Surfactant protein A and surfactant protein D in health and disease

American Journal of Physiology - Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology

Volumn 275, Issue 1 19-1, 1998, Pages

  Mason, Robert J ^a,b   Greene, Kelly ^a,b   Voelker, Dennis R ^a,b  

^a NATIONAL JEWISH MEDICAL AND RESEARCH CENTER   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

Author keywords

Alveolar type II cells; Collectins; Host defense; Lung injury

Indexed keywords

PROTEIN A; SURFACTANT;

DIAGNOSTIC VALUE; HOST RESISTANCE; HUMAN; LUNG ALVEOLUS CELL TYPE 2; LUNG ALVEOLUS SURFACE TENSION; LUNG INJURY; NONHUMAN; PHOSPHOLIPID METABOLISM; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN ANALYSIS; REVIEW;

EID: 0031868360     PISSN: 10400605     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.1998.275.1.l1     Document Type: Review

References (111)

1. Baughman, R. P., R. I. Sternberg, W. Hull, J. A. Bruchsbaum, and J. A. Whitsett. Decreased surfactant protein A in patients with bacterial pneumonia. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 147: 653-657, 1993.
2. Benne, C. A., C. A. Kraaijeveld, J. A. G. van Strijp, E. Brouwer, M. Harmsen, J. Verhoef, L. M. G. van Golde, and J. F. van Iwaarden. Interactions of surfactant protein A with influenza A viruses: binding and neutralization. J. Infect. Dis. 171: 335-341, 1995.
3. Brown-Augsburger, P., K. Hartshorn, D. Chang, K. Rust, C. Fliszar, H. G. Welgus, and E. C. Crouch. Site-directed mutagenesis of Cys-15 and Cys-20 of pulmonary surfactant protein D. Expression of a trimeric protein with altered antiviral properties. J. Biol. Chem. 271: 13724-13730, 1996.
4. Chroneos, Z. C., R. Abdolrasulnia, J. A. Whitsett, W. R. Rice, and V. L. Shepherd. Purification of a cell-surface receptor for surfactant protein A. J. Biol. Chem. 271: 16375-16383, 1996.
5. Cockshutt, A. M., J. Weitz, and F. Possmayer. Pulmonary surfactant-associated protein A enhances the surface activity of lipid extract surfactant and reverses inhibition by blood proteins in vitro. Biochemistry 29: 8424-8429, 1990.
6. Crouch, E., D. Parghi, S.-F. Kuan, and A. Persson. Surfactant protein D: subcellular localization in nonciliated bronchiolar epithelial cells. Am. J. Physiol. 263 (Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. 7): L60-L66, 1992.
7. Crouch, E., A. Persson, D. Chang, and J. Heuser. Molecular structure of pulmonary surfactant protein D (SP-D). J. Biol. Chem. 269: 17311-17319, 1994.
8. Dobbs, L. G., J. R. Wright, S. Hawgood, R. Gonzalez, K. Venstrom, and J. Nellenbogen. Pulmonary surfactant and its components inhibit secretion of phosphatidylcholine from cultured rat alveolar type II cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84: 1010-1014, 1987.
9. Downing, J. F., R. Pasula, J. R. Wright, H. L. Twigg, and W. J. Martin. Surfactant protein A promotes attachment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to alveolar macrophages during infection with human immunodeficiency virus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92: 4848-4852, 1995.
10. Doyle, I. R., T. E. Nicholas, and A. D. Bersten. Serum surfactant protein-A levels in patients with acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema and adult respiratory distress syndrome. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 152: 307-317, 1995.
11. Drickamer, K., M. S. Dordal, and L. Reynolds. Mannose-binding proteins isolated from rat liver contain carbohydrate-recognition domains linked to collagenous tails. Complete primary structures and homology with pulmonary surfactant apoprotein. J. Biol. Chem. 261: 6878-6887, 1986.
12. Eda, S., Y. Suzuki, T. Kawai, K. Ohtani, T. Kase, Y. Fujinaga, T. Sakamoto, T. Kurimura, and N. Wakamiya. Structure of a truncated human surfactant protein D is less effective in agglutinating bacteria than the native structure and fails to inhibit haemagglutination by influenza A virus. Biochem. J. 323: 393-399, 1997.
13. Elhalwagi, B. M., M. Damodarasamy, and F. X. McCormack. Alternate amino terminal processing of surfactant protein A results in cysteinyl isoforms required for multimer formation. Biochemistry 36: 7018-7025, 1997.
14. 2 by surfactant protein A. Am. J. Physiol. 267 (Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. 11): L335-L341, 1994.
15. Gaynor, C. D., F. X. McCormack, D. R. Voelker, S. E. McGowan, and L. S. Schlesinger. Pulmonary surfactant protein A mediates enhanced phagocytosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by a direct interaction with human macrophages. J. Immunol. 155: 5343-5351, 1995.
16. Greene, K. E., B. L. Bucher-Bartelson, T. Akino, Y. Kuroki, H. Nagae, T. E. King, G. W. Hunninghake, L. S. Newman, P. E. Parsons, and R. J. Mason. Serum SP-A and SP-D levels are elevated in patients with IPF (Abstract). Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 155: A216, 1997.
17. Gregory, T. J., W. J. Longmore, M. A. Moxley, J. A. Whitsett, C. R. Reed, A. A. Fowler III, L. D. Hudson, R. J. Maunder, C. Crim, and T. M. Hyers. Surfactant chemical composition and biophysical activity in acute respiratory distress syndrome. J, Clin. Invest. 88: 1976-1981, 1991.
18. Guay, L. A., J. G. Sierra-Madero, C. K. Finegan, and E. A. Rich. Mediation of entry of human immunodeficiency virus-1 into alveolar macrophages by CD4 without facilitation by surfactant-associated protein-A. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 16: 421-428, 1997.
19. Haagsman, H. P. Surfactant proteins A and D. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 22: 100-106, 1993.
20. Hamm, H., J. Lührs, J. Guzman y Rotaeche, U. Costable, H. Fabel, and W. Bartsch. Elevated surfactant protein A in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids from sarcoidosis and hypersensitivity pneumonitis patients. Chest 106: 1766-1170, 1994.
21. Hartshorn, K., D. Chang, K. Rust, M. White, J. Heuser, and E. Crouch. Interactions of recombinant human pulmonary surfactant protein D and SP-D multimers with influenza A. Am. J. Physiol. 271 (Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. 15): L753-L762, 1996.
22. Hartshorn, K. L., E. C. Crouch, M. R. White, P. Eggleton, A. I. Tauber, D. Chang, and K. Sastry. Evidence for a protective role of pulmonary surfactant protein D (SP-D) against influenza A viruses. J. Clin. Invest. 94: 311-319, 1994.
23. Holmskov, U., P. Lawson, B. Teisner, I. Tornøe, A. C. Willis, C. Morgan, C. Koch, and K. B. M. Reid. Isolation and characterization of a new member of the scavenger receptor superfamily, glycoprotein-340 (gp-340), as a lung surfactant protein-D binding molecule. J. Biol. Chem. 272: 13743-13749, 1997.
24. Honda, Y., Y. Kuroki, E. Matsuura, H. Nagae, T. Akino, and S. Abe. Pulmonary surfactant protein D in sera and bronchoalveolar lavage fluids. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 152: 1860-1866, 1995.
25. Honma, T., Y. Kuroki, W. Tsunezawa, Y. Ogasawara, H. Sohma, D. R. Voelker, and T. Akino. The mannose binding protein A region of Glu 185-Ala 221 can functionally replace the surfactant protein A region of Glu 195-Phe 228 without loss of interaction with lipids and alveolar type II cells. Biochemistry 36: 7176-7184, 1997.
26. Ikegami, M., T. R. Korfhagen, M. D. Bruno, J. A. Whitsett, and A. H. Jobe. Surfactant metabolism in surfactant protein A-deficient mice. Am. J. Physiol. 272 (Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. 16): L479-L485, 1997.
27. Ikegami, M., T. R. Korfhagen, J. A. Whitsett, M. D. Bruno, and A. H. Jobe. Characteristics of surfactant from SP-A deficient mice (Abstract). Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 157: A561, 1998.
28. Inoue, T., E. Matsuura, A. Nagata, A. Ogasawara, A. Hattori, Y. Kuroki, S. Fujimoto, and T. Akino. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for human pulmonary surfactant protein D. J. Immunol. Methods 173: 157-164, 1994.
29. Johansson, J., T. Curstedt, and B. Robertson. The proteins of the surfactant system. Eur. Respir. J. 7: 372-391, 1994.
30. Kabha, K., J. Schmegner, Y. Keisari, H. Parolis, J. Schlepper-Schaefer, and I. Ofek. SP-A enhances phagocytosis of Klebsiella by interaction with capsular polysaccharides and alveolar macrophages. Am. J. Physiol. 272 (Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. 16): L344-L352, 1997.
31. Kalina, M., H. Blau, S. Riklis, and V. Kravtsov. Interaction of surfactant protein A with bacterial lipopolysaccharide may affect some biological functions. Am. J. Physiol. 268 (Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. 12): L144-L151, 1995.
32. Katsura, H., H. Kawada, and K. Konno. Rat surfactant apoprotein A (SP-A) exhibits antioxidant effects on alveolar macrophages. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 9: 520-525, 1992.
33. Katyal, S. L., G. Singh, and J. Locker. Characterization of a second human pulmonary surfactant-associated protein SP-A gene. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 6: 446-452, 1992.
34. Khoor, A., M. E. Gray, W. M. Hull, J. A. Whitsett, and M. T. Stahlman. Developmental expression of SP-A and SP-A mRNA in the proximal and distal respiratory epithelium in the human fetus and newborn. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 41: 1311-1319, 1993.
35. Korfhagen, T. R., M. D. Bruno, G. F. Ross, K. M. Huelsman, M. Ikegami, A. H. Jobe, S. E. Wert, B. E. Stripp, R. E. Morris, S. W. Glasser, C. J. Bachurski, H. S. Iwamoto, and J. A. Whitsett. Altered surfactant function and structure in SP-A gene target mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93: 9594-9599, 1996.
36. Kremlev, S. G., and D. S. Phelps. Surfactant protein A stimulation of inflammatory cytokine and immunoglobulin production. Am. J. Physiol. 267 (Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. 11): L712-L719, 1994.
37. Kremlev, S. G., T. M. Umstead, and D. S. Phelps. Surfactant protein A regulates cytokine production in the monocytic cell line THP-1. Am. J. Physiol. 272 (Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. 16): L996-L1004, 1997.
38. Kuan, S.-F., A. Persson, D. Parghi, and E. Crouch. Lectin-mediated interactions of surfactant protein D with alveolar macrophages. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 10: 430-436, 1994.
39. Kuan, S.-F., K. Rust, and E. Crouch. Interactions of surfactant protein D with bacterial lipopolysaccharides. Surfactant protein D is an Escherichia coli-binding protein in bronchoalveolar lavage. J. Clin. Invest. 90: 97-106, 1992.
40. Kuroki, Y., R. J. Mason, and D. R. Voelker. Alveolar type II cells express a high-affinity receptor for pulmonary surfactant protein A. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85: 5566-5570, 1988.
41. Kuroki, Y., R. J. Mason, and D. R. Voelker. Chemical modification of surfactant protein A alters high affinity binding to rat alveolar type II cells and regulation of phospholipid secretion. J. Biol. Chem. 263: 17596-17602, 1988.
42. Kuroki, Y., F. X. McCormack, Y. Ogasawara, R. J. Mason, and D. R. Voelker. Epitope mapping for monoclonal antibodies identifies functional domains of pulmonary surfactant protein A that interact with lipids. J. Biol. Chem. 269: 29793-29800, 1994.
43. Kuroki, Y., S. Tsutahara, N. Shijubo, H. Takahashi, M. Shiratori, A. Hattori, Y. Honda, S. Abe, and T. Akino. Elevated levels of lung surfactant protein A in sera from patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 147: 723-729, 1993.
44. Kuroki, Y., and D. R. Voelker. Pulmonary surfactant proteins. J. Biol. Chem. 269: 25943-25946, 1994.
45. LeVine, A. M., M. D. Bruno, K. M. Huelsman, G. F. Ross, J. A. Whitsett, and T. R. Korfhagen. Surfactant protein A-deficient mice are susceptible to group B streptococcal infection. J. Immunol. 158: 4336-4340, 1997.
46. Lim, B.-L., J.-Y. Wang, U. Holmskov, H.-J. Hoppe, and K. B. M. Reid. Expression of the carbohydrate recognition domain of lung surfactant protein D and demonstration of its binding to lipopolysaccharides of gram-negative bacteria. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 202: 1674-1680, 1994.
47. Lu, J., A. C. Willis, and K. B. Reid. Purification, characterization and cDNA cloning of human lung surfactant protein D. Biochem. J. 284: 795-802, 1992.
48. Madan, T., P. Eggleton, U. Kishore, P. Strong, S. S. Aggrawal, P. U. Sarma, and K. B. M. Reid. Binding of pulmonary surfactant proteins A and D to Aspergillus fumigatus conidia enhances phagocytosis and killing by human neutrophils and alveolar macrophages. Infect. Immun. 65: 3171-3179, 1997.
49. Malhotra, R., J. S. Haurum, S. Thiel, and R. B. Sim. Binding of human collectins (SP-A and MBP) to influenza virus. Biochem. J. 304: 455-461, 1994.
50. Manz-Keinke, H., H. Plattner, and J. Schlepper-Schäfer. Lung surfactant protein A (SP-A) enhances serum-independent phagocytosis of bacteria by alveolar macrophages. Eur. J. Cell Biol. 57: 95-100, 1992.
51. Martin, W. J., II, J. F. Downing, M. D. Williams, R. Pasula, H. L. Twigg III, and J. R. Wright. Role of surfactant protein A in the pathogenesis of tuberculosis in subjects with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Proc. Assoc. Am. Physicians 107: 340-345, 1995.
52. Mason, R. J., L. D. Nielsen, E. Matsuura, Y. Kuroki, Y. Ogasawara, and J. M. Shannon. Human surfactant protein D exists as a 50 kDa protein as well as the previously reported 43 kDa protein (Abstract). Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 151: A314, 1995.
53. McCormack, F. X., H. M. Calvert, P. A. Watson, D. L. Smith, R. J. Mason, and D. R. Voelker. The structure and function of surfactant protein A: hydroxyproline and carbohydrate-deficient mutant proteins. J. Biol. Chem. 269: 5833-5841, 1994.
54. McCormack, F. X., A. L. Festa, R. P. Andrews, M. Linke, and P. D. Walzer. The carbohydrate recognition domain of surfactant protein A mediates binding to the major surface glycoprotein of Pneumocystis carinii. Biochemistry 36: 8092-8022, 1997.
55. McCormack, F. X., T. E. King, Jr., B. L. Bucher, L. Nielsen, and R. J. Mason. Surfactant protein A predicts survival in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 152: 751-759, 1995.
56. McCormack, F. X., T. E. King, Jr., D. R. Voelker, P. C. Robinson, and R. J. Mason. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Abnormalities in the bronchoalveolar lavage content of surfactant protein A. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 144: 160-166, 1991.
57. 197 are essential for receptor binding, phospholipid aggregation, regulation of secretion, and the facilitated uptake of phospholipid by type II cells. J. Biol. Chem. 269: 29801-29807, 1994.
58. 6 intermolecular disulfide bond and the collagen-like region of rat SP-A play critical roles in interactions with alveolar type II cells and surfactant lipids. J. Biol. Chem. 272: 27971-27979, 1997.
59. McCormack, F. X., J. Stewart, D. R. Voelker, and M. Damodarasamy. Alanine mutagenesis of surfactant protein A reveals that lipid binding and pH-dependent liposome aggregation are mediated by the carbohydrate recognition domain. Biochemistry 36: 13963-13971, 1997.
60. McIntosh, J. C., S. Mervin-Blake, E. Conner, and J. R. Wright. Surfactant protein A protects growing cells and reduces TNF-α activity from LPS-stimulated macrophages. Am. J. Physiol. 271 (Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. 15): L310-L319, 1996.
61. McIntosh, J. C., A. H. Swyers, J. H. Fisher, and J. R. Wright. Surfactant proteins A and D increase in response to intratracheal lipopolysaccharide. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 15: 509-519, 1996.
62. McNeely, T. B., and J. D. Coonrod. Aggregation and opsonization of type A but not type B Hemophilus influenzae by surfactant protein A. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 11: 114-122, 1994.
63. Miyamura, K., L. E. A. Leigh, J. Lu, J. Hopkin, A. L. Bernai, and K. B. M. Reid. Surfactant protein D binding to alveolar macrophages. Biochem. J. 300: 237-242, 1994.
64. Nepomuceno, R. R., A. H. Henschen-Edman, W. H. Burgess, and A. J. Tenner. cDNA cloning and primary structure analysis of C1qRp, the human C1q/MBL/SPA receptor that mediates enhanced phagocytosis in vitro. Immunity 6: 119-129, 1997.
65. Nogee, L. M., J. R. Wispé, J. C. Clark, and J. A. Whitsett. Increased synthesis and mRNA of surfactant protein A in oxygen-exposed rats. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 1: 119-125, 1989.
66. O'Riordan, D. M., J. E. Standing, K. Y. Kwon, D. Chang, E. C. Crouch, and A. H. Limper. Surfactant protein D interacts with Pneumocystis carinii and mediates organism adherence to alveolar macrophages. J. Clin. Invest. 6: 2699-2710, 1995.
67. Ogasawara, Y., Y. Kuroki, and T. Akino. Pulmonary surfactant protein D specifically binds to phosphatidylinositol. J. Biol. Chem. 267: 21244-21249, 1992.
68. Ogasawara, Y., F. X. McCormack, R. J. Mason, and D. R. Voelker. Chimeras of surfactant proteins A and D identify the carbohydrate recognition domains as essential for phospholipid interaction. J. Biol. Chem. 269: 29785-29792, 1994.
69. Ogasawara, Y., and D. R. Voelker. Altered carbohydrate recognition specificity engineered into surfactant protein D reveals different binding mechanisms for phosphatidylinositol and glucosylceramide. J. Biol. Chem. 270: 14725-14732, 1995.
70. Ogasawara, Y., and D. R. Voelker. The role of the aminoterminal domain and the collagenous region in the structure and the function of rat surfactant protein D. J. Biol. Chem. 270: 19052-19058, 1995.
71. Ohmer-Schröck, D., C. Schlatterer, H. Plattner, and J. Schlepper-Schäfer. Interaction of lung surfactant protein A with alveolar macrophages. Microsc. Res. Tech. 26: 374-380, 1993.
72. Pasula, R., J. F. Downing, J. R. Wright, D. L. Kachel, T. E. Davis, Jr., and W. J. Martin II. Surfactant protein A (SP-A) mediates attachment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to murine alveolar macrophages. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 17: 209-217, 1997.
73. Pattanajitvilai, S., Y. Kuroki, N. Tsunezawa, F. X. McCormack, and D. R. Voelker. Mutational analysis of Arg 197 of rat surfactant protein A. His 197 creates specific lipid uptake defects. J. Biol. Chem. 273: 5702-5707, 1998.
74. Persson, A., D. Chang, and E. Crouch. Surfactant protein D is a divalent cation-dependent carbohydrate-binding protein. J. Biol. Chem. 265: 5755-5760, 1990.
75. Persson, A. V., B. J. Gibbons, J. D. Shoemaker, M. A. Moxley, and W. J. Longmore. The major glycolipid recognized by SP-D in surfactant is phosphatidylinositol. Biochemistry 31: 12183-12189, 1992.
76. Phelps, D. S., T. M. Umstead, R. M. Rose, and J. A. Fishman. Surfactant protein-A levels increase during Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in the rat. Eur. Respir. J. 9: 565-570, 1996.
77. Pikaar, J. C., W. F. Voorhout, L. M. van Golde, J. Verhoef, J. A. van Strijp, and J. F. van Iwaarden. Opsonic activities of surfactant proteins A and D in phagocytosis of gram-negative bacteria by alveolar macrophages. J. Infect. Dis. 172: 481-489, 1995.
78. Pison, U., M. Max, A. Neuendan, S. Weissbach, and S. Pietschmann. Host defence capacities of pulmonary surfactant: evidence for 'non-surfactant' functions of the surfactant system. Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 24: 586-599, 1994.
79. Pison, U., U. Obertacke, W. Seeger, and S. Hawgood. Surfactant protein A (SP-A) is decreased in acute parenchymal lung injury associated with polytrauma. Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 22: 712-718, 1992.
80. Pison, U., J. R. Wright, and S. Hawgood. Specific binding of surfactant apoprotein SP-A to rat alveolar macrophages. Am. J. Physiol. 262 (Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. 6): L412-L417, 1992.
81. Possmayer, F. A proposed nomenclature for pulmonary surfactant-associated proteins. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 138: 990-998, 1988.
82. Reading, P. C., L. S. Morey, E. C. Crouch, and E. M. Anders. Collectin-mediated antiviral host defense of the lung: evidence from influenza virus infection of mice. J. Virol. 71: 8204-8212, 1997.
83. Rice, W. R., G. F. Ross, F. M. Singleton, S. Dingle, and J. A. Whitsett. Surfactant-associated protein inhibits phospholipid secretion from type II cells. J. Appl. Physiol. 63: 692-698, 1987.
84. Rooney, S. A., S. L. Young, and C. R. Mendelson. Molecular and cellular processing of lung surfactant. FASEB J. 8: 957-967, 1994.
85. Rosseau, S., A. Guenther, W. Seeger, and J. Lohmeyer. Phagocytosis of variable Candida albicans by alveolar macrophages: lack of opsonin function of surfactant protein A. J. Infect. Dis. 175: 421-428, 1997.
86. Schelenz, S., R. Malhotra, R. B. Sim, U. Holmskov, and G. J. Bancroft. Binding of host collectins to the pathogenic yeast Cryptococcus neoformans: human surfactant protein D acts as an agglutinin for acapsular yeast cells. Infect. Immun. 63: 3360-3366, 1995.
87. Schüren, S., F. Possmayer, S. Cheng, and A. M. Cockshutt. Pulmonary SP-A enhances adsorption and appears to induce surface sorting of lipid extract surfactant. Am. J. Physiol. 263 (Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. 7): L210-L218, 1992.
88. Schweinle, J. E., R. A. B. Ezekowitz, A. J. Tenner, M. Kuhlman, and K. A. Joiner. Human mannose-binding protein activates the alternative complement pathway and enhances serum bactericidal activity on a mannose-rich isolate of salmonella. J. Clin. Invest. 84: 1821-1829, 1989.
89. Shijubo, N., S. Tsutahara, M. Hirasawa, H. Takahashi, Y. Honda, A. Suzuki, Y. Kuroki, and T. Akino. Pulmonary surfactant protein A in pleural effusions. Cancer 69: 2905-2909, 1992.
90. Shimura, S., T. Masuda, T. Takishima, and K. Shirato. Surfactant apoprotein-A concentration in airway secretions for the detection of pulmonary oedema. Eur. Respir. J. 9: 2525-2530, 1996.
91. Sugahara, K., K. Iyama, K. Sano, Y. Kuroki, T. Akino, and M. Matsumoto. Overexpression of surfactant protein SP-A, SP-B, and SP-C mRNA in rat lungs with lipopolysaccharide-induced injury. Lab. Invest. 74: 209-220, 1996.
92. Suwabe, A., R. J. Mason, and D. R. Voelker. Calcium dependent association of surfactant protein A with pulmonary surfactant: application to simple surfactant protein A purification. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 327: 285-291, 1996.
93. Tino, M. J., and J. R. Wright. Surfactant protein A stimulates phagocytosis of specific pulmonary pathogens by alveolar macrophages. Am. J. Physiol. 270 (Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. 14): L677-L688, 1996.
94. Van de Graaf, E. A., H. M. Jansen, R. Lutter, C. Alberts, J. Kobesen, I. J. de Vries, and T. A. Out. Surfactant protein A in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 120: 252-263, 1992.
95. Van Iwaarden, F., B. Welmers, J. Verhoef, H. P. Haagsman, and L. M. G. van Golde. Pulmonary surfactant protein A enhances the host-defense mechanism of rat alveolar macrophages. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 2: 91-98, 1990.
96. Van Iwaarden, J. F., J. C. Pikaar, J. Storm, E. Brouwer, J. Verhoeff, R. S. Oosting, L. M. G. van Golde, and J. A. G. van Strijp. Binding of surfactant protein A to the lipid A moiety of bacterial lipopolysaccharides. Biochem. J. 303: 407-411, 1994.
97. Van Iwaarden, J. F., H. Shimizu, P. H. M. van Golde, D. R. Voelker, and L. M. G. van Golde. Rat surfactant protein D enhances the production of oxygen radicals by rat alveolar macrophages. Biochem. J. 286: 5-8, 1992.
98. Van Iwaarden, J. F., F. Teding van Berkhout, J. A. Whitsett, R. S. Oosting, and L. M. G. van Golde. A novel procedure for the rapid isolation of surfactant protein A with retention of its alveolar-macrophage-stimulating properties. Biochem. J. 309: 551-555, 1995.
99. Van Iwaarden, J. F., J. A. G. van Strijp, M. J. Ebskamp, A. C. Welmers, J. Verhoef, and L. M. G. van Golde. Surfactant protein A is opsonin in phagocytosis of herpes simplex virus type 1 by rat alveolar macrophages. Am. J. Physiol. 261 (Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. 5): L204-L209, 1991.
100. Van Iwaarden, J. F., J. A. G. van Strijp, H. Visser, H. P. Haagsman, J. Verhoef, and L. M. G. van Golde. Binding of surfactant protein A (SP-A) to herpes simplex virus type 1-infected cells is mediated by the carbohydrate moiety of SP-A. J. Biol. Chem. 267: 25039-25043, 1992.
101. Voorhout, W. F., T. Veenendaal, Y. Kuroki, Y. Ogasawara, L. M. G. van Golde, and H. J. Geuze. Immunocytochemical localization of surfactant protein D (SP-D) in type II cells, Clara cells, and alveolar macrophages of rat lung. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 40: 1589-1597, 1992.
102. Voss, T., K. Melchers, G. Scheirle, and K. P. Schäfer. Structural comparison of recombinant pulmonary surfactant protein SP-A derived from two human coding sequences: implications for the chain composition of natural human SP-A. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 4: 88-94, 1991.
103. Weikert, L. F., K. Edwards, Z. C. Chroneos, C. Hager, L. Hoffman, and V. L. Shepherd. SP-A enhances uptake of bacillus Calmette-Guérin by macrophages through a specific SP-A receptor. Am. J. Physiol. 272 (Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. 16): L989-L995, 1997.
104. Weis, W. I., and K. Drickamer. Trimeric structure of a C-type mannose-binding protein. Structure 2: 1227-1240, 1994.
105. Weis, W. I., K. Drickamer, and W. A. Hendrickson. Structure of a C-type mannose-binding protein complexed with an oligosaccharide. Nature 360: 127-134, 1992.
106. Weissbach, S., A. Neuendan, M. Pettersson, T. Schaberg, and U. Pison. Surfactant protein A modulates release of reactive oxygen species from alveolar macrophages. Am. J. Physiol. 267 (Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. 11): L660-L666, 1994.
107. Williams, M. D., J. R. Wright, K. L. March, and W. J. I. Martin. Human surfactant protein A enhances attachment of Pneumocystis carinii to rat alveolar macrophages. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 14: 232-238, 1996.
108. Wright, J. R. Immunomodulatory functions of surfactant. Physiol. Rev. 77: 931-962, 1997.
109. Wright, J. R., J. D. Borchelt, and S. Hawgood. Lung surfactant apoprotein SP-A (26-36 kDa) binds with high affinity to isolated alveolar type II cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86: 5410-5414, 1989.
110. Wright, J. R., R. E. Wager, S. Hawgood, L. Dobbs, and J. A. Clements. Surfactant apoprotein Mr = 26,000-36,000 enhances uptake of liposomes by type II cells. J. Biol. Chem. 262: 2888-2894, 1987.
111. Zimmerman, P. E., D. R. Voelker, F. X. McCormack, J. R. Paulsrud, and W. J. Martin. 120-kD surface glycoprotein of Pneumocystis carinii is a ligand for surfactant protein A. J. Clin. Invest. 89: 143-149, 1992.