Formulaic language in learners and native speakers

Language Teaching

Volumn 32, Issue 4, 1999, Pages 213-231

  Wray, Alison ^a  

^a CARDIFF UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85010140695     PISSN: 02614448     EISSN: 14753049     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0261444800014154     Document Type: Review

References (161)

1. Aijmer, K. (1996). Conversational routines in English. London & New York: Longman.
2. Alajouanine, T. (1956). Verbal realization in aphasia. Brain, 79, 1, 1-28.
3. Altenberg, B. (1990). Speech as linear composition. In G. Caie, K. Haastrupa, A. L. Jakobsen, J. E. Nielsen, J. Sevaldsen, H. Specht, & A. Zettersten (eds.), Proceedings from the fourth Nordic conference for English studies, vol. 1. Copenhagen: Department of English, University of Copenhagen, 133-143.
4. Altenberg, B. (1998). On the phraseology of spoken English: the evidence of recurrent word-combinations. In A. P. Cowie (ed.), 101-122.
5. Altenberg, B. & Eeg-olofsson, M. (1990). Phraseology in spoken English: presentation of a project. In J. Aarts, & W. Meijs (eds.), Theory and practice in corpus linguistics. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1-26.
6. Andersen, R. W. (ed.) (1984). Second languages: a cross-linguistic perspective. Rowley, MA: Newbury House.
7. Arnaud, P. J. L. & Bejoint, H. (eds.) (1992). Vocabulary and applied linguistics. Basingstoke: Macmillan.
8. Bahns, J., Burmeister, H. & VOGEL, T. (1986). The pragmatics of formulas in L2 learner speech: use and development. Journal of Pragmatics 10, 693-723.
9. Barton, M. E. & Tomasello, M. (1994). The rest of the family: the role of fathers and siblings in early language development. In C. Gallaway & B. J. Richards, Input and interaction in language acquisition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 109-134.
10. Bates, E., Bretherton, I. & Snyder, L. (1988). From first words to grammar. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
11. Bates, E., Dale, P. S. & Thal, D. (1995). Individual differences and their implications for theories of language development. In P. Fletcher & B. MacWhinney (eds.), 96-151.
12. Bates, E., Marchman, V., Thal, D., Fenson, L., Dale, P., Reznick, J. S., Reilly, J. & Hartung, J. (1994). Developmental and stylistic variation in the composition of early vocabulary. In K. Perera, G. Collis, & B. Richards (eds.) Growing points in child language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 85-123.
13. Becker, J. (1975). The phrasal lexicon. Bolt Beranek & Newman Report no. 3081, Al Report no. 28.
14. Benton, A. L. & Joynt, R. J. (1960). EARLY DESCRIPTIONS OF APHASIA. Archives of Neurology 3, 109-26/205-222.
15. Blskup, D. (1992). LI influence on learners’ renderings of English collocations: a Polish/German empirical study. In P. J. L. Arnaud & H. Bejoint (eds.), 85-93.
16. Blanken, G. & Marini, V (1997). Where do lexical speech automatisms come from? Journal of Neurolinguistics 10, 1, 19-31.
17. Blanken, G., Wallesch, C. W. & Papagno, C. (1990). Dissociations of language functions in aphasics with speech automatisms (recurring utterances). Cortex 26, 41-63.
18. Bohn, O.-S. (1986). Formulas, frame structures, and stereotypes in early syntactic development: some new evidence from L2 acquisition. Linguistics 24, 185-202.
19. Bolander, M. (1989). Prefabs, patterns and rules in interaction? Formulaic speech in adult learners’ L2 Swedish. In K. Hyltenstam & L. K. Obler (eds.), 73-86.
20. Bolinger, D. (1976). Meaning and memory. Forum Linguisticum 1, 1-14.
21. Bretherton, I., Mcnew, S., Snyder, L. & Bates, E. (1983). Individual differences at 20 months: analytic and holistic strategies in language acquisition. Journal of Child Language 10, 293-320.
22. Brown, R. (1973). A first language. London. Allen & Unwin.
23. Brown, R. & Hanlon, C. (1970). Derivational complexity and order of acquisition in child speech. In J. R. Hayes (ed.), Cognition and the development of language. New York: Wiley, 11-53.
24. Bruner, J. (1983). Child's talk: learning to use language. New York: W W Norton & Co.
25. Burling, R. (1959/1978). Language development ofa Garo and English-speaking child. Word 15, 45-68; reprinted in E. M. Hatch (ed.) (1978), 54-75.
26. Butler, C. S. (1997). Repeated word combinations in spoken and written text: some implications for Functional Grammar. In C. S. Butler, J. H. Connolly, R. A. Gatward & R. M. Vismans (eds.), A fund of ideas: recent developments in functional grammar. Amsterdam: IFOTT, University of Amsterdam, 60-77.
27. Bybee, J. (forthcoming). The emergent lexicon. Chicago Linguistics Society 34.
28. Bygate, M. (1988). Units Of Oral Expression And Language Learning. Applied Linguistics 9, 1, 59-82.
29. Cacciarj, C. & Levorato, M. C. (1989). How children understand idioms in discourse. Journal of Child Language 16, 387-405.
30. Caplan, D. (1987). Neurolinguistics and linguistic aphasiology: an introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
31. Clahsen, H. (1984). The acquisition of German word order: a test case for cognitive approaches to L2 development. In R. W. Andersen (ed.), 219-242.
32. Clark, R. (1974). Performing without competence. Journal of Child Language 1, 1-10.
33. Code, C. (1982). Neurolinguistic analysis of recurrent utterances in aphasia. Cortex 18, 141-152.
34. Code, C. (1987). Language, aphasia, and the right hemisphere. Chichester: John Wiley.
35. Code, C. (1994). Speech automatism production in aphasia. Journal of Neurolinguistics 8, 2, 135-148.
36. Coulmas, F. (1979). On the sociolinguistic relevance of routine formulae. Journal of Pragmatics 3, 239-266.
37. Cowie, A. P. (1992). Multiword lexical units and communicative language teaching. In P. J. L. Arnaud, & H. Bejoint, (eds.), 1-12.
38. Cowie, A. P. (1994). Phraseology. In Asher, R. E., (ed.), Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics. Oxford: Pergamon, 3168-3171.
39. Cowie, A. P. (ed.) (1998). Phraseology: theory, analysis and applications. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
40. Critchley, M. (1970). Aphasiology and other aspects of language. London: Edward Arnold.
41. Decock, S., Granger, S., Leech, G. & Mcenery, T. (1998). An automated approach to the phrasicon of EFL learners. In S. Granger (ed.), Learner English on computer. London & New York: Addison Wesley Longman, 67-79.
42. Dittmar, N. (1984). Semantic features of pidginized learner varieties of German. In R. W. Andersen (ed.), 243-270.
43. Drummond, S. S. & Simmons, T. P. (1995). Linguistic performance of female aphasics during group interaction. Journal of Neurolinguistics 9, 1, 47-54.
44. Ellis, N. C. (1996). Sequencing in SLA: phonological memory, chunking and points of order. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 18, 91-126.
45. Ellis, R. (1984) Formulaic speech in early classroom second language development. In J. Handscombe, R. A. Orem, & B. P. Taylor (eds.), On TESOL ′83. Washington DC: TESOL, 53-65.
46. Ellis, R. (1994) The study of second language acquisition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
47. Ely, R., Gleason, J. B. (1995). Socialization across contexts. In P Fletcher & B. MacWhinney (eds.), 251-270.
48. Espir, M. L. E. & Rose, F. C. (1970). The basic neurology of speech. Oxford & Edinburgh: Blackwell.
49. Ferguson, C. A. (1976). The structure and use of politeness formulas. Language in Society 5, 137-151.
50. Fernando, C. (1996). Idioms and idiomatitity. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
51. Fishman, P. M. (1980). Conversational insecurity. In H. Giles, W. P. Robinson & P. M. Smith (eds.), 127-132.
52. Flavell, L. & Flavell, R. (1992). Dictionary of idioms. London: Kyle Cathie.
53. Fletcher, P. & Macwhinney, B. (eds.) (1995). The handbook of child language. Oxford: Blackwell.
54. Foster, S. H. (1990). The communicative competence of young children. London & New York: Longman.
55. Gardner, H., Brownell, H. H., Wapner. W. & Michelow, D. (1983). Missing the point: the role of the right hemisphere in the processing of complex linguistic materials. In Perecman, E. (ed.), Cognitive processing in the right hemisphere. New York: Academic Press, 169-191.
56. Gerken, L. (1996). Prosody's role in language acquisition and adult parsing. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 25, 2, 345-356.
57. Gibbs, R. W. (1987). Linguistic factors in children's understanding of idioms. Journal of Child Language 14, 569-586.
58. Gibbs, R. W. (1991). Semantic analyzability in children's understanding of idioms. Journal of Speech & Hearing Research 34, 613-620.
59. Giles, G., Robinson, W. P. & SMITH, P. M. (eds.) (1980). Language: social psychological perspectives. Oxford: Pergamon.
60. Glaser, R. (1998). The stylistic potential of phraseological units in the light of genre analysis. In A. P. Cowie (ed.), 125-143.
61. Gleason, J. B. & Weintraub, S. (1976). The acquisition routines in child language. Language in Society 5, 129-136.
62. Goldstein, K. (1948). Language and language disturbances. New York: Grune & Stratton.
63. Golinkoff, R. M. & Hirsh-pasek, K. (1995). Reinterpreting children's sentence comprehension: toward a new framework. In P. Fletcher & B. MacWhinney (eds.), 430-461.
64. Granger, S. (1998). Prefabricated patterns in advanced EFL writing: collocations and formulae. In A. P. Cowie (ed.), 145-160.
65. Hakuta, K. (1974). Prefabricated patterns and the emergence of structure in second language acquisition. Language Learning 24, 287-297.
66. Halliday, M. (1975). Learning how to mean: explorations in the development of language. London: Edward Arnold.
67. Hanania, E. A. S., Gradman, H. L. (1977). Acquisition of English structures: a case study of an adult native speaker of Arabic in an English-speaking environment. Language Learning 27, 1, 75-91.
68. Hatch, E. M. (ED.) (1978). Second language acquisition: a book of readings. Rowley, MA: Newbury House.
69. Hatch, E., Peck, S. & Wagner-gough, J. (1979). A look at process in child second-language acquisition. In E. Ochs & B. B. Schieffelin (eds.), Developmental pragmatics. New York: Academic Press, 269-278.
70. Head, H. (1926). Aphasia and kindred speech disorders, Vols. I & II. Cambridge: The University Press.
71. Hickey, T. (1993). Identifying formulas in first language acquisition. Journal of Child Language 20, 27-41.
72. Hinnenkamp. V (1980). The Refusal Of Second Language Learning In Interethnic Context. In H. Giles, W. P. Robinson & P. M. SMITH (EDS.), 179-184.
73. Hirsh-pasek, K. & Golinkoff, R. M. (1996). The origins of grammar. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
74. Howarth, P. (1998a). Phraseology and second language proficiency. Applied Linguistics 19, 1, 24-44.
75. Howarth, P. (1998b). The phraseology of learners’ academic writing. In A. P. Cowie (ed.), 161-186.
76. Huang, J. & Hatch, E. M. (1978). A Chinese child's acquisition ofEnglish. In E. M. Hatch (ed.), 118-131.
77. Hudson, J. (1998). Perspectives on fixedness: applied and theoretical. Lund: Lund University Press.
78. Huebner, T. (1983). A longitudinal analysis of the acquisition of English. Ann Arbor, Mich: Karoma.
79. Hughlings Jackson, J. (1866/1958). Notes on the physiology and pathology oflanguage. In J. Taylor (ed.), 121-128.
80. Hughlings Jackson, J. (1874/1958). On the nature of the duality of the brain. In J. Taylor (ed.), 129-145.
81. Hyltenstam, K. & Obler, L. K. (eds.) (1989). Bilingualism across the lifespan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
82. Hymes, D. (1968). The ethnography of speaking. In J. A. Fishman (ed.) Readings in the sociology oflanguage. The Hague: Mouton, 99-138.
83. Itoh, H. & Hatch, E. (1978). Second language acquisition: a case study. In E. M. Hatch (ed.), 76-88.
84. Joanette. Y., Goulet, P. & Hannequin, D. (1990). Right hemisphere and verbal communication. New York: Springer-Verlag.
85. Kamhi, A. G. (1986). The elusive first word: the importance of the naming insight for the development of referential speech. Journal of Child Language 13, 155-161.
86. Karniol, R. (1990). Second language acquisition via immersion in daycare. Journal of Child Language 17, 147-170.
87. Klein, W. & Perdue, C. (1992). Utterance structure. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
88. Krashen, S. & Scarcella, R. (1978). ON ROUTINES AND PATTERNS IN LANGUAGE ACQUISITION AND PERFORMANCE. Language Learning 28, 2, 283-300.
89. Kuiper, K. & Haggo, D. (1984). Livestock auctions, oral poetry, and ordinary language. Language in Society 13, 205-234.
90. Lattey, E. (1986). Pragmatic classification of idioms as an aid for the language learner. IRAL 24, 3, 217-233.
91. Levorato, M. C. & Cacciari, C. (1992). Children's comprehension and production of idioms: the role of context and familiarity. Journal of Child Language 19, 415-433.
92. Lieven, E. V. (1978). Conversations between mothers and young children: individual differences and their possible implication for the study oflanguage learning. In N. Waterson & C. Snow (eds.), The development of communication. Chichester: Wiley, 173-187.
93. Lieven, E. V., Pine, J. M. & Barnes, H. D. (1992). Individual differences in early vocabulary development: redefining the referential-expressive distinction. Journal of Child Language 19, 287-310.
94. Linnakyla, P. (1980). Hi superman: what is most function English for a Finnish 5-year-old. Journal of Pragmatics 4, 367-392.
95. Locke, J. L. (1993). The child's path to spoken language. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
96. Locke, J. L. (1995). Development of the capacity for spoken language. In P. Fletcher & B. MacWhinney (eds.), 278-302.
97. Mccrone J. (1999) States of mind. New Scientist 2178, 30-33.
98. Mcelduff, K. & Drummond, S. S. (1991). Communicative functions of automatic speech in non-fluent dysphasia. Aphasiology 5, 3, 265-278.
99. Miesel, J. M., Clahsen, H. & Pienemann, M. (1981). On determining developmental stages in natural second language acquisition. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 3, 2, 109-135.
100. Moon, R. (1992). Textual aspects of fixed expression in learners’ dictionaries. In P. J. L. Arnaud & H. Bejoint (eds.), 13-27.
101. Moon, R. (1998a). Fixed expressions and Idioms in English. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
102. Moon, R. (1998b). Frequencies and forms of phrasal lexemes in English. In A. P. Cowie (ed.), 79-100.
103. Myles, F., Hooper, J. & Mitchell, R. (1998). Rote or rule? Exploring the role of formulaic language in classroom foreign language learning. Language Learning 48, 3, 323-363.
104. Myles, F., Mitchell, R. & Hooper, J. (1999). Interrogative chunks in French L2: a basis for creative construction? Studies in Second Language Acquisition 21, 1, 49-80.
105. Nattinger. J. R. & Decarricoj. S. (1992). Lexical phrases and language teaching. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
106. Nelson, K. (1975). The nominal shift in semantic-syntactic development. Cognitive Psychology 7, 461-479.
107. Nelson, K. (1981). Individual differences in language development: implications for development and language. Developmental Psychology 17, 2, 170-187.
108. Opie, I. & Opie, P. (1959). The lore and language of schoolchildren. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
109. Pawley, A. & Syder, F. H. (1983). TWO puzzles for linguistic theory: nativelike selection and nativelike fluency. In J. C. Richards & R. W. Schmidt (eds.), Language and Communication. New York: Longman, 191-226.
110. Pawley, A. & Syder, F. H. (in preparation). The one clause at a time hypothesis. In H. Riggenbach (ed.), Perspectives on fluency.
111. Perdue, C. (ed.) (1984). Second language acquisition by adult immigrants: a field manual. European Science Foundation. Rowley, MA: Newbury House.
112. Perdue, C. (ed.) (1993). Adult language acquisition: cross-linguistic perspectives. Vol. II: the results. European Science Foundation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
113. Peters, A. M. (1977). Language learning strategies: does the whole equal the sum of the parts? Language 53, 3, 560-573.
114. Peters, A. M. (1983). Units of language acquisition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
115. Peters, A. M. (1985). Language segmentation: operating principles for the perception and analysis oflanguage. In D. I. Slobin (ed.), The crosslinguistic study of language acquisition, vol. 2. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1029-1067.
116. Peters, A. M. (1995). STRATEGIES IN THE ACQUISITION OF SYNTAX. IN P. FLETCHER & B. MACWHINNEY (EDS.), 462-482.
117. Plunkett, K. (1993). Lexical segmentation and vocabulary growth in early language acquisition. Journal of Child Language 20, 43-60.
118. Flaichle, M. E. (1998). The neural correlates of consciousness: an analysis of cognitive skill learning. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B 353, 1889-1901.
119. Rampton, B. (1987). Stylistic variability and not speaking ‘normal’ English: some post-Labovian approaches and their implications for the study of interlanguage. In R. Ellis (ed.), Second language acquisition in context. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 47-58.
120. Raupach, M. (1984). Formulae In Second LANguage Speech Production. In H. W. Dechert, D. Mohle. & M. Raupach, (EDS), Second language production. Tubingen: Gunter Narr, 114-137.
121. Rehbein, J. (1987). Multiple Formulae: ASPECTS OF TURKISH MIGRANT WORKERs’ GERMAN IN INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION. IN K. KNAPP, W. ENNINGER & A. KNAPP-POTTHOFF (EDS.) Analysing intercultural communication. Berlin: Mouton, 215-248.
122. Russell, W. R. & Espir, M. L. E. (1961). Traumatic aphasia: a study of aphasia in war wounds of the brain. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
123. Saussure, F. DE (1916/1966). Course in general linguistics. New York: McGraw-Hill.
124. Scarcella, R. (1979). ‘Watch up!’: a study of verbal routines in adults’ second language performance. Working Papers in Bilingualism 19, 79-88.
125. Schmidt, R. W. (1983). Interaction, acculturation, and the acquisition of communicative competence: a case study of an adult. In N. Wolfson & E. Judd, (eds.), Sociolinguistics and language acquisition. Rowley, M. A.: Newbury House, 137-174.
126. Schumann, J. H. (1978A) The pidginization process: a model for second language acquisition. Rowley, MA: Newbury House.
127. Schumann, J. H. (1978b). Second language acquisition: the pidginization hypothesis. In E. M. Hatch (ed.), 256-271.
128. Segalowitz, N. (1997). Individual Differences In Second Language Acquisition. IN A. M. B. DE GROOT & J. F. KROLL (EDS.), Tutorials in bilingualism. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 85-112.
129. Shapira, R. G. (1978). The Non-Learning Of English: Case Study Of An Adult. IN E. M. HATCH (ED.), 246-255.
130. Sinclair, J. (1991). Corpus, concordance, collocation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
131. Snow, C. E. (1981). The Uses Of Imitation. Journal of Child Language 8, 205-212.
132. Stevick, E. W. (1989). Success with foreign languages. Hemel Hempstead: Prentice Hall.
133. Stubbs, M. (1995). Collocations And Cultural Connotations Of Common Words. Linguistics & Education 7, 4, 379-390.
134. Stubbs, M. (1997). Eine Sprache idiomatisch sprechen: Computer, Korpora, kommunikative Kompetenz und Kultur. In K. J. Mattheier (ed.), Norm und Variation. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 151-167.
135. Tannen, D. (1989). Talking voices: repetition, dialogue and imagery in conversational discourse. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
136. Taylor, J. (ED.) (1958). Selected writings of John Hughlings Jackson, vol 2. London: Staples Press.
137. Tomasello, M. & BROOKS, P. J. (forthcoming). Early syntactic development: a construction grammar approach. In M. Barrett (ed.), Language development. Hove: Psychology Press, chapter 7.
138. Tuggy, D. (1996). The thing is is that people talk that way. The question is is why?. In E. H. Casad (ed.), Cognitive linguistics in the Redwoods. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 713-752.
139. Van lancker, D. R. (1987). Nonpropositional speech: neurolinguistic studies. In A. W. Ellis (ed.), Progress in the psychology of language, vol. 3. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 49-118.
140. Van lancker, D. R. & Kempler, D. (1987). Comprehension of familiar phrases by left-but not by right-hemisphere damaged patients. Brain & Language 32, 265-277.
141. Verstraten, L. (1992). Fixed phrases in monolingual learners’ dictionaries. In P. J. L. Arnaud & H. Bejoint (eds.), 28-40.
142. Vihman, M. M. (1982a). Formulas in first and second language acquisition. In L. K. Obler & L. Menn (eds.), Exceptional language and linguistics. New York: Academic Press, 261-284.
143. Vihman, M. M. (1982b). The acquisition of morphology by a bilingual child: a whole-word approach. Applied Psycholinguistics 3, 141-160.
144. Wagner-gough, J. (1978). Comparative studies in second language learning. In E. M. Hatch (ed.), 155-171.
145. Weinert, R. (1995). The role of formulaic language in second language acquisition: a review. Applied Linguistics 16, 2, 180-205.
146. Widdowson, H. G. (1989). Knowledge of language and ability for use. Applied Linguistics 10 2, 128-137.
147. Willett, J. (1995). Becoming first graders in an L2: an ethnographic study of L2 socialization. TESOL Quarterly 29, 3, 473-503.
148. Williams, A. (1998). Prefabricated chunks in the teaching of the language of negotiations. Unpubhshed M. Ed dissertation, Centre for English Language Studies in Education, University of Manchester.
149. Willis, D. (1990). The lexical syllabus. London: Harper Collins.
150. Winner, E. & Gardner, H. (1977). The comprehension of metaphor in brain-damaged patients. Brain 100, 717-729.
151. Wong Fillmore, L. (1976). The second time around: cognitive and social strategies in second language acquisition. Unpublished PhD thesis, Stanford University.
152. Wong Fillmore, L. (1979). Individual differences in second language acquisition. In C. J. Fillmore, D. Kempler, & S-Y. W, Wang, (eds.), Individual differences in language ability and language behavior. New York: Academic Press, 203-228.
153. Wray, A. (1992). The focusing hypothesis: the theory of left hemisphere lateralised language re-examined. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
154. Wray, A. (1998). Protolanguage as a holistic system for social interaction. Language & Communication 18, 47-67.
155. Wray, A. (forthcoming, a). Formulaic sequences in second language teaching: horses for courses. Applied Linguistics.
156. Wray, A. (forthcoming, b). Holistic utterances in protolanguage: the link from primates to humans. In C. Knight, M. Studdert-Kennedy & J. Hurford, (eds.), The evolutionary emergence of language. Stanford, CA: Cambridge University Press.
157. Wray, A. (in preparation, a). Understanding the learner's ‘task’ in Task Based Learning: the significance of formulaic language.
158. Wray, A. (in preparation, b). FormulaiCall y speaking. Stanford, CA: Cambridge University Press.
159. Wray, A. & Perkins, M. R. (forthcoming). The functions of formulaic language: an integrated model. Language & Communication 20, 1, 1-28.
160. Yorio, C. A. (1980). Conventionalized language forms and the development of communicative competence. TESOL Quarterly 14, 4, 433-442.
161. Yorio, C. A. (1989). Idiomaticity as an indicator of second language proficiency. In K. Hyltenstam & L. K. Obler (eds.), 55-72.