and the distribution of time in second language instruction.' TESOL Quarterly 33: 655-80.
16. Corder, S. P. 1967. 'The significance of learners' errors.' International Review of Applied Linguistics 5: 161-69.
17. Crookes, G. 1998. 'On the relationship between second and foreign language teachers and research.' TESOL Journal 7(3): 6-11.
18. Cummins, J. 1984. Bilingualism and Special Education. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters.
19. Cummins, J. 1991. 'Interdependence of first- and second-language proficiency in bilingual children' in E. Bialystok (ed.): Language Processing in Bilingual Children. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
20. Donato, R. 1994. 'Collective scaffolding in second language learning' in J. Lantolf and G. Appel (eds.): Vygotskian Approaches to Second Language Research. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
21. Doughty, C. and E. Varela. 1998. 'Communicative focus on form' in C. Doughty and J. Williams (eds.): Focus on Form in Classroom Second Language Acquisition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
22. Dulay, H., H. Burt, and S. Krashen. 1982. Language Two. New York/Oxford: Oxford University Press.
23. Dussault, B. 1997. Les effets à long terme de l'enseignement intensif de l'anglais, langue seconde. Unpublished M.A. thesis, Université du Québec àMontréal.
24. Elley, W. 1989. 'Vocabulary acquisition from listening to stories.' Reading Research Quarterly 24: 174-87.
25. Elley, W. 1991. 'Acquiring literacy in a second language: The effect of book-based programs.' Language Learning 41: 375-411.
26. Ellis, N. 1995. 'Consciousness in second language acquisition: A review of field studies and laboratory experiments.' Language Awareness 4: 123-46.
27. Ellis, N. 1996. 'Sequencing in SLA: Phonological memory, chunking and points of order.' Studies in Second Language Acquisition 18: 91-126.
28. Ellis, R. 1989. 'Are classroom and naturalistic acquisition the same? A study of the classroom acquisition of German word order rules.' Studies in Second Language Acquisition 11: 305-28.
29. Ellis, R. 1993. 'The structural syllabus and second language acquisition.' TESOL Quarterly 27: 91-113.
30. Gass, S. 1982. 'From theory to practice' in M. Hines and W. Rutherford (eds.): On TESOL '81. Washington, DC: TESOL.
31. Gass, S. and L. Selinker. (eds.) 1983. Language Transfer in Language Learning. Rowley, MA: Newbury House.
32. Gass, S. and E. Varonis. 1994. 'Input, interaction, and second language production.' Studies in Second Language Acquisition 16: 283-302.
33. Genesee, F. 1987. Learning Through Two Languages. New York: Newbury.
34. Green, P. S. and K. Hecht. 1992. 'Implicit and explicit grammar: An empirical study.' Applied Linguistics 13: 168-84.
35. Hamilton, R. L. 1994. 'Is implicational generalization unidirectional and maximal?' Language Learning 44: 123-57.
36. Han, Y. and R. Ellis. 1998. 'Implicit knowledge, explicit knowledge and general language proficiency.' Language Teaching Research 2: 1-23.
37. Harley, B. 1989. 'Functional grammar in French immersion: A classroom experiment.' Applied Linguistics 10: 321-51.
38. Harley, B. 1993. 'Instructional strategies and SLA in early French immersion.' Studies in Second Language Acquisition 15: 245-59.
39. Harley, B. 1998. 'The role of focus-on-form tasks in promoting child L2 acquisition' in C. Doughty and J. Williams (eds.): Focus on Form in Classroom Second Language Acquisition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
40. Harley, B. and D. Hart. 1997. 'Language aptitude and second language proficiency in classroom learners of different starting ages.' Studies in Second Language Acquisition 19: 379-400.
41. Harley, B. and M. L. King. 1989. 'Verb lexis in the written compositions of young French L2 learners.' Studies in Second Language Acquisition 11: 415-39.
42. Harley, B. and M. Swain. 1984. 'The inter-language of immersion students and its implications for second language teaching' in A. Davies, C. Criper, and A. P. R. Howatt (eds.): Interlanguage. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
43. Hatch, E. 1978. 'Apply with caution.' Studies in Second Language Acquisition 2: 123-43.
44. Hus, Y. 1997. Central Auditory Processing Disorders in Minority Children. Unpublished PhD dissertation, Concordia University, Montreal.
45. James, C. 1971. 'The exculpation of contrastive analysis' in G. Nickel (ed.): Papers in Contrastive Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
46. Keenan, E. and B. Comrie. 1977. 'Noun phrase accessibility and universal grammar.' Linguistic Inquiry 8: 63-99.
47. Kellerman, E. 1977. 'Giving learners a break.' Working Papers on Bilingualism 15: 59-92.
48. Kellerman, B. 1985. 'If at first you do succeed . . .' in S. Gass and C. Madden (eds.): Input in Second Language Acquisition. Rowley, MA: Newbury.
49. Kellerman, E. and M. Sharwood Smith, (eds.) 1986. Crosslinguistic Influence in Second Language Acquisition. New York: Pergamon.
50. Kelly, L. G. 1969. 25 Centuries of Language Teaching. Rowley, MA: Newbury House.
51. Kowal, M. and M. Swain. 1994. 'Using collaborative language prodcution tasks to promote students' language awareness.' Language Awareness 3: 73-93.
52. Kowal, M. and M. Swain. 1997. 'From semantic to syntactic processing: How can we promote metalinguistic awareness in the French immersion classroom?' in K. Johnson and M. Swain (eds.): Immersion Education: International Perspectives. New York: Cambridge University Press.
53. Krashen, S. D. 1982. Principles and Practice in Second Language Acquisition. Oxford: Pergamon.
54. Krashen, S. D. 1989. 'We acquire vocabulary and spelling by reading: Additional evidence for the input hypothesis.' Modern Language Journal 73: 440-64.
55. Krashen, S. D. and T. D. Terrell. 1983. The Natural Approach. Oxford: Pergamon/Alemany.
56. Lado, R. 1964. Language Teaching: A Scientific Approach. New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc.
57. Lambert, W. E. and G. R. Tucker. 1972. Bilingual Education of Children: The St. Lambert Experiment. Rowley, MA: Newbury House.
58. Leeman, J. 2000. 'Investigating recasts and L2 development: Negative evidence and enhanced salience.' Paper presented at the American Association for Applied Linguistics, Vancouver, British Colombia, March.
59. Lightbown, P. M. 1985a. 'Great expectations: Second language acquisition research and classroom teaching.' Applied Lingusitics 6: 173-89.
60. Lightbown, P. M. 1985b. 'Input and acquisition for second-language learners in and out of classrooms.' Applied Linguistics 6: 263-73.
61. Lightbown, P. M. 1991. 'What have we here? Some observations on the role of instruction in second language acquisition' in R. Phillipson, E. Kellerman, L. Selinker, M. Sharwood-Smith, and M. Swain (eds.): Foreign/Second Language Pedagogy Research: A Commemorative Volume for Claus Færch. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
62. Lightbown, P. M. 1992. 'Can they do it themselves? A comprehension-based ESL course for young children' in R. Courchêne, J. St. John, C. Thérien, and J. Glidden (eds.): Comprehension-Based Second Language Teaching. Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press.
63. Lightbown, P. M. 1998. 'The importance of timing in focus on form' in C. Doughty and J. Williams (eds.): Focus on Form in Classroom Second Language Acquisition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
64. Lightbown, P. M., R. H. Halter, and J. White. (in preparation) 'Comprehension-based learning: The limits of "Do It Yourself".'
65. Lightbown, P. M. and N. Spada. 1990. 'Focus-on-form and corrective feedback in communicative language teaching: Effects on second language learning.' Studies in Second Language Acquisition 12: 429-48.
66. Lightbown, P. M. and N. Spada. 1991. 'Étude des effets à long terme de l'apprentissage intensif de l'anglais, langue seconde, au primaire.' Canadian Modern Language Review 48: 90-117.
67. Lightbown, P. M. and N. Spada. 1994. 'An innovative program for primary ESL in Quebec.' TESOL Quarterly 28: 563-79.
68. Lightbown, P. M. and N. Spada. (in press) 'L1 and L2 in the education of Inuit children in northern Quebec: Students' abilities and teachers' perceptions' in M. Crago (ed.): Language Acquisition, Socialization and Use in Inuit Communities.
69. Littlewood, W. 1984. Foreign and Second Language Learning: Language Acquisition Research and Its Implications for the Classroom. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
70. Long, M. 1985. 'Input and second language acquisition theory' in S. Gass and C. Madden (eds.): Input in Second Language Acquisition. Rowley, MA: Newbury House.
71. Long, M. 1990. 'Maturational constraints on language development.' Studies in Second Language Acquisition 12: 251-86.
72. Long, M. 1991. 'Focus on form: A design feature in language teaching methodology' in K. de Bot, R. Ginsberg, and C. Kramsch (eds.): Foreign Language Research in Cross-Cultural Perspective. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
73. Long, M. and G. Crookes. 1992. 'Three approaches to task-based syllabus design.' TESOL Quarterly 26: 27-56.
74. Long, M. and P. Porter. 1985. 'Group work, interlanguage talk, and second language acquisition.' TESOL Quarterly 19: 207-28.
75. Long, M. and P. Robinson. 1998. 'Focus on form: Theory, research and practice' in C. Doughty and J. Williams (eds.): Focus on Form in Classroom Second Language Acquisition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
76. Long, M., S. Inagaki, and L. Ortega. 1998. 'The role of implicit negative feedback in SLA: Models and recasts in Japanese and Spanish.' The Modern Language Journal 82: 357-71.
77. Lyster, R. 1994. 'La négotiation de la forme: Stratégie analytique en classe d'immersion.' Canadian Modern Language Review 50: 446-65.
78. Lyster, R. 1998a. 'Recasts, repetition, and ambiguity in L2 classroom discourse.' Studies in Second Language Acquisition 20: 51-81.
79. Lyster, R. 1998b. 'Negotiation of form, recasts, and explicit correction in relation to error types and learner repair in immersion classrooms.' Language Learning 48: 183-218.
80. Lyster, R. and L. Ranta. 1997. 'Corrective feedback and learner uptake: Negotiation of form in communicative classrooms.' Studies in Second Language Acquisition 19: 37-66.
81. Mackey, A. and J. Philp. 1998. 'Conversational interaction and second language development: recasts, responses and red herrings?' The Modern Language Journal 82: 338-56.
82. Meisel, J., H. Clahsen, and M. Pienemann. 1981. 'On determining developmental stages in natural second language acquisition.' Studies in Second Language Acquisition 3: 109-35.
83. Miller, G. A. 1965. 'Some preliminaries to psycholinguistics.' American Psychologist 20: 15-20.
84. Mitchell, R. 2000. 'Anniversary Article: Applied linguistics and evidence-based classroom practice: The case of foreign language grammar pedagogy.' Applied Linguistics 21: 281-303.
85. Mitchell, R. and J. V. Hooper. 1991. 'Teachers' views of language knowledge' in C. James and P. Garrett (eds.): Language Awareness in the Classroom. Harlow: Longman.
86. Mitchell, R. and C. Martin. 1997. 'Rote learning, creativity and 'understanding' in classroom foreign language teaching.' Language Teaching Research 1: 1-27.
87. Munby, J. 1978. Communicative Syllabus Design. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
88. Muñoz, C. 1999. 'The effects of age on instructed foreign language acquisition' in S. Gonzalez Fernández-Corugedo, R. Valdeón García, D. García Velasco, A. Ojanguren Sánchez, A. Antón Pérez, and M. Urdiales Shaw (eds.): Essays in English Language Teaching: A Review of the Communicative Approach. Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Oviedo.
89. Myles, F., J. Hooper, and R. Mitchell. 1998. 'Rote or rule? Exploring the role of formulaic language in classroom foreign language learning.' Language Learning 48: 323-63.
90. Myles, F., R. Mitchell, and J. Hooper. 1999. 'Interrogative chunks in French L2: A basis for creative construction?' Studies in Second Language Acquisition 21: 49-80.
91. Norris, J. M. and L. Ortega. 2000. 'Effectiveness of L2 instruction: A research synthesis and quantitative meta-analysis.' Language Learning 50.
92. Oliver, R. 1995. 'Negative feedback in child NS-NNS conversations.' Studies in Second Language Acquisition 17: 459-81.
93. Pica, T. 1987. 'Second-language acquisition, social interaction, and the classroom.' Applied Linguistics 8: 3-21.
94. Pienemann, M. 1985. 'Learnability and syllabus construction' in K. Hyltenstam and M. Pienemann (eds.): Modelling and Assessing Second Language Development. Clevedon, Avon: Multilingual Matters.
95. Pienemann, M. 1988. 'Determining the influence of instruction on L2 speech processing.' AILA Review 5: 40-72.
96. Pienemann, M. 1999. Language Processing and Second Language Development: Processability Theory. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
97. Pienemann, M., M. Johnston, and G. Brindley. 1988. 'Constructing an acquisition-based procedure for second language assessment.' Studies in Second Language Acquisition 10: 217-43.
98. Pilgreen, J. and S. Krashen. 1993. 'Sustained silent reading with English as a second language high school students: Impact on reading comprehension, reading frequency, and reading enjoyment.' School Library Media Quarterly Fall: 21-23.
99. Polio, C. and S. Gass. 1997. 'Replication and reporting: A commentary.' Studies in Second Language Acquisition 19: 499-508.
100. Rampton, B. 2000. 'Instructed foreign language rituals in and out of class.' Plenary lecture at the conference of the American Association for Applied Linguistics, Vancouver, British Columbia, March.
101. Ready, D. and M. Wesche. 1992. 'An evaluation of the University of Ottawa's sheltered program: Language teaching strategies that work' in R. Courchêne, J. St. John, C. Thérien, and J. Glidden (eds.): Comprehension-Based Second Language Teaching. Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press.
102. Richards, J. C. 1973. 'A non-contrastive approach to error analysis' in J. Oiler and J. C. Richards (eds.): Focus on the Learner. Rowley, MA: Newbury.
103. Savignon, S. 1972. Communicative Competence: An Experiment in Foreign-Language Teaching. Philadelphia, PA: The Center for Curriculum Development, INC.
104. Schachter, J. 1974. 'An error in error analysis.' Language Learning 24: 205-14.
105. Schmidt, R. 1990. 'The role of consciousness in second language learning.' Applied Linguistics 11: 17-46.
106. Schmidt, R. 1994. 'Deconstructing consciousness in search of useful definitions for applied linguistics' in J. H. Hulstijn and R. Schmidt (eds.): Consciousness in Second Language Learning. AILA Review 11: 11-26.
107. Schwartz, B. D. 1993. 'On explicit and negative data effecting and affecting competence and linguistic behavior.' Studies in Second Language Acquisition 15: 147-63.
108. Selinker, L. 1972. 'Interlanguage.' International Review of Applied Linguistics 10: 209-31.
109. Sharwood Smith, M. 1993. 'Input enhancement in instructed SLA: Theoretical bases.' Studies in Second Language Acquisition 15: 165-79.
110. Singleton, D. 1989. Language Acquisition: The Age Factor. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters.
111. Slavoff, G. R. and J. S. Johnson. 1995. 'The effects of age on the rate of learning a second language.' Studies in Second Language Acquisition 17: 1-16.
112. Spada, N. 1997. 'Form-focussed instruction and second language acquisition: A review of classroom and laboratory research.' Language Teaching 30: 73-87.
113. Spada, N. and P. M. Lightbown. 1989. 'Intensive ESL programs in Quebec primary schools.' TESL Canada Journal 7: 11-32.
114. Spada, N. and P. M. Lightbown. 1993. 'Instruction and the development of questions in L2 classrooms.' Studies in Second Language Acquisition 15: 205-24.
115. Spada, N. and P. M. Lightbown. 1999. 'Instruction, L1 influence and developmental readiness in second language acquisition.' Modern Language Journal 83: 1-22.
116. Spielmann, G. 1992. 'A la recherche de l'enseignement communicatif.' The French Review 65: 908-18.
117. Stern, H. H. 1983. Fundamental Concepts of Language Teaching. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
118. Swain, M. 1985. 'Communicative competence: Some roles of comprehensible input and comprehensible output in its development' in S. Gass and C. Madden (eds.): Input in Second Language Acquisition. Rowley, MA: Newbury.
119. Swain, M. 1988. 'Manipulating and complementing content teaching to maximize second language learning.' TESL Canada Journal 6: 68-83.
120. Swain, M. 1991. 'French immersion and its offshoots: Getting two for one' in B. Freed (ed.): Foreign Language Acquisition: Research and the Classroom. Lexington, MA: Heath.
121. Swain, M. 1995. 'Three functions of output in second language learning' in G. Cook and B. Seidlhofer (eds.): Principle and Practice in Applied Linguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
122. Swain, M. 1999. 'Language production in SLA: From social to cognitive and back again.' Plenary presented at the Second Language Research Forum, Minneapolis, MN, September.
123. Tarone, E. and M. Swain. 1995. 'A sociolinguistic perspective on second language use in immersion classrooms.' The Modern Language Journal 79: 166-78.
124. Tarone, E., M. Swain, and A. Fathman. 1976. 'Some limitations to the classroom applications of current second language acquisition research.' TESOL Quarterly 10: 19-32.
125. Terrell, T. D. 1977. 'A natural approach to the acquisition and learning of a language.' Modern Language Journal 61: 325-66.
126. Terrell, T. D. 1982. 'The Natural Approach to language teaching: An update.' Modern Language Journal 66: 121-32.
127. Trahey, M. and L. White. 1993. 'Positive evidence and preemption in the second language classroom.' Studies in Second Language Acquisition 15: 181-204.
128. Truscott, J. 1996. 'The case against grammar correction in L2 writing classes.' Language Learning 46: 327-69.
129. Truscott, J. 1999. 'What's wrong with oral grammar correction.' Canadian Modern Language Review 55: 437-56.
130. Tumbull, M., S. Lapkin, D. Hart, and M. Swain. 1998. 'Time on task and immersion graduates' French proficiency' in S. Lapkin (ed.): French Second Language Education in Canada: Empirical Studies. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press.
131. Valdman, A. 1993. 'Replication study (editorial introduction).' Studies in Second Language Acquisition 15: 505.
132. van Lier, L. 1988. The Classroom and the Language Learner. London: Longman
133. VanPatten, B. and T. Cadierno. 1993. 'Explicit instruction and input processing.' Studies in Second Language Acquisition 15: 225-43.
134. VanPatten, B. and S. Oikkenon. 1996. 'Explanation versus structured input in processing instruction.' Studies in Second Language Acquisition 18: 495-510.
135. Weinert, R. 1987. 'Processes in classroom second language development: The acquisition of negation in German' in R. Ellis (ed.): Second Language Acquisition in Context. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
136. White, J. 1998. 'Getting the learners' attention: A typographical input enhancement study' in C. Doughty and J. Williams (eds.): Focus on Form in Classroom Second Language Acquisition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
137. White, J. 1999. 'Focusing the young learner's attention on language form.' Paper presented at Midis du GREDIL, Université Laval. Sainte-Foy, Québec, October.
138. White, J. and C. Goulet. 1995. 'Getting your primary ESL students hooked on books.' SPEAQ-Out 24 (2): 7-13.
139. White, L. 1991. 'Adverb placement in second language acquisition: Some effects of positive and negative evidence in the classroom.' Second Language Research 7: 133-61.
140. White, L. and F. Genesee. 1996. 'How native is near-native? The issue of ultimate attainment in adult second language acquisition.' Second Language Research 12: 223-65.
141. White, L., N. Spada, P. M. Lightbown, and L. Rama. 1991. 'Input enhancement and L2 question formation.' Applied Linguistics 12: 416-32.
142. Widdowson, H. G. 1978. Teaching Language as Communication. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
143. Wilkins, D. A. 1974. Second-Language Learning and Teaching. London: Edward Arnold.
144. Wilkins, D. A. 1976. Notional Syllabuses. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
145. Wong Fillmore, L. 1991. 'Second-language learning in children: A model of language learning in social context' in E. Bialystok (ed.): Language Processing in Bilingual Children. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
146. Wray, A. 1999. 'Formulaic language in learners and native speakers.' Language Teaching 32: 213-31.
147. Yule, G. and D. Macdonald. 1990. 'Resolving referential conflicts in L2 interaction: The effect of proficiency and interactive role.' Language Learning 40: 557-99.
148. Zimmerman, C. B. 1997. 'Do reading and interactive vocabulary instruction make a difference? An empirical study.' TESOL Quarterly 31: 121-40.
149. Zobl, H. 1979. 'Nominal and pronominal interrogation in the speech of adult franco-phone ESL learners: Some insights into the workings of transfer.' SPEAQ Journal 3: 69-93.
150. Zobl, H. 1980a. 'Developmental and transfer errors: Their common bases and (possibly) differential effects on subsequent learning.' TESOL Quarterly 14: 469-479.
151. Zobl, H. 1980b. 'The formal and developmental selectivity of L1 influence on L2 acquisition.' Language Learning 30: 43-57.