A proposed model for the assembly of chylomicrons

Atherosclerosis

Volumn 148, Issue 1, 2000, Pages 1-15

  Mahmood Hussain, M ^a,b  

^a DREXEL UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b SUNY DOWNSTATE MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Absorption; apoB; Chylomicrons; Fat; Fat soluble vitamins; Intestine; Lipids; Lipoproteins

Indexed keywords

APOLIPOPROTEIN B; CHYLOMICRON; FAT DROPLET; LIPOPROTEIN; POLOXAMER; VERY LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN;

ABETALIPOPROTEINEMIA; ACANTHOCYTOSIS; ANIMAL CELL; ANIMAL MODEL; CELL STRAIN CACO 2; CONTROLLED STUDY; DIARRHEA; FAT INTAKE; GENE MUTATION; HUMAN; HUMAN CELL; INTESTINE CELL; LIPID ABSORPTION; LIPID COMPOSITION; LIPID TRANSPORT; MOUSE; NEUROLOGIC DISEASE; NONHUMAN; POSTPRANDIAL STATE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; VISUAL IMPAIRMENT;

ANIMALS; CHYLOMICRONS; HUMANS; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; PROTEIN PROCESSING, POST-TRANSLATIONAL;

EID: 0033991176     PISSN: 00219150     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0021-9150(99)00397-4     Document Type: Review

References (159)

1. Ockner R.K., Hughes F.B., Isselbacher K.J. Very low density lipoproteins in intestinal lymph: origin, composition, and role in lipid transport in the fasting state. J. Clin. Invest. 48:1969;2079-2088.
2. Ockner R.K., Hughes F.B., Isselbacher K.J. Very low density lipoproteins in intestinal lymph: role in triglyceride and cholesterol transport during fat absorption. J. Clin. Invest. 48:1969;2367-2373.
3. Tso P., Drake D.S., Black D.D., Sabesin S.M. Evidence for separate pathways of chylomicron and very low-density lipoprotein assembly and transport by rat small intestine. Am. J. Physiol. 247:1984;G599-G610.
4. Davidson N.O., Kollmer M.E., Glickman R.M. Apolipoprotein B synthesis in rat small intestine: regulation by dietary triglyceride and biliary lipid. J. Lipid Res. 27:1986;30-39.
5. Green P.H.R., Glickman R.M. Intestinal lipoprotein metabolism. J. Lipid Res. 22:1981;1153-1173.
6. Tso P., Lindstrom M.B., Borgstrom B. Factors regulating the formation of chylomicrons and very-low-density lipoproteins by the rat small intestine. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 922:1987;304-313.
7. Anderson L.J., Boyles J.K., Hussain M.M. A rapid method for staining large chylomicrons. J. Lipid Res. 30:1989;1819-1824.
8. Gantz D., Bennett Clark S., Derksen A., Small D.M. Size and shape determination of fixed chylomicrons and emulsions with fluid or solid surfaces by three-dimensional analysis of shadows. J. Lipid Res. 31:1990;163-171.
9. Zilversmit D.B. Formation and transport of chylomicrons. Fed. Proc. 26:1967;1599-1605.
10. Zilversmit D.B. The composition and structure of lymph chylomicrons in dog, rat, and man. J. Clin. Invest. 44:1965;1610-1622.
11. Miller K.W., Small D.M. Surface-to-core and interparticle equilibrium distributions of triglyceride-rich lipoprotein lipids. J. Biol. Chem. 258:1983;13772-13784.
12. Powell L.M., Wallis S.C., Pease R.J., Edwards W.H., Knott T.J., Scott J. A novel form of tissue-specific RNA processing produces apolipoprotein-B48 in intestine. Cell. 50:1987;831-840.
13. Chen S., Habib G., Yang C., Gu Z., Lee B.R., Weng S., Silberman S.R., Cai S., Deslypere J.P., Rosseneu M., Gotto A.M.J.r., Li W., Chan L. Apolipoprotein B-48 is the product of a messenger RNA with an organ-specific in-frame stop codon. Science. 238:1987;363-366.
14. Davidson N.O. RNA editing of the apolipoprotein B gene: A mechanism to regulate the atherogenic potential of intestinal lipoproteins. Trends Cardiovasc. Med. 4:1994;231-235.
15. Davidson N.O. Apolipoprotein B mRNA editing: a key controlling element targeting fats to proper tissue. Ann. Med. 25:1993;539-543.
16. Bhattacharya S., Navaratnam N., Morrison J.R., Scott J., Taylor W.R. Cytosine nucleoside/nucleotide deaminases and apolipoprotein B mRNA editing. Trends Biochem. Sci. 19:1994;105-106.
17. Scott J., Navaratnam N., Bhattacharya S., Morrison J.R. The apolipoprotein B messenger RNA editing enzyme. Curr. Opin. Lipidol. 5:1994;87-93.
18. Hodges P., Scott J. Apolipoprotein B mRNA editing: A new tier for the control of gene expression. Trends Biochem. Sci. 17:1992;77-81.
19. Yeung S.C.J., Chan L. Hepatic apolipoprotein B biogenesis: An update. Trends Cardiovasc. Med. 8:1998;8-14.
20. Chan L., Chang B.H.J., Nakamuta M., Li W.H., Smith L.C. Apobec-1 and apolipoprotein B mRNA editing. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1345:1997;11-26.
21. Chan L. Apolipoprotein B messenger RNA editing: An update. Biochimie. 77:1995;75-78.
22. Hussain M.M., Kancha R.K., Zhou Z., Luchoomun J., Zu H., Bakillah A. Chylomicron assembly and catabolism: role of apolipoproteins and receptors. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1300:1996;151-170.
23. Davidson N.O., Magun A.M., Brasitus T.A., Glickman R.M. Intestinal apolipoprotein A-I and B-48 metabolism: effects of sustained alterations in dietary triglyceride and mucosal cholesterol flux. J. Lipid Res. 28:1987;388-402.
24. Hayashi H., Fujimoto K., Cardelli J.A., Nutting D.F., Bergstedt S., Tso P. Fat feeding increases size, but not number, of chylomicrons produced by small intestine. Am. J. Physiol. 259:1990;G709-G719.
25. Sorci-Thomas M., Wilson M.D., Johnson F.L., Williams D.L., Rudel L.L. Studies on the expression of genes encoding apolipoproteins B100 and B48 and the low density lipoprotein receptor in nonhuman primates. J. Biol. Chem. 264:1989;9039-9045.
26. Fraser R., Cliff W.J., Courtice F.C. The effect of dietary fat load on the size and composition of chylomicrons in thoracic duct lymph. Q. J. Exp. Physiol. 53:1968;390-398.
27. Luchoomun J., Hussain M.M. Assembly and secretion of chylomicrons by differentiated Caco-2 cells: Nascent triglycerides and preformed phospholipids are preferentially used for lipoprotein assembly. J. Biol. Chem. 274:1999;19565-19572.
28. Cartwright I.J., Higgins J.A. Isolated rabbit enterocytes as a model cell system for investigations of chylomicron assembly and secretion. J. Lipid Res. 40:1999;1357-1365.
29. Luchoomun J., Zhou Z., Bakillah A., Jamil H., Hussain M.M. Assembly and secretion of VLDL in nondifferentiated Caco-2 cells stably transfected with human recombinant apolipoprotein B48 cDNA. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 17:1997;2955-2963.
30. Farese R.V. Jr., Veniant M.M., Cham C.M. et al. Phenotypic analysis of mice expressing exclusively apolipoprotein B48 or apolipoprotein B100. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 93:1996;6393-6398.
31. Yao Z., Blackhart B.D., Johnson D.F., Taylor S.M., Haubold K.W., McCarthy B.J. Elimination of apolipoprotein B48 formation in rat hepatoma cell lines transfected with mutant human apolipoprotein B cDNA constructs. J. Biol. Chem. 267:1992;1175-1182.
32. Hussain M.M., Zanni E.E., Kelly M., Zannis V.I. Synthesis, modification, and flotation properties of rat hepatocytes apolipoproteins. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1001:1989;90-101.
33. Hussain M.M., Zhao Y., Kancha R.K., Blackhart B.D., Yao Z. Characterization of recombinant human apoB-48-containing lipoproteins in rat hepatoma McA-RH7777 cells transfected with apoB48 cDNA: Overexpression of apoB-48 decreases synthesis of endogenous apoB-100. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 15:1995;485-494.
34. Borén J., Rustaeus S., Olofsson S.O. Studies on the assembly of apolipoprotein B-100- and B-48-containing very low density lipoproteins in McA-RH7777 cells. J. Biol. Chem. 269:1994;25879-25888.
35. Levy E, Roy CC. Developmental aspects of intestinal lipoprotein synthesis and secretion, In: Lebenthal E, editor. Human Gastrointestinal Development. New York, Raven Press, 1989, pp. 491-502.
36. Bisgaier C.L., Glickman R.M. Intestinal synthesis, secretion, and transport of lipoproteins. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 45:1983;625-636.
37. Small D.M. The effects of glyceride structure on absorption and metabolism. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 11:1991;413-434.
38. Johnston JM. Gastrointestinal Tissue. In: Snyder F, editor. Lipid Metabolism in Mammals. New York and London, Plenum Press, 1977, pp. 151-187.
39. Carey M.C., Small D.M., Bliss C.M. Lipid digestion and absorption. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 45:1983;651-677.
40. Tso P., Balint J.A. Formation and transport of chylomicrons by enterocytes to the lymphatics. Am. J. Physiol. 250:1986;G715-G726.
41. Yokoyama A., Zilversmit D.B. Particle size and composition of dog lymph chylomicrons. J. Lipid Res. 6:1965;241-246.
42. Redgrave T.G., Dunne K.B. Chylomicron formation and composition in unanaesthetised rabbits. Atherosclerosis. 22:1975;389-400.
43. Whyte M., Karmen A., Goodman D.S. Fatty acid esterification and chylomicron formation during fat absorption: 2. Phospholipids. J. Lipid Res. 4:1963;322-329.
44. Parks J.S., Atkinson D., Small D.M., Rudel L.L. Physical characterization of lymph chylomicrons and very low density lipoproteins from nonhuman primates fed saturated dietary fat. J. Biol. Chem. 256:1981;12992-12999.
45. Redgrave T.G., Kodali D.R., Small D.M. The effect of triacyl-sn-glycerol structure on the metabolism of chylomicrons and triacylglycerol-rich emulsions in the rat [published erratum appears in J Biol Chem Aug 15;263(23): 11607]. J. Biol. Chem. 1988:1988;5118-5123.
46. Mansbach C.M., Parthasarathy S. A re-examination of the fate of glyceride-glycerol in neutral lipid absorption and transport. J. Lipid Res. 23:1982;1009-1019.
47. Mansbach C.M., Nevin P. Intracellular movement of triacylglycerols in the intestine. J. Lipid Res. 39:1998;963-968.
48. Van Greevenbroek M.M.J., vanMeer G., Erkelens D.W., De Bruin T.W.A. Effects of saturated, mono-, and polyunsaturated fatty acids on the secretion of apo B containing lipoproteins by Caco-2 cells. Atherosclerosis. 121:1996;139-150.
49. Bochenek W.J., Rodgers J.B. Effect of polyol detergents on cholesterol and triglyceride absorption. Hypolipidemic action of chronic administration of hydrophobic detergent. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 489:1977;503-506.
50. Tso P., Balint J.A., Rodgers J.B. Effect of hydrophobic surfactant (Pluronic L-81) on lymphatic lipid transport in the rat. Am. J. Physiol. 239:1980;G348-G353.
51. Tso P., Balint J.A., Bishop M.B., Rodgers J.B. Acute inhibition of intestinal lipid transport by Pluronic L-81 in the rat. Am. J. Physiol. 241:1981;G487-G497.
52. Kane JP, Havel RJ. Disorders of the biogenesis and secretion of lipoproteins containing the B apolipoproteins. In: Scriver CR, Beaudet AL, Sly WS, Valle D, editors. The metabolic and molecular bases of inherited disorders. New York, McGRaw-Hill, 1995, pp. 1853-1885.
53. Gordon D.A. Recent advances in elucidating the role of the microsomal triglyceride transfer protein in apolipoprotein B lipoprotein assembly. Curr. Opin. Lipidol. 8:1997;131-137.
54. Wetterau J.R., Lin M.C.M., Jamil H. Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1345:1997;136-150.
55. Gordon D.A., Wetterau J.R., Gregg R.E. Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein: A protein complex required for the assembly of lipoprotein particles. Trends Cell. Biol. 5:1995;317-321.
56. Gregg R.E., Wetterau J.R. The molecular basis of abetalipoproteinemia. Curr. Opin. Lipidol. 5:1994;81-86.
57. Sharp D., Blinderman L., Combs K.A. et al. Cloning and gene defects in microsomal triglyceride transfer protein associated with abetalipoproteinemia. Nature. 365:1993;65-69.
58. Wetterau J.R., Aggerbeck L.P., Bouma M.-E., Eisenberg C., Munck A., Hermier M., Schmitz J., Gay G., Rader D.J., Gregg R.E. Absence of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein in individuals with abetalipoproteinemia. Science. 258:1992;999-1001.
59. Wetterau J.R., Combs K.A., McLean L.R., Spinner S.N., Aggerbeck L.P. Protein disulfide isomerase appears necessary to maintain the catalytically active structure of the microsomal triglyceride transfer protein. Biochemistry. 30:1991;9728-9735.
60. Wetterau J.R., Combs K.A., Spinner S.N., Joiner B.J. Protein disulfide isomerase is a component of the microsomal triglyceride transfer protein complex. J. Biol. Chem. 265:1990;9800-9807.
61. Gordon D.A., Jamil H., Sharp D., Mullaney D., Yao Z., Gregg R.E., Wetterau J. Secretion of apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins from HeLa cells is dependent on expression of the microsomal triglyceride transfer protein and is regulated by lipid availability. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 91:1994;7628-7632.
62. Leiper J.M., Bayliss J.D., Pease R.J., Brett D.J., Scott J., Shoulders C.C. Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein, the abetalipoproteinemia gene product, mediates the secretion of apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins from heterologous cells. J. Biol. Chem. 269:1994;21951-21954.
63. Gretch D.G., Sturley S.L., Wang L., Lipton B.A., Dunning A., Grunwald K.A.A., Wetterau J.R., Yao Z., Talmud P., Attie A.D. The amino terminus of apolipoprotein B is necessary but not sufficient for microsomal triglyceride transfer protein responsiveness. J. Biol. Chem. 271:1996;8682-8691.
64. Wang S., McLeod R.S., Gordon D.A., Yao Z. The microsomal triglyceride transfer protein facilitates assembly and secretion of apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins and decreases cotranslational degradation of apolipoprotein B in transfected COS-7 cells. J. Biol. Chem. 271:1996;14124-14133.
65. Patel S.B., Grundy S.M. Interactions between microsomal triglyceride transfer protein and apolipoprotein B within the endoplasmic reticulum in a heterologous system. J. Biol. Chem. 271:1996;18686-18694.
66. Haghpassand M., Wilder D., Moberly J.B. Inhibition of apolipoprotein B and triglyceride secretion in human hepatoma cells (HepG2). J. Lipid Res. 37:1996;1468-1480.
67. Jamil H., Gordon D.A., Eustice D.C. et al. An inhibitor of the microsomal triglyceride transfer protein inhibits apoB secretion from HepG2 cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 93:1996;11991-11995.
68. Benoist F., Nicodeme E., Grand-Perret T. Microsomal triacylglycerol transfer protein prevents presecretory degradation of apolipoprotein B-100-A dithiothreitol-sensitive protease is involved. Eur. J. Biochem. 240:1996;713-720.
69. Van Greevenbroek M.M.J., Robertus-Teunissen M.G., Erkelens D.W., De Bruin T.W.A. Participation of the microsomal triglyceride transfer protein in lipoprotein assembly in Caco-2 cells: interaction with saturated and unsaturated dietary fatty acids. J. Lipid Res. 39:1998;173-185.
70. Wu X.J., Zhou M.Y., Huang L.S., Wetterau J., Ginsberg H.N. Demonstration of a physical interaction between microsomal triglyceride transfer protein and apolipoprotein B during the assembly of ApoB-containing lipoproteins. J. Biol. Chem. 271:1996;10277-10281.
71. Hussain M.M., Bakillah A., Jamil H. Apolipoprotein B binding to microsomal triglyceride transfer protein decreases with increases in length and lipidation: implications in lipoprotein biosynthesis. Biochemistry. 36:1997;13060-13067.
72. Bakillah A., Jamil H., Hussain M.M. Lysine and arginine residues in the N-terminal 18% of apolipoprotein B are critical for its binding to microsomal triglyceride transfer protein. Biochemistry. 37:1998;3727-3734.
73. Hussain M.M., Bakillah A., Nayak N., Shelness G.S. Amino acids 430-570 in apolipoprotein B are critical for its binding to microsomal triglyceride transfer protein. J. Biol. Chem. 273:1998;25612-25615.
74. Bradbury P., Mann C.J., Köchl S. et al. A common binding site on the microsomal triglyceride transfer protein for apolipoprotein B and protein disulfide isomerase. J. Biol. Chem. 274:1999;3159-3164.
75. Mann C.J., Anderson T.A., Read J. et al. The structure of vitellogenin provides a molecular model for the assembly and secretion of atherogenic lipoproteins. J. Mol. Biol. 285:1999;391-408.
76. Anderson C.M., Townley R.R., Freeman J.P. Unusual causes of steatorrhea in infancy and childhood. Med. J. Aust. 11:1961;617-621.
77. Bouma M.E., Infante R., Jos J., Schmitz J. Chylomicron retention disease. Gastroenterology. 94:1988;554-556.
78. Levy E., Marcel Y., Deckelbaum R.J., Milne R., Lepage G., Seidman E., Bendayan M., Roy C.C. Intestinal apoB synthesis, lipids, and lipoproteins in chylomicron retention disease [published erratum appears in J Lipid Res Jan;29(1):119]. J. Lipid Res. 28:1988;1263-1274.
79. Roy C.C., Levy E., Green P.H.R. et al. Malabsorption, hypocholesterolemia, and fat-filled enterocytes with increased intestinal apoprotein B: Chylomicron retention disease. Gastroenterology. 92:1987;390-399.
80. Bouma M.E., Beucler I., Aggerbeck L.P., Infante R., Schmitz J. Hypobetalipoproteinemia with accumulation of an apoprotein B-like protein in intestinal cells: Immunoenzymatic and biochemical characterization of seven cases of Anderson's disease. J. Clin. Invest. 78:1986;398-410.
81. Pessah M., Benlian P., Beucler I., Loux N., Schmitz J., Junien C., Infante R. Anderson's disease: Genetic exclusion of the apolipoprotein-B gene in two families. J. Clin. Invest. 87:1991;367-370.
82. Strich D., Goldstein R., Phillips A., Shemer R., Goldberg Y., Razin A., Freier S. Anderson's disease: No linkage to the apo B locus. J. Pediat. Gasteroenterol. Nutr. 16:1993;257-264.
83. Nemeth A., Myrdal U., Veress B., Rudling M., Berglund L., Angelin B. Studies on lipoprotein metabolism in a family with jejunal chylomicron retention. Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 25:1995;271-280.
84. Patel S., Pessah M., Beucler I., Navarro J., Infante R. Chylomicron retention disease: Exclusion of apolipoprotein B gene defects and detection of mRNA editing in an affected family. Atherosclerosis. 108:1994;201-207.
85. Young S.G., Cham C.M., Pitas R.E., Burri B.J., Connolly A., Flynn L., Pappu A.S., Wong J.S., Hamilton R.L., Farese R.V.J.r. A genetic model for absent chylomicron formation: Mice producing apolipoprotein B in the liver, but not in the intestine. J. Clin. Invest. 96:1995;2932-2946.
86. Hughes T.E., Sasak W.V., Ordovas J.M., Forte T.M., Lamon-Fava S., Schaefer E.J. A novel cell line (Caco-2) for the study of intestinal lipoprotein synthesis. J. Biol. Chem. 262:1987;3762-3767.
87. Hughes T.E., Ordovas J.M., Schaefer E.J. Regulation of intestinal apolipoprotein B synthesis and secretion by Caco-2 cells: Lack of fatty acid effects and control by intracellular calcium ion. J. Biol. Chem. 263:1988;3425-3431.
88. Traber M.G., Kayden H.J., Rindler M.J. Polarized secretion of newly synthesized lipoproteins by the Caco-2 human intestinal cell line. J. Lipid Res. 28:1987;1350-1363.
89. Dashti N. Synthesis and secretion of nascent lipoprotein particles. Prog. Lipid Res. 30:1991;219-230.
90. Field F.J., Mathur S.N. Intestinal lipoprotein synthesis and secretion. Prog. Lipid Res. 34:1995;185-198.
91. Levy E., Mehran M., Seidman E. Caco-2 cells as a model for intestinal lipoprotein synthesis and secretion. FASEB. J. 9:1995;626-635.
92. Hillgren K.M., Kato A., Borchardt R.T. In vitro systems for studying intestinal drug absorption. Med. Res. Rev. 15:1995;83-109.
93. Van Greevenbroek M.M.J., De Bruin T.W.A. Chylomicron synthesis by intestinal cells in vitro and in vivo. Atherosclerosis. 141 Suppl. 1:1998;S9-S16.
94. Ranheim T., Gedde-Dahl A., Rustan A.C., Drevon C.A. Fatty acid uptake and metabolism in CaCo-2 cells: Eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5(n-3)) and oleic acid (18:1(n-9)) presented in association with micelles or albumin. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1212:1994;295-304.
95. Levin M.S., Talkad V.D., Gordon J.I., Stenson W.F. Trafficking of exogenous fatty acids within Caco-2 cells. J. Lipid Res. 33:1992;9-19.
96. Trotter P.J., Storch J. Fatty acid uptake and metabolism in a human intestinal cell line (Caco-2): comparison of apical and basolateral incubation. J. Lipid Res. 32:1991;293-304.
97. Gedde-Dahl A., Ranheim T., Drevon C.A., Skrede S., Berge R.K., Rustan A.C. Tetradecylthioacetic acid (a 3-thia fatty acid) decreases triacylglycerol secretion in CaCo-2 cells. J. Lipid Res. 36:1995;535-543.
98. Gedde-Dahl A., Bakillah A., Hussain M.M., Rustan A.C. Tetradecylthioacetic acid (a 3-thia fatty acid) impairs secretion of oleic-acid induced triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins in CaCo-2 cells. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1438:1999;73-84.
99. Van Greevenbroek M.M.J., Robertus-Teunissen M.G., Erkelens D.W., De Bruin T.W.A. Lipoprotein secretion by intestinal Caco-2 cells is affected differently by trans and cis unsaturated fatty acids: effect of carbon chain length and position of the double bond. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 68:1998;561-567.
100. Field F.J., Albright E., Mathur S.N. Regulation of triglyceride-rich lipoprotein secretion by fatty acids in Caco-2 cells. J. Lipid Res. 29:1988;1427-1437.
101. Moberly J.B., Cole T.G., Schonfeld G. Oleic acid stimulation of apolipoprotein B secretion from HepG2 and Caco-2 cells occurs post-transcriptionally. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1042:1990;70-80.
102. Cartwright I.J., Higgins J.A. Molecular and intracellular events in the assembly and secretion of chylomicrons by enterocytes. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 26:1998;211-216.
103. Innerarity T.L., Borén J., Yamanaka S., Olofsson S.O. Biosynthesis of apolipoprotein B48-containing lipoproteins: Regulation by novel post-transcriptional mechanisms. J. Biol. Chem. 271:1996;2353-2356.
104. Borén J., White A., Wettesten M., Scott J., Graham L., Olofsson S.O. The molecular mechanism for the assembly and secretion of apoB100-containing lipoproteins. Prog. Lipid Res. 30:1991;205-218.
105. Olofsson S.O., Bjursell G., Bostrom K., Carlsson P., Elovson J., Protter A.A., Reuben M.A., Bondjers G. Apolipoprotein B: structure, biosynthesis and role in the lipoprotein assembly process. Atherosclerosis. 68:1987;1-17.
106. Davis RA. Lipoprotein structure and secretion. In: Vance DE, Vance J editors. Biochemistry of lipids, lipoproteins and membranes. New York, Elsevier Science Publishers, 1991, pp. 403-426.
107. Davis R.A. The endoplasmic reticulum is the site of lipoprotein assembly and regulation of secretion. Sub-Cell. Biochem. 21:1993;169-187.
108. Atkinson D., Small D.M. Recombinant lipoproteins: implications for structure and assembly of native lipoproteins. Ann. Rev. Biophys. Biophys. Chem. 15:1986;403-456.
109. Ginsberg H.N. Role of lipid synthesis, chaperone proteins and proteasomes in the assembly and secretion of apoprotein B-containing lipoproteins from cultured liver cells. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 24:1997;A29-A32.
110. Dixon J.L., Ginsberg H.N. Regulation of hepatic secretion of apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins: information obtained from cultured liver cells. J. Lipid Res. 34:1993;167-179.
111. Hamilton RL, Erickson SK, Havel RJ. Nascent VLDL assembly occurs in two steps in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of hepatocytes. In: Woodford FP, Davignon J, Sniderman A, editors. Atherosclerosis X. Elsevier Science, 1995, pp. 414-418.
112. Yao Z., Tran K., McLeod R.S. Intracellular degradation of newly synthesized apolipoprotein B. J. Lipid Res. 38:1997;1937-1953.
113. Yao Z., McLeod R.S. Synthesis and secretion of hepatic apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1212:1994;152-166.
114. Gibbons G.F. Assembly and secretion of hepatic very-low-density lipoprotein. Biochem. J. 268:1990;1-13.
115. Vance J.E., Vance D.E. Lipoprotein assembly and secretion by hepatocytes. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 10:1990;337-356.
116. Schumaker V.N., Phillips M.L., Chatterton J.E. Apolipoprotein B and low-density lipoprotein structure: implications for biosynthesis of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. Adv. Prot. Chem. 45:1994;205-248.
117. Tam S.-P. Effects of gemfibrozil and ketoconazole on human apolipoprotein AI, B and E levels in two hepatoma cell lines, HepG2 and Hep3B. Atherosclerosis. 91:1991;51-61.
118. Knott T.J., Pease R.J., Powell L.M. et al. Complete protein sequence and identification of structural domains of human apolipoprotein B. Nature. 323:1986;734-738.
119. Shelness G.S., Ingram M.F., Huang X.F., DeLozier J.A. Apolipoprotein B in the rough endoplasmic reticulum: translation, translocation and the initiation of lipoprotein assembly. J. Nutr. 129:1999;456S-462S.
120. Javitt N.B. Hep G2 cells as a resource for metabolic studies: lipoprotein, cholesterol, and bile acids. FASEB. J. 4:1990;161-168.
121. Cartwright I.J., Hebbachi A.M., Higgins J.A. Transit and sorting of apolipoprotein-B within the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi compartments of isolated hepatocytes from normal and orotic acid-fed rats. J. Biol. Chem. 268:1993;20937-20952.
122. Sparks J.D., Sparks C.E. Insulin regulation of triacylglycerol-rich lipoprotein synthesis and secretion. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1215:1994;9-32.
123. Davis R.A., Thrift R.N., Wu C.C., Howell K.E. Apolipoprotein B is both integrated into and translocated across the endoplasmic reticulum: Evidence for two functionally distinct pools. J. Biol. Chem. 265:1990;10005-10011.
124. Du E.Z., Kurth J., Wang S.-L., Humiston P., Davis R.A. Proteolysis-coupled secretion of the N terminus of apolipoprotein B: characterization of a transient, translocation arrested intermediate. J. Biol. Chem. 269:1994;24169-24176.
125. Hoeg J.M., Meng M.S., Ronan R., Fairwell T., Brewer H.B.J.r. Human apolipoprotein A-I. Post-translational modification by fatty acid acylation. J. Biol. Chem. 261:1986;3911-3914.
126. Rapoport T.A. Transport of proteins across the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Science. 258:1992;931-936.
127. Bostrom K., Wettesten M., Borén J., Bondjers G., Wiklund O., Olofsson S.O. Pulse-chase studies of the synthesis and intracellular transport of apolipoprotein B-100 in Hep G2 cells. J. Biol. Chem. 261:1986;13800-13806.
128. Borén J., Graham L., Wettesten M., Scott J., White A., Olofsson S.O. The assembly and secretion of apoB100-containing lipoproteins in Hep G2 cells: ApoB 100 is cotranslationally integrated into lipoproteins. J. Biol. Chem. 267:1992;9858-9867.
129. Spring D.J., Chen-Liu L.W., Chatterton J.E., Elovson J., Schumaker V.N. Lipoprotein Assembly: apolipoprotein B size determines lipoprotein core circumference. J. Biol. Chem. 267:1992;14839-14845.
130. Mahley R.W., Bennett B.D., Morre D.J., Gray M.E., Thistlethwaite W., LeQuire V.S. Lipoproteins associated with the Golgi apparatus isolated from epithelial cells of rat small intestine. Lab. Invest. 25:1971;435-444.
131. Fisher E.A., Zhou M.Y., Mitchell D.M., Wu X.J., Omura S., Wang H., Goldberg A.L., Ginsberg H.N. The degradation of apolipoprotein B100 is mediated by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway and involves heat shock protein 70. J. Biol. Chem. 272:1997;20427-20434.
132. Wu X.J., Sakata N., Lele K.M., Zhou M.Y., Jiang H.S., Ginsberg H.N. A two-site model for ApoB degradation in HepG2 cells. J. Biol. Chem. 272:1997;11575-11580.
133. Davidson N.O., Drewek M.J., Gordon J.I., Elovson J. Rat intestinal apolipoprotein B gene expression: Evidence for integrated regulation by bile salt, fatty acid, and phospholipid flux. J. Clin. Invest. 82:1988;300-308.
134. Baum C.L., Teng B., Davidson N.O. Apolipoprotein B messenger RNA editing in the rat liver: Modulation by fasting and refeeding a high carbohydrate diet. J. Biol. Chem. 265:1990;19263-19270.
135. Yao Z., Blackhart B.D., Linton M.F., Taylor S.M., Young S.G., McCarthy B.J. Expression of carboxyl-terminally truncated forms of human apolipoprotein B in rat hepatoma cells: Evidence that the length of apolipoprotein B has a major effect on the buoyant density of the secreted lipoproteins. J. Biol. Chem. 266:1991;3300-3308.
136. Graham D.L., Knott T.J., Jones T.C., Pease R.J., Pullinger C.R., Scott J. Carboxyl-terminal truncation of apolipoprotein B results in gradual loss of the ability to form buoyant lipoproteins in cultured human and rat liver cell lines. Biochemistry. 30:1991;5616-5621.
137. McLeod R.S., Zhao Y., Selby S.L., Westerlund J., Yao Z. Carboxyl-terminal truncation impairs lipid recruitment by apolipoprotein-B100 but does not affect secretion of the truncated apolipoprotein-B-containing lipoproteins. J. Biol. Chem. 269:1994;2852-2862.
138. Dashti N., Smith E.A., Alaupovic P. Increased production of apolipoprotein B and its lipoproteins by oleic acid in Caco-2 cells. J. Lipid Res. 31:1990;113-123.
139. Magun A.M., Brasitus T.A., Glickman R.M. Isolation of high density lipoproteins from rat intestinal epithelial cells. J. Clin. Invest. 75:1985;209-218.
140. Yao Z., Vance D.E. The active synthesis of phosphatidylcholine is required for very low density lipoprotein secretion from rat hepatocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 263:1988;2998-3004.
141. Rusiñol A.E., Jamil H., Vance J.E. In vitro reconstitution of assembly of apolipoprotein B48-containing lipoproteins. J. Biol. Chem. 272:1997;8019-8025.
142. Pease R.J., Harrison G.B., Scott J. Cotranslational insertion of apolipoprotein B into the inner leaflet of the endoplasmic reticulum. Nature. 3536:1991;448-450.
143. Tso P., Fujimoto K. The absorption and transport of lipids by the small intestine. Brain Res. Bull. 27:1991;477-482.
144. Christensen N.J., Rubin C.E., Cheung M.C., Albers J.J. Ultrastructural immunolocalization of apolipoprotein B within human jejunal absorptive cells. J. Lipid Res. 24:1983;1229-1242.
145. Sabesin S.M., Frase S. Electron microscopic studies of the assembly, intracellular transport, and secretion of chylomicrons by rat intestine. J. Lipid Res. 18:1977;496-511.
146. Swift L.L., Soule P.D., Gray M.E., LeQuire V.S. Intestinal lipoprotein synthesis. Comparison of nascent Golgi lipoproteins from chow-fed and hypercholesterolemic rats. J. Lipid Res. 25:1984;1-13.
147. Alexander C.A., Hamilton R.L., Havel R.J. Subcellular localization of B apoprotein of plasma lipoproteins in rat liver. J. Cell. Biol. 69:1976;241-263.
148. Hamilton R.L., Wong J.S., Cham C.M., Nielsen L.B., Young S.G. Chylomicron-sized lipid particles are formed in the setting of apolipoprotein B deficiency. J. Lipid Res. 39:1998;1543-1557.
149. Mak K.M., Trier J.S. Liporotein particles in the jejunal mucosa of fetal rats. Devel. Biol. 43:1975;204-211.
150. Wiggins D., Gibbons G.F. The lipolysis/esterification cycle of hepatic triacylglycerol. Its role in the secretion of very-low-density lipoprotein and its response to hormones and sulphonylureas. Biochem. J. 284:1992;457-462.
151. Gibbons G.F., Wiggins D. The enzymology of hepatic very-low-density lipoprotein assembly. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 23:1995;495-500.
152. Lankester D.L., Brown A.M., Zammit V.A. Use of cytosolic triacylglycerol hydrolysis products and of exogenous fatty acid for the synthesis of triacylglycerol secreted by cultured rat hepatocytes. J. Lipid Res. 39:1998;1889-1895.
153. Raabe M., Véniant M.M., Sullivan M.A., Zlot C.H., Björkegren J., Nielsen L.B., Wong J.S., Hamilton R.L., Young S.G. Analysis of the role of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein in the liver of tissue-specific knockout mice. J. Clin. Invest. 103:1999;1287-1298.
154. Murphy D.J., Vance J. Mechanisms of lipid body formation. Trends Biochem. Sci. 24:1999;109-115.
155. Londos C., Brasaemle D.L., Schultz C.J., Segrest J.P., Kimmel A.R. Perilipins, ADRP, and other proteins that associate with intracellular neutral lipid droplets in animal cells. Cell. Devel. Biol. 10:1999;51-58.
156. Reger J.F., Frase S., Tso P. Fine structure observations on rat jejunal epithelial cells during fat processing and resorption following L-81 exposure and reversal. J. Submicr. Cytol. Pathol. 21:1989;399-408.
157. Zilversmit D.B., Sisco P.H. Jr., Yokoyama A. Size distribution of thoracic duct lymph chylomicrons from rats fed cream and corn oil. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 125:1966;129-135.
158. Kumar N.S., Mansbach C.M. Determinants of triacylglycerol transport from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi in intestine. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 273:1997;G18-G30.
159. Kumar N.S., Mansbach C.M. Prechylomicron transport vesicle: isolation and partial characterization. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 276:1999;G378-G386.