Brain regulation of feeding behavior and food intake in fish

Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - A Molecular and Integrative Physiology

Volumn 126, Issue 4, 2000, Pages 415-434

  Lin, Xinwei ^a   Volkoff, Hélène ^a   Narnaware, Yuwaraj ^a   Bernier, Nicholas J ^a   Peyon, Pierre ^a   Peter, Richard E ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA   (Canada)

Author keywords

Brain; Feeding; Fish; Growth hormone; Neuropeptide

Indexed keywords

AMPHETAMINE; BETA ENDORPHIN; BOMBESIN; CHOLECYSTOKININ; COCAINE; CORTICOTROPIN RELEASING FACTOR; GALANIN; GROWTH HORMONE; MELANIN CONCENTRATING HORMONE; NEUROPEPTIDE Y; OREXIN; PROOPIOMELANOCORTIN; SEROTONIN; TACHYKININ;

ANIMAL TISSUE; ANOREXIA; APPETITE; FEEDING BEHAVIOR; FISH; FOOD INTAKE; HYPOTHALAMUS VENTROMEDIAL NUCLEUS; LATERAL HYPOTHALAMUS; NONHUMAN; REGULATORY MECHANISM; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; THALAMUS MIDLINE NUCLEUS;

ANIMALIA; MAMMALIA;

EID: 0034253457     PISSN: 10956433     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S1095-6433(00)00230-0     Document Type: Review

References (178)

1. Achapu M., Pompei P., Polidori C., de Caro G., Massi M. Central effects of neuropeptide K on water and food intake in the rat. Brain Res. Bull. 28:1992;299-303.
2. Anand B.K., Brobeck J.R. Localization of a 'feeding center' in the hypothalamus of the rat. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 77:1951;323-324.
3. Anastasi A., Erspamer V., Bucchi M. Isolation and structure of bombesin and alytensin, two analogous active peptides from the skin of the European amphibians, Bombina and Alytes. Experentia. 27:1971;166-167.
4. Ando H., Hasegawa M., Ando J., Urano A. Expression of salmon corticotropin-releasing hormone precursor gene in the preoptic nucleus in stressed rainbow trout. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 113:1999;87-95.
5. Anglade I., Wang Y., Jensen J., Tramu G., Kah O., Conlon J.M. Characterization of trout galanin and its distribution in trout brain and pituitary. J. Comp. Neurol. 350:1994;63-74.
6. Antoni F.A. Hypothalamic control of adrenocorticotropin secretion: advances since the discovery of 41-residue corticotropin-releasing factor. Endocr. Rev. 7:1986;351-378.
7. Arends R.J., Vermeer H., Marents G.J.M., Leunissen J.A.M., Bonga S.E.W., Flik G. Cloning and expression of two proopiomelanocortin mRNAs in the common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 143:1998;23-31.
8. Baker B.I. The role of melanin-concentrating hormone in colour change. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 680:1993;279-289.
9. Baker B., Levy A., Hall L., Lightman S. Cloning and expression of melanin-concentrating hormone genes in the rainbow trout brain. Neuroendocrinology. 61:1995;67-76.
10. Baskin D.G., Norwood B.J., Schwartz M.W., Koerker D.J. Estradiol inhibits the increase of hypothalamic neuropeptide Y messenger ribonucleic acid expression induced by weight loss in ovariectomized rats. Endocrinology. 136:1995;5547-5554.
11. Batten T.F.C., Cambre M.L., Moons L., Vandersande F. Comparative distribution of neuropeptide-immunoreactive systems in the brain of the green molly, Poecillia latipinna. J. Comp. Neurol. 302:1990;893-919.
12. Beach M.A., McVean A., Roberts M.G., Thorndyke M.C. The effects of bombesin on the feeding of fish. Neurosci. Lett. 32:1988;46.
13. Bernier, N.J., Lin, X., Peter, R.E, 1999. Differential expression of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and urotensin I precursor genes and evidence of CRF mRNA regulation by cortisol in goldfish brain. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 116, 461-477.
14. Bittencourt J.C., Presse F., Arias C., Peto C., Vaughan J., Nahon J.L., Vale W., Sawchenko P.E. The melanin concentrating hormone system of the rat brain: an immuno- and hybridization histochemical characterization. J. Comp. Neurol. 319:1992;218-245.
15. Bjenning C., Farrell A.P., Holmgren S. Bombesin-like immunoreactivity in skates and the in vitro effect of bombesin on coronary vessels from the longnose skate, Raja rhina. Regul. Pept. 35:1991;207-219.
16. Blomqvist A.G., Soderberg C., Lundell I., Milner R.J., Larhammar D. Strong evolutionary conservation of neuropeptide Y: sequences of chicken, goldfish, and Torpedo marmorata DNA clones. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 89:1992;2350-2354.
17. Bonavera J.J., Dube M.G., Kalra P.S., Kalra S.P. Anorectic effects of estrogen may be mediated by decreased neuropeptide-Y release in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. Endocrinology. 134:1994;2367-2370.
18. Broberger C., de Lecea L., Sutcliffe J.G., Hokfelt T. Hypocretin/orexin- and melanin concentrating hormone-expressing cells form distinct populations in the rodent lateral hypothalamus: relationship to the neuropeptide Y and agouti gene-related protein systems. J. Comp. Neurol. 402:1998;460-474.
19. Brooks A.I., Standifer K.M., Cheng J., Ciszewska G., Pasternak G.W. Opioid binding in giant toad and goldfish brain. Receptor. 4:1994;55-62.
20. Campfield L.A., Smith F.J., Guisez Y., Devos R., Burn P. Recombinant mouse OB protein: evidence for a peripheral signal linking adiposity and central neural networks. Science. 269:1995;546-549.
21. Campfield L.A., Smith F.J., Burn P. Strategies and potential molecular targets for obesity treatment. Science. 280:1998;1383-1387.
22. Carter M.S., Krause J.E. Structure, expression, and some regulatory mechanisms of the rat preprotachykinin gene encoding substance P, neurokinin A, neuropeptide K, and neuropeptide γ J. Neurosci. 10:1990;2203-2214.
23. Chambers J., Ames R.S., Bergsma D., Muir A., Fitzgerald L.R., Hervieu G., Dytko G.M., Foley J.J., Martin J., Liu W.-S., Park J., Ellis C., Ganguly S., Konchar S., Cluderay J., Leslie R., Wilson S., Sarau H.M. Melanin-concentrating hormone is the cognate ligand for the orphan G-protein-coupled receptor SLC-1. Nature. 400:1999;261-265.
24. Chan K.W., Yu K.L., Rivier J., Chow B.K. Identification and characterization of a receptor from goldfish specific for a teleost growth hormone-releasing hormone-like peptide. Neuroendocrinology. 68:1998;44-56.
25. Cheung C.C., Clifton D.K., Steiner R.A. Proopiomelanocortin neurons are direct targets for leptin in the hypothalamus. Endocrinology. 138:1997;4489-4492.
26. Conlon J.M., O'Harte F., Peter R.E. Carassin: a tachykinin that is structurally related to neuropeptide-γ from the brain of the goldfish. J. Neurochem. 56:1991;1432-1436.
27. Crawley J.N., Corwin R.L. Biological actions of cholecystokinin. Peptides. 15:1994;731-755.
28. Currie P.J., Coscina D.V. Stimulation of 5-HT(2A/2C) receptors within specific hypothalamic nuclei differenctially antagonizes NPY-induced feeding. Neuroreport. 8:1997;3759-3762.
29. Date Y., Ueta Y., Yamashita H., Yamsguchi H., Matsukura S., Kangawa K., Sakuraik T., Yanagisawa M., Nakazato M. Orexins, orexigenic hypothalamic peptides, interact with autonomic, neuroendocrine and neuroregulatory systems. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 96:1999;748-753.
30. de Lecea L., Kilduff T.S., Peyron C., Gao X., Foye P.E., Danielson P.E., Fukuhara C., Battenberg E.L.F., Gautvik V.T., Bartlett F.S. II, Frankel W.N., Van Den Pol A.N., Bloom F.E., Gautvik K.M., Sutcliffe J.G. The hypocretins: hypothalamus-specific peptides with neuroexcitatory activity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 95:1998;322-327.
31. De Pedro N., Alonso-Gómez A.L., Gancedo B., Delgado M.J., Alonso-Bedate M. Role of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) as a food intake regulator in goldfish. Physiol. Behav. 53:1993;517-520.
32. De Pedro N., Céspedes M.V., Delgado M.J., Alonso-Bedate M. The galanin-induced feeding stimulation is mediated via alpha2-adrenergic receptors in goldfish. Regul. Pept. 57:1995a;77-84.
33. De Pedro N., Delgado M.J., Alonso-Bedate M. Central administration of beta-endorphin increases food intake in goldfish: pretreatment with the opioid antagonist naloxone. Regul. Pept. 55:1995b;189-195.
34. De Pedro N., Céspedes M.V., Delgado M.J., Alonso-Bedate M. Muopioid receptor is involved in beta-endorphin-induced feeding in goldfish. Peptides. 17:1996;421-424.
35. De Pedro N., Alonso-Gómez A.L., Gancedo B., Valenciano A.I., Delgado M.J., Alonso-Bedate M. Effect of alpha-helical-CRF[9-41] on feeding in goldfish: involvement of cortisol and catecholamines. Behav. Neurosci. 111:1997;398-403.
36. De Pedro N., Delgado M.J., Pinillos M.L., Alonso-Bedate M. Alpha1-adrenergic and dopaminergic receptors are involved in the anoretic effect of corticotropin-releasing factor in goldfish. Life. Sci. 62:1998a;1801-1808.
37. De Pedro N., Pinillos M.L., Valenciano I., Alonso-Bedate M., Delgado M.J. Inhibitory effect of serotonin on feeding behavior in goldfish: involvement of CRF. Peptides. 19:1998b;505-511.
38. Demski L.S. Feeding aggressive behavior evoked by hypothalamic stimulation in a cichlid fish. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A Comp. Physiol. 44A:1973;685-692.
39. Demski L.S. Electrical stimulation of the shark brain. Am. Zool. 17:1977;487-500.
40. Demski L.S. Behavioral effects of electrical stimulation of the brain. Davis R.E., Northcutt R.G. Fish Neurobiology: Higher Brain Areas and Function. 2:1983;317-359 The University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, MI.
41. Demski L.S., Knigge K.M. The telencephalon and hypothalamus of the bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus): evoked feeding, aggressive and reproductive behavior with representative frontal sections. J. Comp. Neurol. 143:1971;1-16.
42. Dib B. Food and water intake suppression by intracerebroventricular administration of substance P in food- and water-deprived rats. Brain Res. 830:1999;38-42.
43. Douglass J., Daoud S. Characterization of the human cDNA and genomic DNA encoding CART: a cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript. Gene. 169:1996;241-245.
44. Douglass J., McKinzie A.A., Couceyro P. PCR differential display identifies a rat brain mRNA that is transcriptionally regulated by cocaine and amphetamine. J. Neurosci. 15:1995;2471-2481.
45. Dube M.G., Sahu A., Kalra P.S., Kalra S.P. Neuropeptide Y release is elevated from the microdissected paraventricular nucleus of food-deprived rats: an in vitro study. Endocrinology. 131:1992;684-688.
46. Elias C.F., Saper C.B., Maratos-Flier E., Tritos N.A., Lee C., Kelly J., Tatro J.B., Hoffman G.E., Ollmann M.M., Barsh G.S., Sakurai T., Yanagisawa M., Elmquist J.K. Chemically defined projections linking the mediobasal hypothalamus and the lateral hypothalamic area. J. Comp. Neurol. 402:1998a;442-459.
47. Elias C.F., Lee C., Kelly J., Aschkenasi C., Ahima R.S., Couceyro P., Kuhar M.J., Saper C.B., Elmquist J.K. Leptin activates hypothalamic CART neurons projecting to the spinal cord. Neuron. 21:1998b;1375-1385.
48. Elmquist J.K., Bjorbaik C., Ahima R.S., Flier J.S., Saper C.B. Distribution of leptin receptor mRNA isoforms in the rat brain. J. Comp. Neurol. 395:1998;535-547.
49. Elmquist J.K., Elias C.F., Saper C.B. From lesions to leptin: hypothalamic control of food intake and body weight. Neuron. 22:1999;221-232.
50. Fan W., Boston B.A., Kesterson R.A., Hruby V.J., Cone R.D. Role of melanocortinergic neurons in feeding and the agouti obesity syndrome. Nature. 385:1997;165-168.
51. Fei H., Okano H.J., Li C., Lee G.H., Zhao C., Darnell R., Friedman J.M. Anatomic localization of alternatively spliced leptin receptors (Ob-R) in mouse brain and other tissues. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94:1997;7001-7005.
52. Feifel D., Vaccarino F.J. Central somatostatin: a reexamination of its effects on feeding. Brain Res. 535:1990;189-194.
53. Feifel D., Vaccarino F.J. Growth hormone-regulatory peptides (GHRH and somatostatin) and feeding: a model for the integration of central and peripheral function. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 18:1994;421-433.
54. Flier J.S., Maratos-Flier E. Obesity and the hypothalamus: novel peptides for new pathways. Cell. 92:1998;437-440.
55. Flynn F.W. Effects of fourth ventricle bombesin injection on meal-related parameters and grooming behavior. Peptides. 12:1991;761-765.
56. Garcia de Yebenes E., Li S., Fournier A., St-Pierre S., Pelletier G. Regulation of proopiomelanocortin gene expression by neuropeptide Y in the rat arcuate nucleus. Brain Res. 674:1995;112-116.
57. Gibbs J., Fauser D.J., Fowe E.A., Rolls B.J., Rolls E.T., Maddison S.P. Bombesin suppresses feeding in rats. Nature. 282:1979;208-210.
58. Grimm R.J. Feeding behavior and electrical stimulation of the brain of Carassius auratus. Science. 131:1960;162-163.
59. Hahn T., Breininger J., Baskin D., Schwartz M. Coexpression of Agrp and NPY in fasting-activated hypothalamic neurons. Nat. Neurosci. 1:1998;271-272.
60. Håkansson M.-L., Brown H., Ghilarki N., Skoda R.C., Meister B. Leptin receptor immunoreactivity in chemically defined target neurons of the hypothalamus. J. Neurosci. 18:1998;559-572.
61. Håkansson M.-L., de Lecea L., Sutcliffe J.G., Yanagisawa M., Meister B. Leptin receptor- and STAT3-immunoreactivities in hypocretin/orexin neurons of the lateral hypothalamus. J. Neuroendocrinol. 11:1999;653-663.
62. Halaas J.L., Gajiwaka K.S., Maffei M., Cohen S.L., Chait B.T., Rabinowitz D., Lallone R.L., Burley S.K., Friedman J.M. Weight-reducing effects of the plasma protein encoded by the obese gene. Science. 269:1995;543-546.
63. Heinrichs S.C., Menzaghi F., Pich E.M., Hauger R.L., Koob G.F. Corticotropin-releasing factor in the paraventricular nucleus modulates feeding induced by neuropeptide Y. Brain Res. 611:1993;18-24.
64. Himick B.A., Peter R.E. CCK/gastrin-like immunoreactivity in brain and gut, and CCK suppression of feeding in goldfish. Am. J. Physiol. 267:1994a;R841-R851.
65. Himick B.A., Peter R.E. Bombesin acts to suppress feeding behavior and alter serum growth hormone in goldfish. Physiol. Behav. 55:1994b;65-72.
66. Himick B.A., Peter R.E. Bombesin-like immunoreactivity in the forebrain and pituitary and regulation of anterior pituitary hormone release by bombesin in goldfish. Neuroendocrinology. 61:1995a;365-376.
67. Himick B.A., Peter R.E. Neuropeptide regulation of feeding and growth hormone secretion in fish. Neth. J. Zool. 45:1995b;3-9.
68. Himick B.A., Golosinski A.A., Jonsson A.C., Peter R.E. CCK/gastrin-like immunoreactivity in the goldfish pituitary: regulation of pituitary hormone secretion by CCK-like peptides in vitro. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 92:1993;88-103.
69. Himick B.A., Vigna S.R., Peter R.E. Characterization and distribution of bombesin binding sites in the goldfish hypothalamic feeding center and pituitary. Regul. Pept. 60:1995;167-176.
70. Himick B.A., Vigna S.R., Peter R.E. Characterization of cholecystokinin binding sites in goldfish brain and pituitary. Am. J. Physiol. 271:1996;R137-R143.
71. Holloway A.C., Reddy P.K., Sheridan M.A., Leatherland J.F. Diuranl rhythms of plasma growth hormone, somatostatin, thyroid hormones, cortisol and glucose concentrations in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, during progressive food deprivation. Biol. Rhythm Res. 25:1994;415-432.
72. Holmgren S., Jonsson C. Occurrence and effects on motility of bombesin related peptides in the gastrointestinal tract of the Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C Pharmacol. Toxicol. Endocrinol. 89:1988;249-256.
73. Holmqvist B.I., Carlberg M. Galanin-receptors in the brain of a teleost: autoradiographic distribution of binding sites in the Atlantic salmon. J. Comp. Neurol. 326:1992;44-60.
74. Horvath T.L., Naftolin F., Kalra S.P., Leranth C. Neuropeptide-Y innervation of β-endorphin-containing cells in the rat mediobasal hypothalamus: a light and electron microscopic double immunostaining analysis. Endocrinology. 131:1992;2461-2467.
75. Horvath T.L., Kalra S.P., Naftolin F., Leranth C. Morphological evidence for a galanin-opiate interaction in the rat mediobasal hypothalamus. J. Neuroendocrinol. 7:1995;579-588.
76. Horvath T.L., Naftolin F., Leranth C., Sahu A., Karla S.P. Morphological and pharmacological evidence for neuropeptide Y-galanin interaction in the rat hypothalamus. Endocrinology. 137:1996;3069-3077.
77. Horvath T.L., Bechmann I., Naftolin F., Kalra S.P., Leranth C. Heterogeneity in the neuropeptide Y-containing neurons of the rat arcuate nucleus: GABAergic and non-GABAergic subpopulations. Brain Res. 756:1997;283-286.
78. Hui, L.H., Cheng, K.W., Yu, K.L, 1999. Molecular cloning and characterization of goldfish β-endorphin and mu-opioid receptor. In Proceedings of the 81st Annual Meeting of the Endocrine Society, 12-15 June, San Diego, CA, p. 127 (abstract).
79. Inui A. Feeding and body-weight regulation by hypothalamic neuropeptides-mediation of the action of leptin. Trends Neurosci. 22:1999;62-67.
80. Jacobowitz D.W., O'Donohue T.L. α-Melanocyte stimulating hormone: immunohistochemical identification and mapping in neurons of the rat brain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 75:1978;6300-6304.
81. Jensen J., Conlon J.M. Substance P-related and neurokinin A-related peptides from the brain of the cod and trout. Eur. J. Biochem. 206:1992;659-664.
82. Jéquier E., Tappy L. Regulation of body weight in humans. Physiol. Rev. 79:1999;451-480.
83. Johnson J.J., Bjornsson B.T. Growth hormone increases growth rate, appetite and dominance in juvenile rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Anim. Behav. 48:1994;177-186.
84. Jones D.N.C., Kortekaas R., Slade P.D., Middlemiss D.N., Hagan J.J. The behavioural effects of corticotropin-releasing factor-related peptides in rats. Psychopharmacology. 138:1998;124-132.
85. Kah O., Pontet A., Danger J.-M., Dubourg P., Pelletier G., Vaudry H., Calas A. Characterization, cerebral distribution and gonadotropin release activity of neuropeptide Y (NPY) in the goldfish. Fish. Physiol. Biochem. 7:1989;69-76.
86. Kalra S.P., Dube M.G., Sahu A., Phelps C.P., Kalra P.S. Neuropeptide Y secretion increased appetite for food. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 88:1991a;10931-10935.
87. Kalra S.P., Sahu A., Dube M.G., Kalra P.S. Effects of various tachykinins on pituitary LH secretion, feeding, and sexual behavior in the rat. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. USA. 632:1991b;332-338.
88. Kalra P.S., Norlin M., Kalra S.P. Neuropeptide Y stimulates beta-endorphin release in the basal hypothalamus: role of gonadal steroids. Brain Res. 705:1995;353-356.
89. Kalra S.P., Dube M.G., Pu S., Xu B., Horvath T.L., Kalra P.S. Interacting appetite-regulating pathways in the hypothalamic regulation of body weight. Endocr. Rev. 20:1999;68-100.
90. Kawauchi H., Tubokawa M., Kanezawa A., Kitagawa H. Occurrence of two different endorphins in the salmon pituitary. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 92:1980;1278-1288.
91. Kawauchi H., Kawazoe I., Tsubokawa M., Kishida M., Baker B.I. Characterization of melanin-concentrating hormone in chum salmon pituitaries. Nature. 305:1983;321-323.
92. Kelly A.B., Watts A.G. The region of the pontine parabrachial nucleus is a major target of dehydration-sensitive CRF neurons in the rat lateral hypothalamic area. J. Comp. Neurol. 394:1998;48-63.
93. Khachaturian H., Lewis M.E., Shafer M.K.H., Watson S.J. Anatomy of CNS opioid system. Trends Neurosci. 8:1985;111-119.
94. Khan I., Collins S.M. Fourth isoform of preprotachykinin messenger RNA encoding for substance P in the rat intestine. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 202:1994;796-802.
95. Kitahara N., Nishizawa T., Iida K., Okazaki H., Andoh T., Soma G. Absence of a γ-melanocyte-stimulating hormone sequence in proopiomelanocortin mRNA of chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B Comp. Biochem. 91B:1988;365-370.
96. Klebig M.L., Wilkinson J.E., Geisler J.G., Woychik R.P. Ectopic expression of the agouti gene in transgenic mice causes obesity, features of type II diabetes, and yellow fur. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 92:1995;4728-4732.
97. Koylu E.O., Couceyro P.R., Lambert P.D., Ling N.C., DeSouza E.B., Kuhar M.J. Immunohistochemical localization of novel CART peptides in rat hypothalamus, pituitary and adrenal gland. J. Neuroendocrinol. 9:1997;823-833.
98. Kristensen P., Judge M.E., Thim L., Ribel U., Christjansen K.N., Wulff B.S., Calusen J.T., Jensen P.B., Madsen O.D., Vrang N., Larsen P.J., Hastrup S. Hypothalamic CART is a new anorectic peptide regulated by leptin. Nature. 393:1998;72-76.
99. Kuhar M.J., Dall Vechia S.E. CART peptides: novel addiction- and feeding-related neuropeptides. Trends Neurosci. 22:1999;316-320.
100. Kyrkouli S.E., Stanley B.G., Seiraf R.D., Leibowitz S.F. Stimulation of feeding by galanin: anatomical localization and behavioral specificity of this peptide's effects in the brain. Peptides. 11:1990;995-1001.
101. Lambert P.D., Wilding J.P., Al-Dokhayal A.A., Gilbey S.G., Ghatei M.A., Bloom S.R. Nalaxone-induced anorexia increases neuropeptide Y concentrations in the dorsomedial hypothalamus: evidence for neuropeptide Y-opioid interactions in the control of food intake. Peptides. 15:1994;657-660.
102. Lambert P.D., Couceyro P.R., Mcgirr K.M., Dall Vechia S.E., Smith Y., Kuhar M.J. CART peptides in the central control of feeding and interactions with neuropeptide Y. Synapse. 29:1998;293-298.
103. Leibowitz S.F., Alexander J.T. Hypothalamic serotonin in control of eating behavior, meal size, and body weight. Biol. Psychiatry. 44:1998;851-864.
104. Levine A.S., Billington C.J. Opioids: are they regulators of feeding. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 575:1989;209-219.
105. Lin X., Peter R.E. Goldfish γ-preprotachykinin mRNA encodes the neuropeptides substance P, carassin, and neurokinin A. Peptides. 18:1997;817-824.
106. Lin X., Otto C.J., Peter R.E. Evolution of neuroendocrine peptide systems: gonadotropin-releasing hormone and somatostatin. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C Pharmacol. Toxicol. Endocrinol. 119C:1998;375-388.
107. Lin X., Otto C.J., Peter R.E. Expression of three distinct somatostatin messenger ribonucleic acids (mRNAs) in goldfish brain: characterization of the complementary deoxyribonucleic acids, distribution and seasonal variation of the mRNAs, and action of a somatostatin-14 variant. Endocrinology. 140:1999a;2089-2099.
108. Lin X., Janovick J.A., Brothers S., Conn P.M., Peter R.E. Molecular cloning and expression of two type one somatostatin receptors in goldfish brain. Endocrinology. 140:1999b;5211-5219.
109. Lovejoy D.A., Balment R.J. Evolution and physiology of the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) family of neuropeptides in vertebrates. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 115:1999;1-22.
110. Maggio J.E. Tachykinins. Ann. Rev. Neurosci. 11:1988;13-28.
111. Marsh D.J., Hollopeter G., Kafer K.E., Palmiter R.D. Role of the Y5 neuropeptide Y receptor in feeding and obesity. Nat. Med. 4:1988;718-721.
112. McCoy J.G., Avery D.D. Bombesin: potential integrative peptide for feeding and satiety. Peptides. 11:1990;595-607.
113. Mercer J.G., Hoggard N., Williams L.M., Lawrence C.B., Hannah L.T., Morgan P.J., Trayhurn P. Coexpression of leptin receptor and preproneuropeptide Y mRNA in arcuate nucleus of mouse hypothalamus. J. Neuroendocrinol. 8:1996;733-735.
114. Merchenthaler I., López F.J., Negro-Vilar A. Anatomy and physiology of central galanin-containing pathways. Prog. Neurobiol. 40:1993;711-769.
115. Monnikes H., Heymann-Monnikes I., Tache Y. CRF in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus induces dose-related behavioral profile in rat. Brain Res. 574:1992;70-76.
116. Moons L., Batten T.F., Vandesande F. Comparative distribution of substance P (SP) and cholecystokinin (CCK) binding sites and immunoreactivity in the brain of the sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Peptides. 13:1992;37-46.
117. Morley S.D., Schonrock C., Richter D., Okawara Y., Lederis K. Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) gene family in the brain of the teleost fish Catostomus commersoni (white sucker): molecular analysis predicts distinct precursors for two CRFs and one urotensin I peptide. Mol. Mar. Biol. Biotech. 1:1991;48-57.
118. Mountjoy K.G., Mortrud M.T., Low M.J., Simerly R.B., Cone R.D. Localization of the melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4-R) in neuroendocrine and autonomic control circuits in the brain. Mol. Endocrinol. 8:1994;1289-1308.
119. Nakanishi S., Inoue A., Kita T., Nakamura M., Chang A.C.Y., Cohen S.N., Numa S. Nucleotide sequence of cloned cDNA for bovine corticotropin-β-lipotropin precursor. Nature. 278:1979;423-427.
120. Nambu T., Sadurai T., Mizukami K., Hosoya Y., Yanagisawa M., Goto K. Distribution of orexin neurons in the adult rat brain. Brain Res. 827:1999;243-260.
121. Narnaware, Y.K., Peyon, P.P., Lin, X., Peter, R.E., 2000. Regulation of food intake by neuropeptide Y (NPY) in goldfish. Am. J. Physiol.: Regul. Integ. Comp. Physiol., in press.
122. Nishii M., Moverus B., Bukovskaya O.S., Takahashi A., Kawauchi H. Isolation and characterization of [Pro2]somatostatin-14 and melanotropins from Russian sturgeon, Acipenser gueldenstaedti Brandt. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 99:1995;6-12.
123. Notenboom C.D., Garaud J.C., Doerr-Schott J., Terlou M. Localization by immunofluorescence of a gastrin-like substance in the brain of the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri. Cell. Tissue Res. 214:1981;247-255.
124. Okawara Y., Morley S.D., Burzio L.O., Zwiers H., Lederis K., Richter D. Cloning and sequence analysis of cDNA for corticotropin-releasing factor precursor from the teleost fish Catostomus commersoni. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 85:1988;8439-8443.
125. Okawara Y., Ko D., Morley S.D., Richter D., Lederis K.P. In situ hybridization of corticotropin-releasing factor-encoding messenger RNA in the hypothalamus of the white sucker, Catostomus commersoni. Cell. Tissue Res. 267:1992;545-549.
126. Okuta A., Ando H., Ueda H., Urano A. Two types of cDNAs encoding proopiomelanocrotin of sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka. Zool. Sci. 13:1996;421-427.
127. Ollmann M.M., Wilson B.D., Yang Y.K., Kerns J.A., Chen Y., Gantz I., Barsh G.S. Antagonism of central melanocrotin receptors in vitro and in vivo by agouti-related protein. Science. 278:1997;135-138.
128. Pelleymounter M.A., Cullen M.J., Baker M.B., Hecht R., Winters D., Boone T., Collins F. Effects of the obese gene product on body weight regulation in ob/ob mice. Science. 269:1995;540-543.
129. Peng C., Peter R.E. Neuroendocrine regulation of growth hormone secretion and growth in fish. Zool. Stud. 36:1997;79-89.
130. Peng C., Chang J.P., Yu K.L., Wong A.O.L., Van Goor F., Peter R.E., Rivier J.E. Neuropeptide-Y stimulates growth hormone and gonadotropin-II secretion in the goldfish pituitary: involvement of both presynaptic and pituitary cell actions. Endocrinology. 132:1993;1820-1829.
131. Peng C., Gallin W., Peter R.E., Blomqvist A.G., Larhammar D. Neuropeptide-Y gene expression in the goldfish brain: distribution and regulation by ovarian steroids. Endocrinology. 134:1994;1095-1103.
132. Peter R.E. The brain and feeding behavior. Hoar W.S., Randall D.J., Brett J.R. Fish Physiology. VIII:1979;121-159 Academic Press, New York.
133. Peter R.E. Brain regulation of feeding and growth in fish. Bull. Aquacul. Assoc. Can. 95-2:1995;14-16.
134. Peter R.E., Marchant T.A. The endocrinology of growth in carp and related species. Aquaculture. 129:1995;299-321.
135. Peter R.E., Monckton E.A., McKeown B.A. The effects of gold thioglucose on food intake, growth, and forebrain histology in goldfish, Carassius auratus. Physiol. Behav. 17:1976;303-312.
136. Peyon P., Lin X., Himick B.A., Peter R.E. Molecular cloning and expression of cDNA encoding brain preprocholecystokinin in goldfish. Peptides. 19:1988;199-210.
137. Peyon, P., Saied, H., Lin, X., Peter, R.E., 1999. Postprandial variation in cholecystokinin gene expression in goldfish brain. Mol. Brain Res. 74, 190-196.
138. Peyon, P., Saied, H., Lin, X., Peter, R.E., 2000. Preprotachykinin gene expression in goldfish brain: sexual, seasonal and postprandial variations. Peptides 21, 225-231.
139. Pontet A., Danger J.M., Dubourg P., Pettetier G., Vaudry H., Galas A., Kah O. Distribution and characterization of neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity in the brain and pituitary of the goldfish. Cell. Tissue Res. 255:1989;529-538.
140. Prasada Rao P.D., Murthy C.K., Cook H., Peter R.E. Sexual dimorphism of galanin-like immunoreactivity in the brain and pituitary of goldfish, Carassius auratus. J. Chem. Neuroanat. 10:1996a;119-135.
141. Prasada Rao S.D., Prasada Rao P.D., Nahroniak C.S., Peter R.E. Brain and pituitary immunocytochemistry of carassin in the goldfish, Carassius auratus: a new neurohormone peptide? Zool. Sci. 13:1996b;415-420.
142. Qu D., Ludwig D.S., Gammeltoft S., Piper M., Pelleymounter M.A., Cullen M.J., Mathes W.F., Przypek R., Kanarek R., Maratos-Flier E. A role for melanin-concentrating hormone in the central regulation of feeding behavior. Nature. 380:1996;243-247.
143. Roberts M.G., Savage G.E. Effects of hypothalamic lesions on the food intake of the goldfish (Carassius auratus). Brain Behav. Evol. 15:1978;150-164.
144. Rosenblum P.M., Callard I.P. The endogenous opioid peptide system in male brown bullhead catfish, Ictalurus nebulosus Lesueur: characterization of naloxone binding and the response to naloxone during the annual reproductive cycle. J. Exp. Zool. 245:1988;244-255.
145. Sahu A., Kalra S.P., Crowley W.R., Kalra P.S. Evidence that NPY-containing neurons in the brain stem project into selected hypothalamic nuclei implication in feeding behavior. Brain Res. 457:1988a;376-378.
146. Sahu A., Kalra P.S., Dube M.G., Kalra S.P. Neuropeptide K suppresses feeding in the rat. Regul. Pept. 23:1988b;135-143.
147. Saito Y., Nothacher H.-P., Wang Z., Lin S.H.S., Leslie F., Civelli O. Molecular characterization of the melanin-concentrating hormone receptor. Nature. 400:1999;265-269.
148. Sakurai T., Amemiya A., Ishii M., Matsuzaki I., Chemelli R.M., Tanaka H., Williams S.C., Richardson J.A., Kozlowski G.P., Wilson S., Arch J.R.S., Buchingham R.E., Haynes A.C., Carr S.A., Annan R.S., McNulty D.E., Liu W.-S., Terrett J.A., Elshourbagy N.A., Bergsma D.J., Yanagisawa M. Orexins and orexin receptors: a family of hypothalamic neuropeptides and G protein-coupled receptors that regulate feeding behavior. Cell. 92:1998;573-585.
149. Salbert G., Chauveau I., Bonnec G., Valotaire Y., Jego P. One of the two trout proopiomelanocortin messenger RNAs potentially encodes new peptides. Mol. Endocrinol. 6:1992;1605-1613.
150. Savage G.E., Roberts M.G. Behavioural effects of electrical stimulation of the hypothalamus of the goldfish (Carassius auratus). Brain Behav. Evol. 12:1975;42-56.
151. Schick R.R., Samsami S., Zimmermann J.P., Eberl T., Endres C., Schusdziarra V., Classen V. Effect of galanin on food intake in rats: involvement of lateral and ventromedial hypothalamic sites. Am. J. Physiol. 264:1993;R355-R361.
152. Schwartz M.W., Seeley R.J. Neuroendocrine responses to starvation and weight loss. N. Engl. J. Med. 336:1997;1802-1811.
153. Seeley R.J., Schwartz M.W. Neuroendocrine regulation of food intake. Acta Paediatr. Suppl. 428:1999;58-61.
154. Shutter J.R., Graham M., Kinsey A.C., Scully S., Luthy R., Stark K.L. Hypothalamic expression of ART, a novel gene related to agouti, is up-regulated in obese and diabetic mutant mice. Genes Dev. 11:1997;593-602.
155. Silver A.J., Morley J.E. Role of CCK in regulation of food intake. Prog. Neurobiol. 36:1991;23-34.
156. Silverstein J.T., Breininger J., Baskin D.G., Plisetskaya E.M. Neuropeptide-Y like gene expression in the salmon brain increases with fasting. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 110:1998;157-165.
157. Simth A.I., Funder J.W. Proopiomelanocortin processing in the pituitary, central nervous system, and peripheral tissues. Endocr. Rev. 9:1988;159-179.
158. Somoza G.M., Peter R.E. Effects of serotonin on gonadotropin and growth hormone release from in vitro perifused goldfish pituitary fragments. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 82:1991;103-110.
159. Spina M., Merlo-Pich E., Chan R.K., Basso A.M., Rivier J., Vale W., Koob G.F. Appetite-suppressing effects of urocortin, a CRF-related neuropeptide. Science. 273:1996;1561-1564.
160. Stacey N.E., Kyle L. Effects of olfactory tract lesions on sexual and feeding behavior in the goldfish. Physiol. Behav. 30:1983;621-628.
161. Tatemoto K. Neuropeptide Y: complete amino acid sequence of the brain peptide. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 79:1982;5485-5489.
162. Tatemoto K., Rökaeus A., Jörnvall H., McDonald T.J., Mutt M. Galanin - a novel biologically active peptide from porcine intestine. FEBS Lett. 164:1983;124-128.
163. Tatro J.B. Melanotropin receptors in the brain are differentially distributed and recognize both corticotropin and α-melanocyte stimulating hormone. Brain Res. 536:1990;124-132.
164. Vaccarino F., Buckehnam K.E. Naloxone blockade of growth hormone-releasing factor-induced feeding. Regul. Pept. 18:1987;165-171.
165. Vaccarino F., Bloom F.E., Rivier J., Vale W., Koob G.F. Stimulation of food intake by centrally administered hypothalamic growth hormone-releasing factor. Nature. 314:1985;167-168.
166. Vallarino M. Occurrence of β-endophin-like immunoreactivity in the brain of the teleost, Boops boops. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 60:1985;63-69.
167. Vanderhaeghen J.J., Lotstra F., de Mey J., Gilles C. Immunohistochemical localization of cholecystokinin- and gastrin-like peptides in the brain and hypophysis of the rat. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 77:1980;1190-1194.
168. Vaughan J.M., Rivier J., Spiess J., Peng C., Chang J.P., Peter R.E., Vale W. Isolation and characterization of hypothalamic growth-hormone releasing factor from common carp, Cyprinus carpio. Neuroendocrinology. 56:1992;539-549.
169. Vaughan J., Donaldson C., Bittencourt J., Perrin M.H., Lewis K., Sutton S., Chan R., Turnbull A.V., Lovejoy D., Rivier C., Rivier J., Sawchenko P.E., Vale W. Urocortin, mammalian neuropeptide related to fish urotensin I and to corticotropin-releasing factor. Nature. 278:1995;287-292.
170. Volkoff, H., Peyon, P., Lin, X., 2000. Stimulation of feeding behavior and food consumption in the goldfish, Carassius auratus, by orexin-A and orexin-B. Brain Res., 846, 204-209.
171. Volkoff, H., Bjorklund, J.M., Peter, R.E., 2000. Molecular cloning and expression of cDNA encoding a brain bombesin/gastrin-releasing peptide-like peptide in goldfish. Peptides 21, 639-648.
172. Wang Y., Conlon J.M. Purification and characterization of galanin from the phylogenetically ancient fish, the bowfin (Amia calva) and the dogfish (Scyliorhinus canicula). Peptides. 15:1994;981-986.
173. Weld M.M., Kar S., Maler L., Quirion R. The distribution of tachykinin binding sites in the brain of an electric fish (Apteronotus leptorhynchus). J. Chem. Neuroanat. 7:1994;123-139.
174. White J.D. Neuropeptide Y: a central regulator of energy homeostasis. Regul. Pept. 49:1993;93-107.
175. Woods S.C., Seeley R.J., Porte D. Jr, Schwartz M.W. Signals that regulate food intake and energy homeostasis. Science. 280:1998;1378-1383.
176. Wyss P., Stricker-Krongrad A., Brunner L., Miller J., Crossthwaite A., Whitebread S., Criscione L. The pharmacology of neuropeptide Y (NPY) receptor-mediated feeding in rats characterizes better Y5 than Y1, but not Y2 or Y4 subtypes. Regul. Pept. 75-76:1998;363-371.
177. Yokosuka M., Xu B., Pu S., Kalra P.S., Kalra S.P. Neural substrates for leptin and neuropeptide Y (NPY) interaction: hypothalamic sites associated with inhibition on NPY-induced food intake. Physiol. Behav. 64:1998;331-338.
178. Zhang Y., Proenca R., Maffei M., Barone M., Leopold L., Friedman J.M. Positional cloning of the mouse ob gene and its human homologue. Nature. 372:1994;425-432.