Ischemic preconditioningFrom basic mechanisms to clinical applications

Pharmacology and Therapeutics

Volumn 86, Issue 3, 2000, Pages 263-275

  Nakano, Atsushi ^a   Cohen, Michael V ^a,b   Downey, James M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH ALABAMA COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH ALABAMA MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Adenosine; K(ATP) channels; MAPKAPK2; p38 MAPK; Protein kinase C; Tyrosine kinase

Indexed keywords

5' NUCLEOTIDASE; ADENOSINE; ADENOSINE A1 RECEPTOR AGONIST; ADENOSINE RECEPTOR; BRADYKININ RECEPTOR; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE; NORADRENALIN; OPIATE RECEPTOR; POTASSIUM CHANNEL; PROTEIN KINASE C; SYNAPTOPHYSIN;

ADAPTATION; ENZYME ACTIVATION; HEART INFARCTION PREVENTION; HEART MUSCLE ISCHEMIA; HEART PROTECTION; HUMAN; MITOCHONDRION; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; ST SEGMENT; ANIMAL; DRUG EFFECT; ENZYMOLOGY; HEART; HEART MUSCLE; PHYSIOLOGY;

ANIMALS; HEART; HUMANS; ISCHEMIC PRECONDITIONING, MYOCARDIAL; MYOCARDIUM;

EID: 0033624056     PISSN: 01637258     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0163-7258(00)00058-9     Document Type: Review

References (141)

1. Abete P., Ferrara N., Cacciatore F., Madrid A., Bianco S., Calabrese C., Napoli C., Scognamiglio P., Bollella O., Cioppa A., Longobardi G., Rengo F. Angina-induced protection against myocardial infarction in adult and elderly patients. a loss of preconditioning mechanism in the aging heart? J Am Coll Cardiol. 30:1997;947-954.
2. Albert C.J., Ford D.A. Protein kinase C translocation and PKC-dependent protein phosphorylation during myocardial ischemia. Am J Physiol. 276:1999;H642-H650.
3. Andreotti F., Pasceri V., Hackett D.R., Davies G.J., Haider A.W., Maseri A. Preinfarction angina as a predictor of more rapid coronary thrombolysis in patients with acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 334:1996;7-12.
4. Armstrong S., Ganote C.E. Preconditioning of isolated rabbit cardiomyocytes. effects of glycolytic blockade, phorbol esters, and ischaemia Cardiovasc Res. 28:1994;1700-1706.
5. Armstrong S.C., Hoover D.B., Delacey M.H., Ganote C.E. Translocation of PKC, protein phosphatase inhibition and preconditioning of rabbit cardiomyocytes. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 28:1996;1479-1492.
6. Armstrong S.C., Delacey M., Ganote C.E. Phosphorylation state of hsp27 and p38 MAPK during preconditioning and protein phosphatase inhibitor protection of rabbit cardiomyocytes. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 31:1999;555-567.
7. Asimakis G.K., Inners-McBride K., Medellin G., Conti V.R. Ischemic preconditioning attenuates acidosis and postischemic dysfunction in isolated rat heart. Am J Physiol. 263:1992;H887-H894.
8. ATP channels, and ischemic preconditioning in dogs. Am J Physiol. 264:1993;H1327-H1336.
9. Auchampach J.A., Grover G.J., Gross G.J. Blockade of ischaemic preconditioning in dogs by the novel ATP dependent potassium channel antagonist sodium 5-hydroxydecanoate. Cardiovasc Res. 26:1992;1054-1062.
10. 6-(3-iodobenzyl) adenosine-5′-N-methyluronamide protects against myocardial stunning and infarction without hemodynamic changes in conscious rabbits. Circ Res. 80:1997;800-809.
11. Baines C.P., Goto M., Downey J.M. Oxygen radicals released during ischemic preconditioning contribute to cardioprotection in the rabbit myocardium. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 29:1997;207-216.
12. Baines C.P., Wang L., Cohen M.V., Downey J.M. Protein tyrosine kinase is downstream of protein kinase C for ischemic preconditioning's anti-infarct effect in the rabbit heart. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 30:1998;382-392.
13. ATP channels and actin cytoskeleton. Am J Physiol. 276:1999;H1361-H1368.
14. Barancik M., Htun P., Maeno Y., Zimmermann R., Schaper W. Differential regulation of distinct protein kinase cascades by ischemia and ischemia/reperfusion in porcine myocardium. Circulation. 96(suppl. I):1997;I-252.
15. Barancik M., Htun P., Schaper W. Okadaic acid and anisomycin are protective and stimulate the SAPK/JNK Pathway. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 34:1999;182-190.
16. Billinger M., Fleisch M., Eberli F.R., Garachemani A., Meier B., Seiler C. Is the development of myocardial tolerance to repeated ischemia in humans due to preconditioning or to collateral recruitment? J Am Coll Cardiol. 33:1999;1027-1035.
17. Birincioglu M., Yang X.-M., Critz S.D., Cohen M.V., Downey J.M. S-T segment voltage during sequential coronary occlusions is an unreliable marker of preconditioning. Am J Physiol. 277:1999;H2435-H2441.
18. Bogoyevitch M.A., Parker P.J., Sugden P.H. Characterization of protein kinase C isotype expression in adult rat heart. protein kinase C-ε is a major isotype present, and it is activated by phorbol esters, epinephrine, and endothelin Circ Res. 72:1993;757-767.
19. Bolli R., Dawn B., Tang X.-L., Qiu Y., Ping P., Xuan Y.-T., Jones W.K., Takano H., Guo Y., Zhang J. The nitric oxide hypothesis of late preconditioning. Basic Res Cardiol. 93:1998;325-338.
20. Brooks G., Hearse D.J. Role of protein kinase C in ischemic preconditioning. player or spectator? Circ Res. 79:1996;627-630.
21. Clerk A., Michael A., Sugden P.H. Stimulation of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in neonatal rat ventricular myocytes by the G protein-coupled receptor agonists, endothelin-1 and phenylephrine. a role in cardiac myocyte hypertrophy J Cell Biol. 142:1998;523-535.
22. Cohen M.V., Thornton J.D., Thornton C.S., Sato H., Miki T., Downey J.M. Intravenous co-infusion of adenosine and norepinephrine preconditions the heart without adverse hemodynamic effects. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 114:1997;236-242. a.
23. Cohen M.V., Yang X.-M., Downey J.M. Attenuation of S-T segment elevation during repetitive coronary occlusions truly reflects the protection of ischemic preconditioning and is not an epiphenomenon. Basic Res Cardiol. 92:1997;426-434. b.
24. Cooley D.A. Limited access myocardial revascularization. a preliminary report Tex Heart Inst J. 23:1996;81-84.
25. Cribier A., Korsatz L., Koning R., Rath P., Gamra H., Stix G., Merchant S., Chan C., Letac B. Improved myocardial ischemic response and enhanced collateral circulation with long repetitive coronary occlusion during angioplasty. a prospective study J Am Coll Cardiol. 20:1992;578-586.
26. Cuenda A., Rouse J., Doza Y.N., Meier R., Cohen P., Gallagher T.F., Young P.R., Lee J.C. SB 203580 is a specific inhibitor of an MAP kinase homologue which is stimulated by cellular stresses and interleukin-1. FEBS Lett. 364:1995;229-233.
27. 1 receptor activation maintains rabbit myocardium in a preconditioned state J Am Coll Cardiol. 31:1998;1142-1149.
28. Decking U.K.M., Schlieper G., Kroll K., Schrader J. Hypoxia-induced inhibition of adenosine kinase potentiates cardiac adenosine release. Circ Res. 81:1997;154-164.
29. Deutsch E., Berger M., Kussmaul W.G., Hirshfeld J.W. Jr., Herrmann H.C., Laskey W.K. Adaptation to ischemia during percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. clinical, hemodynamic, and metabolic features Circulation. 82:1990;2044-2051.
30. Freshney N.W., Rawlinson L., Guesdon F., Jones E., Cowley S., Hsuan J., Saklatvala J. Interleukin-1 activates a novel protein kinase cascade that results in the phosphorylation of hsp27. Cell. 78:1994;1039-1049.
31. Fryer R.M., Schultz J.E.J., Hsu A.K., Gross G.J. Importance of PKC and tyrosine kinase in single or multiple cycles of preconditioning in rat hearts. Am J Physiol. 276:1999;H1229-H1235.
32. + channels. possible mechanism of cardioprotection Circ Res. 81:1997;1072-1082.
33. Gögelein H., Hartung J., Englert H.C., Schölkens B.A. HMR 1883, a novel cardioselective inhibitor of the ATP-sensitive potassium channel. Part I. effects on cardiomyocytes, coronary flow and pancreatic β-cells J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 286:1998;1453-1464.
34. Goldberg M., Zhang H.L., Steinberg S.F. Hypoxia alters the subcellular distribution of protein kinase C isoforms in neonatal rat ventricular myocytes. J Clin Invest. 99:1997;55-61.
35. Goto M., Liu Y., Yang X.-M., Ardell J.L., Cohen M.V., Downey J.M. Role of bradykinin in protection of ischemic preconditioning in rabbit hearts. Circ Res. 77:1995;611-621.
36. Gray M.O., Karliner J.S., Mochly-Rosen D. A selective ε-protein kinase C antagonist inhibits protection of cardiac myocytes from hypoxia-induced cell death. J Biol Chem. 272:1997;30945-30951.
37. Gross G.J., Auchampach J.A. Blockade of ATP-sensitive potassium channels prevents myocardial preconditioning in dogs. Circ Res. 70:1992;223-233.
38. Grover G.J., D'Alonzo A.J., Hess T., Sleph P.G., Darbenzio R.B. Glyburide-reversible cardioprotective effect of BMS-180448 is independent of action potential shortening. Cardiovasc Res. 30:1995;731-738. a.
39. ATP opener cromakalim is not correlated with ischemic myocardial action potential duration. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 26:1995;145-152. b.
40. + blocker dofetilide. Am J Physiol. 271:1996;H1207-H1214.
41. Guay J., Lambert H., Gingras-Breton G., Lavoie J.N., Huot J., Landry J. Regulation of actin filament dynamics by p38 map kinase-mediated phosphorylation of heat shock protein 27. J Cell Sci. 110:1997;357-368.
42. Haq S.E.A., Clerk A., Sugden P.H. Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (p38-MAPKs, SAPKs/JNKs and ERKs) by adenosine in the perfused rat heart. FEBS Lett. 434:1998;305-308.
43. Headrick J.P. Ischemic preconditioning. bioenergetic and metabolic changes and the role of endogenous adenosine J Mol Cell Cardiol. 28:1996;1227-1240.
44. Hirai T., Fujita M., Yamanishi K., Ohno A., Miwa K., Sasayama S. Significance of preinfarction angina for preservation of left ventricular function in acute myocardial infarction. Am Heart J. 124:1992;19-24.
45. Hirai T., Fujita M., Yoshida N., Yamanishi K., Inoko M., Miwa K. Importance of ischemic preconditioning and collateral circulation for left ventricular functional recovery in patients with successful intracoronary thrombolysis for acute myocardial infarction. Am Heart J. 126:1993;827-831.
46. Ikonomidis J.S., Shirai T., Weisel R.D., Derylo B., Rao V., Whiteside C.I., Mickle D.A.G., Li R.-K. Preconditioning cultured human pediatric myocytes requires adenosine and protein kinase C. Am J Physiol. 272:1997;H1220-H1230.
47. Iliodromitis E.K., Miki T., Liu G.S., Downey J.M., Cohen M.V., Kremastinos D.T. The PKC activator PMA preconditions rabbit heart in the presence of adenosine receptor blockade. is 5′-nucleotidase important? J Mol Cell Cardiol. 30:1998;2201-2211.
48. Jenkins D.P., Pugsley W.B., Alkhulaifi A.M., Kemp M., Hooper J., Yellon D.M. Ischaemic preconditioning reduces troponin T release in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery. Heart. 77:1997;314-318.
49. Jennings R.B., Reimer K.A., Steenbergen C. Effect of inhibition of the mitochondrial ATPase on net myocardial ATP in total ischemia. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 23:1991;1383-1395.
50. Kawamura S., Yoshida K.-I., Miura T., Mizukami Y., Matsuzaki M. Ischemic preconditioning translocates PKC-δ and -ε, which mediate functional protection in isolated rat heart. Am J Physiol. 275:1998;H2266-H2271.
51. Kim S.O., Salh B., Pelech S.L., Wong G., Katz S. Activation of MAPKAP kinase-2 by adenosine in rat heart. J NIH Res. 9(1):1997;54.
52. Kis A., Végh A., Papp J., Parratt J. Pacing-induced delayed protection against arrhythmias is attenuated by aminoguanidine, an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. Br J Pharmacol. 127:1999;1545-1550.
53. 1-adrenoceptor activation mediates the infarct size-limiting effect of ischemic preconditioning through augmentation of 5′-nucleotidase activity. J Clin Invest. 93:1994;2197-2205.
54. Kitakaze M., Node K., Minamino T., Komamura K., Funaya H., Shinozaki Y., Chujo M., Mori H., Inoue M., Hori M., Kamada T. Role of activation of protein kinase C in the infarct size-limiting effect of ischemic preconditioning through activation of ecto-5′-nucleotidase. Circulation. 93:1996;781-791.
55. Kloner R.A., Przyklenk K., Whittaker P. Deleterious effects of oxygen radicals in ischemia/reperfusion. resolved and unresolved issues Circulation. 80:1989;1115-1127.
56. Kloner R.A., Shook T., Przyklenk K., Davis V.G., Junio L., Matthews R.V., Burstein S., Gibson C.M., Poole W.K., Cannon C.P., McCabe C.H., Braunwald E., for the TIMI 4 Investigators Previous angina alters in-hospital outcome in TIMI 4. a clinical correlate to preconditioning? Circulation. 91:1995;37-45.
57. Kloner R.A., Shook T., Antman E.M., Cannon C.P., Przyklenk K., Yoo K., McCabe C.H., Braunwald E., & the TIMI-9B Investigators Prospective temporal analysis of the onset of preinfarction angina versus outcome. an ancillary study in TIMI-9B Circulation. 97:1998;1042-1045.
58. Kolocassides K.G., Galiñanes M., Hearse D.J. Ischemic preconditioning, cardioplegia or both? Differing approaches to myocardial and vascular protection. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 28:1996;623-634.
59. Lawson C.S., Downey J.M. Preconditioning. state of the art myocardial protection Cardiovasc Res. 27:1993;542-550.
60. 1 adenosine receptors in rabbit heart. Circulation. 84:1991;350-356.
61. Liu G.S., Cohen M.V., Mochly-Rosen D., Downey J.M. Protein kinase C-ε is responsible for the protection of preconditioning in rabbit cardiomyocytes. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 31:1999;1937-1948.
62. Liu Y., Downey J.M. Ischemic preconditioning protects against infarction in rat heart. Am J Physiol. 263:1992;H1107-H1112.
63. Liu Y., Ytrehus K., Downey J.M. Evidence that translocation of protein kinase C is a key event during ischemic preconditioning of rabbit myocardium. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 26:1994;661-668.
64. Liu Y., Tsuchida A., Cohen M.V., Downey J.M. Pretreatment with angiotensin II activates protein kinase C and limits myocardial infarction in isolated rabbit hearts. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 27:1995;883-892.
65. Liu Y., Sato T., O'Rourke B., Marban E. Mitochondrial ATP-dependent potassium channels. novel effectors of cardioprotection? Circulation. 97:1998;2463-2469.
66. Mackay K., Mochly-Rosen D. An inhibitor of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase protects neonatal cardiac myocytes from ischemia. J Biol Chem. 274:1999;6272-6279.
67. Maroko P.R., Kjekshus J.K., Sobel B.E., Watanabe T., Covell J.W., Ross J. Jr., Braunwald E. Factors influencing infarct size following experimental coronary artery occlusions. Circulation. 43:1971;67-82.
68. Maulik N., Watanabe M., Zu Y.-L., Huang C.-K., Cordis G.A., Schley J.A., Das D.K. Ischemic preconditioning triggers the activation of MAP kinases and MAPKAP kinase 2 in rat hearts. FEBS Lett. 396:1996;233-237.
69. Maulik N., Yoshida T., Das D.K. p38 MAP kinase and not MEK 1 kinase is involved in ischemic preconditioning. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 30:1998;A264. a.
70. Maulik N., Yoshida T., Zu Y.-L., Sato M., Banerjee A., Das D.K. Ischemic preconditioning triggers tyrosine kinase signaling. a potential role for MAPKAP kinase 2 Am J Physiol. 275:1998;H1857-H1864. b.
71. McCullough J.R., Normandin D.E., Conder M.L., Sleph P.G., Dzwonczyk S., Grover G.J. Specific block of anti-ischemic actions of cromakalim by sodium 5-hydroxydecanoate. Circ Res. 69:1991;949-958.
72. 2 receptor activation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 28:1996;1616-1622.
73. Miki T., Cohen M.V., Downey J.M. Opioid receptor contributes to ischemic preconditioning through protein kinase C activation in rabbits. Mol Cell Biochem. 186:1998;3-12.
74. Mitchell M.B., Meng X., Ao L., Brown J.M., Harken A.H., Banerjee A. Preconditioning of isolated rat heart is mediated by protein kinase C. Circ Res. 76:1995;73-81.
75. Miura T., Ogawa T., Iwamoto T., Shimamoto K., Iimura O. Dipyridamole potentiates the myocardial infarct size-limiting effect of ischemic preconditioning. Circulation. 86:1992;979-985.
76. Miura T., Miura T., Kawamura S., Goto M., Sakamoto J., Tsuchida A., Matsuzaki M., Shimamoto K. Effect of protein kinase C inhibitors on cardioprotection by ischemic preconditioning depends on the number of preconditioning episodes. Cardiovasc Res. 37:1998;700-709.
77. 2+ as a mediator of ischemic preconditioning. Circ Res. 80:1997;790-799.
78. Miyawaki H., Zhou X., Ashraf M. Calcium preconditioning elicits strong protection against ischemic injury via protein kinase C signaling pathway. Circ Res. 79:1996;137-146.
79. Murry C.E., Jennings R.B., Reimer K.A. Preconditioning with ischemia. a delay of lethal cell injury in ischemic myocardium Circulation. 74:1986;1124-1136.
80. q/11-induced activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. J Biol Chem. 273:1998;22892-22898.
81. Nagarkatti D.S., Sha'afi R.I. Role of p38 MAP kinase in myocardial stress. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 30:1998;1651-1664.
82. Nakagawa Y., Ito H., Kitakaze M., Kusuoka H., Hori M., Kuzuya T., Higashino Y., Fujii K., Minamino T. Effect of angina pectoris on myocardial protection in patients with reperfused anterior wall myocardial infarction. retrospective clinical evidence of "preconditioning." J Am Coll Cardiol. 25:1995;1076-1083.
83. Nakano A., Miura T., Ura N., Tsuchida A., Shimamoto K. Inhibition of neutral endopeptidase 24.11 lowers the threshold of preconditioning by augmenting bradykinin B2 receptor activation. Circulation. 98(suppl. I):1998;I-486-I-487.
84. Nakano A., Baines C.P., Kim S.O., Pelech S.L., Downey J.M., Cohen M.V., Critz S.D. Ischemic preconditioning activates MAPKAPK2 in the isolated rabbit heart. evidence for involvement of p38 MAPK Circ Res. 86:2000;144-151. a.
85. Nakano A., Liu G.S., Heusch G., Downey J.M., Cohen M.V. Exogenous nitric oxide can trigger a preconditioned state through a free radical mechanism, but endogenous nitric oxide is not a trigger of classical ischemic preconditioning. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 32:2000;. b in press.
86. Ottani F., Galvani M., Ferrini D., Sorbello F., Limonetti P., Pantoli D., Rusticali F. Prodromal angina limits infarct size. a role for ischemic preconditioning Circulation. 91:1995;291-297.
87. ATP channel may be a trigger rather than the end-effector of preconditioning's anti-infarct effect. Circulation. 100(suppl. I):1999;I-342.
88. Parratt J.R. Protection of the heart by ischaemic preconditioning. mechanisms and possibilities for pharmacological exploitation Trends Pharmacol Sci. 15:1994;19-25.
89. Patel V.C., Yellon D.M., Singh K.J., Neild G.H., Woolfson R.G. Inhibition of nitric oxide limits infarct size in the in situ rabbit heart. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 194:1993;234-238.
90. Perrault L.P., Menasché P., Bel A., de Chaumaray T., Peynet J., Mondry A., Olivero P., Emanoil-Ravier R., Moalic J.-M. Ischemic preconditioning in cardiac surgery. a word of caution J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 112:1996;1378-1386.
91. Ping P., Zhang J., Qiu Y., Tang X.-L., Manchikalapudi S., Cao X., Bolli R. Ischemic preconditioning induces selective translocation of protein kinase C isoforms ε and η in the heart of conscious rabbits without subcellular redistribution of total protein kinase C activity. Circ Res. 81:1997;404-414.
92. Ping P., Zhang J., Huang S., Cao X., Tang X.-L., Li R.C.X., Zheng Y.-T., Qiu Y., Clerk A., Sugden P., Han J., Bolli R. PKC-dependent activation of p46/p54 JNKs during ischemic preconditioning in conscious rabbits. Am J Physiol. 277:1999;H1771-H1785.
93. Przyklenk K., Sussman M.A., Simkhovich B.Z., Kloner R.A. Does ischemic preconditioning trigger translocation of protein kinase C in the canine model? Circulation. 92:1995;1546-1557.
94. Raingeaud J., Gupta S., Rogers J.S., Dickens M., Han J., Ulevitch R.J., Davis R.J. Pro-inflammatory cytokines and environmental stress cause p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation by dual phosphorylation on tyrosine and threonine. J Biol Chem. 270:1995;7420-7426.
95. Reimer K.A., Murry C.E., Richard V.J. The role of neutrophils and free radicals in the ischemic-reperfused heart. why the confusion and controversy? J Mol Cell Cardiol. 21:1989;1225-1239.
96. Robinson M.J., Cobb M.H. Mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 9:1997;180-186.
97. Rouse J., Cohen P., Trigon S., Morange M., Alonso-Llamazares A., Zamanillo D., Hunt T., Nebreda A.R. A novel kinase cascade triggered by stress and heat shock that stimulates MAPKAP kinase-2 and phosphorylation of the small heat shock proteins. Cell. 78:1994;1027-1037.
98. Sandhu R., Diaz R.J., Mao G.D., Wilson G.J. Ischemic preconditioning. differences in protection and susceptibility to blockade with single-cycle versus multicycle transient ischemia Circulation. 96:1997;984-995.
99. Schultz J.E.J., Rose E., Yao Z., Gross G.J. Evidence for involvement of opioid receptors in ischemic preconditioning in rat hearts. Am J Physiol. 268:1995;H2157-H2161.
100. Schultz J.E.J., Hsu A.K., Gross G.J. Morphine mimics the cardioprotective effect of ischemic preconditioning via a glibenclamide-sensitive mechanism in the rat heart. Circ Res. 78:1996;1100-1104.
101. Schulz R., Rose J., Post H., Heusch G. Involvement of endogenous adenosine in ischaemic preconditioning in swine. Pflügers Arch. 430:1995;273-282.
102. Seger R., Biener Y., Feinstein R., Hanoch T., Gazit A., Zick Y. Differential activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase and S6 kinase signaling pathways by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) and insulin. evidence for involvement of a TPA-stimulated protein-tyrosine kinase J Biol Chem. 270:1995;28325-28330.
103. Shattock M.J., Lawson C.S., Hearse D.J., Downey J.M. Electrophysiological characteristics of repetitive ischemic preconditioning in the pig heart. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 28:1996;1339-1347.
104. Shiki K., Hearse D.J. Preconditioning of ischemic myocardium. reperfusion-induced arrhythmias Am J Physiol. 253:1987;H1470-H1476.
105. Silva P.H., Dillon D., Van Wylen D.G.L. Adenosine deaminase inhibition augments interstitial adenosine but does not attenuate myocardial infarction. Cardiovasc Res. 29:1995;616-623.
106. + channel? Studies of contractile function after simulated ischemia in an atrial in vitro model. Circ Res. 77:1995;1030-1035.
107. Sugden P.H., Bogoyevitch M.A. Intracellular signalling through protein kinases in the heart. Cardiovasc Res. 30:1995;478-492.
108. Sugden P.H., Clerk A. "Stress-responsive" mitogen-activated protein kinases (c-Jun N-terminal kinases and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases) in the myocardium. Circ Res. 83:1998;345-352.
109. Tanno M., Tsuchida A., Nozawa Y., Matsumoto T., Hasegawa T., Miura T., Shimamoto K. Roles of tyrosine kinase and protein kinase C in infarct size limitation by repetitive ischemic preconditioning in the rat. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 35:2000;345-352.
110. Thornton J., Striplin S., Liu G.S., Swafford A., Stanley A.W.H., Van Winkle D.M., Downey J.M. Inhibition of protein synthesis does not block myocardial protection afforded by preconditioning. Am J Physiol. 259:1990;H1822-H1825.
111. Thornton J.D., Thornton C.S., Downey J.M. Effect of adenosine receptor blockade. preventing protective preconditioning depends on time of initiation Am J Physiol. 265:1993;H504-H508.
112. + channel blocker. Circulation. 90:1994;700-705.
113. 1 adenosine receptor blockade by bamiphylline on ischaemic preconditioning during coronary angioplasty. Eur Heart J. 17:1996;846-853.
114. Tomai F., Crea F., Chiariello L., Gioffrè P.A. Ischemic preconditioning in humans. models, mediators, and clinical relevance Circulation. 100:1999;559-563.
115. Toombs C.F., Moore T.L., Shebuski R.J. Limitation of infarct size in the rabbit by ischaemic preconditioning is reversible with glibenclamide. Cardiovasc Res. 27:1993;617-622.
116. +-channel News Physiol Sci. 12:1997;255-263.
117. Tritto I., D'Andrea D., Eramo N., Scognamiglio A., De Simone C., Violante A., Esposito A., Chiariello M., Ambrosio G. Oxygen radicals can induce preconditioning in rabbit hearts. Circ Res. 80:1997;743-748.
118. Tsuchida A., Miura T., Miki T., Shimamoto K., Iimura O. Role of adenosine receptor activation in myocardial infarct size limitation by ischaemic preconditioning. Cardiovasc Res. 26:1992;456-461.
119. Tsuchida A., Liu G.S., Mullane K., Downey J.M. Acadesine lowers temporal threshold for the myocardial infarct size limiting effect of preconditioning. Cardiovasc Res. 27:1993;116-120.
120. 1-Adrenergic agonists precondition rabbit ischemic myocardium independent of adenosine by direct activation of protein kinase C. Circ Res. 75:1994;576-585. a.
121. 1-selective agonist is diminished after prolonged infusion as is the cardioprotective effect of ischaemic preconditioning in rabbit heart. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 26:1994;303-311. b.
122. Turrens J.F., Thornton J., Barnard M.L., Snyder S., Liu G., Downey J.M. Protection from reperfusion injury by preconditioning hearts does not involve increased antioxidant defenses. Am J Physiol. 262:1992;H585-H589.
123. Vahlhaus C., Schulz R., Post H., Onallah R., Heusch G. No prevention of ischemic preconditioning by the protein kinase C inhibitor staurosporine in swine. Circ Res. 79:1996;407-414.
124. Vahlhaus C., Schulz R., Post H., Rose J., Heusch G. Prevention of ischemic preconditioning only by combined inhibition of protein kinase C and protein tyrosine kinase in pigs. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 30:1998;197-209.
125. Van Wylen D.G.L. Effect of ischemic preconditioning on interstitial purine metabolite and lactate accumulation during myocardial ischemia. Circulation. 89:1994;2283-2289.
126. Vegh A., Szekeres L., Parratt J.R. Local intracoronary infusions of bradykinin profoundly reduce the severity of ischaemia-induced arrhythmias in anaesthetized dogs. Br J Pharmacol. 104:1991;294-295.
127. Vegh A., Papp J.G., Szekeres L., Parratt J. The local intracoronary administration of methylene blue prevents the pronounced antiarrhythmic effect of ischaemic preconditioning. Br J Pharmacol. 107:1992;910-911.
128. Walker D.M., Walker J.M., Pugsley W.B., Pattison C.W., Yellon D.M. Preconditioning in isolated superfused human muscle. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 27:1995;1349-1357.
129. ATP channel antagonist to attenuate preconditioning in rabbit myocardium. Cardiovasc Res. 28:1994;1337-1341.
130. Wang P., Gallagher K.P., Downey J.M., Cohen M.V. Pretreatment with endothelin-1 mimics ischemic preconditioning against infarction in isolated rabbit heart. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 28:1996;579-588.
131. 2+ overload injury in rat myocardium. Circ Res. 84:1999;1156-1165.
132. Weinbrenner C., Liu G.-S., Cohen M.V., Downey J.M. Phosphorylation of tyrosine 182 of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase correlates with the protection of preconditioning in the rabbit heart. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 29:1997;2383-2391.
133. Weinbrenner C., Baines C.P., Liu G.-S., Armstrong S.C., Ganote C.E., Walsh A.H., Honkanen R.E., Cohen M.V., Downey J.M. Fostriecin, an inhibitor of protein phosphatase 2A, limits myocardial infarct size even when administered after onset of ischemia. Circulation. 98:1998;899-905. a.
134. Weinbrenner C., Liu G.S., Downey J.M., Cohen M.V. Cyclosporine A limits myocardial infarct size even when administered after onset of ischemia. Cardiovasc Res. 38:1998;676-684. b.
135. Wilson S., Song W., Karoly K., Ravingerova T., Vegh A., Papp J., Tomisawa S., Parratt J.R., Pyne N.J. Delayed cardioprotection is associated with the sub-cellular relocalisation of ventricular protein kinase Cε, but not p42/44MAPK. Mol Cell Biochem. 160(161):1996;225-230.
136. Yang X.-M., Sato H., Downey J.M., Cohen M.V. Protection of ischemic preconditioning is dependent upon a critical timing sequence of protein kinase C activation. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 29:1997;991-999.
137. Yellon D.M., Baxter G.F. A "second window of protection" or delayed preconditioning phenomenon. future horizons for myocardial protection? J Mol Cell Cardiol. 27:1995;1023-1034.
138. Yellon D.M., Alkhulaifi A.M., Pugsley W.B. Preconditioning the human myocardium. Lancet. 342:1993;276-277.
139. Yoshida K.-i., Kawamura S., Mizukami Y., Kitakaze M. Implication of protein kinase C-α, δ, and ε isoforms in ischemic preconditioning in perfused rat hearts. J Biochem. 122:1997;506-511.
140. Yoshida K.-i., Mizukami Y.-i., Kitakaze M. Nitric oxide mediates protein kinase C isoform translocation in rat heart during postischemic reperfusion. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1453:1999;230-238.
141. Ytrehus K., Liu Y., Downey J.M. Preconditioning protects ischemic rabbit heart by protein kinase C activation. Am J Physiol. 266:1994;H1145-H1152.