The proton-linked monocarboxylate transporter (MCT) family: Structure, function and regulation

Biochemical Journal

Volumn 343, Issue 2, 1999, Pages 281-299

  Halestrap, Andrew P ^a   Price, Nigel T ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL   (United Kingdom)

^b HANNAH RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

CD 147; Lactate; Metabolism; pH; Pyruvate

Indexed keywords

CARBOXYLIC ACID; LACTIC ACID; PROTON; PYRUVIC ACID;

ALTERNATIVE RNA SPLICING; ANIMAL CELL; CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS; CELL MEMBRANE TRANSPORT; CELL METABOLISM; FAST MUSCLE; GLYCOLYSIS; HEART MUSCLE; KIDNEY PROXIMAL TUBULE; KINETICS; NERVE CELL; NONHUMAN; OOCYTE; OXIDATION; PIGMENT EPITHELIUM; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE; SLOW MUSCLE; SPERMATOZOON TAIL; STRUCTURE ACTIVITY RELATION; TISSUE DISTRIBUTION; XENOPUS;

AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; ANIMALS; BASE SEQUENCE; CARRIER PROTEINS; EVOLUTION, MOLECULAR; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; HUMANS; MOLECULAR SEQUENCE DATA; MONOCARBOXYLIC ACID TRANSPORTERS; ORGAN SPECIFICITY; PROTEIN ISOFORMS; PROTONS; STRUCTURE-ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIP;

ANIMALIA; CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS; MAMMALIA; SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE;

EID: 0033569442     PISSN: 02646021     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1042/0264-6021:3430281     Document Type: Review

References (170)

1. Denton, R. M. and Halestrap, A. P. (1979) Essays Biochem. 15, 37-47
2. Poole, R. C. and Halestrap, A. P. (1993) Am. J. Physiol. 264, C761-C782
3. Juel, C. (1997) Physiol. Rev, 77, 321-358
4. Halestrap, A. P., Scott, R. D. and Thomas, A. P. (1980) Int. J. Biochem. 11, 97-105
5. Palmieri, F., Bisaccia, F., Capobianco, L., Dolce, V., Fiermonte, G., Iacobazzi, V., Indiveri, C. and Palmieri, L. (1996) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1275, 127-132
6. Price, N. T., Jackson, V. N. and Halestrap, A. P. (1998) Biochem. J. 329, 321-328
7. Halestrap, A. P., Wang, X. M., Poole, R. C., Jackson, V. N. and Price, N. T. (1997) Am. J. Cardiol. 80, A17-A25
8. Halestrap, A. P. (1976) Biochem. J. 156, 193-207
9. Deuticke, B. (1982) J. Membr. Biol. 70, 89-103
10. Jennings, M. L. and Adams-Lackey, M. (1982) J. Biol. Chem. 257, 12866-12871
11. Donovan, J. A. and Jennings, M. L. (1985) Biochemistry 24, 561-564
12. Donovan, J. A. and Jennings, M. L. (1986) Biochemistry 25, 1538-1545
13. Deuticke, B. (1989) Methods Enzymol. 173, 300-329
14. Poole, R. C. and Halestrap, A. P. (1992) Biochem. J. 283, 855-862
15. Poole, R. C. and Halestrap, A. P. (1988) Biochem. J. 254, 385-390
16. Poole, R. C. and Halestrap, A. P. (1994) Biochem. J. 303, 755-759
17. Kim, C. M., Goldstein, J. L. and Brown, M. S. (1992) J. Biol. Chem. 267, 23113-23121
18. Kim-Garcia, C., Goldstein, J. L., Pathak, R. K., Anderson, R. G. W. and Brown, M. S. (1994) Cell 76, 865-873
19. Broer, S., Rahman, B., Pellegri, G., Pellerin, L. Martin, J. L. Verleysdonk, S., Hamprecht, B. and Magistretti, P. J. (1997) J. Biol. Chem. 272, 30096-30102
20. Broer, S., Schneider, H. P., Broer, A., Rahman, B., Hamprecht, B. and Deitmer, J. W. (1998) Biochem. J. 333, 167-174
21. Kim-Garcia, C., Li. X., Luna, J. and Francke, U. (1994) Genomics 23, 500-503
22. Jackson, V. N., Price, N. T. and Halestrap, A. P. (1995) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1238, 193-196
23. Carpenter, L., Poole, R. C. and Halestrap, A. P. (1996) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1279, 157-163
24. Takanaga, H., Tamai, I., Inaba, S., Sai, Y., Higashida, H., Yamamoto, H. and Tsuji, A. (1995) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 217, 370-377
25. Koehler Stec, E. M., Simpson, I. A., Vannucci, S. J., Landschulz, K. T. and Landschulz, W. H. (1998) Am. J. Physiol. 275, E516-E524
26. Garcia, C. K., Brown, M. S., Pathak, R. K. and Goldstein, J. L. (1995) J. Biol. Chem. 270, 1843-1849
27. Lin, R. Y., Vera, J. C., Chaganti, R. S. K. and Golde, D. W. (1998) J. Biol. Chem. 273, 28959-28965
28. Bröer, S., Bröer, A., Schneider, H.-P., Stegen, C., Halestrap, A. P. and Deitmer, J. W. (1999) Biochem. J. 341, 529-535
29. Jackson, V. N., Price, N. T., Carpenter, L. and Halestrap, A. P. (1997) Biochem. J. 324, 447-453
30. Gerhart, D. Z., Enerson, B. E., Zhdankina, O. Y., Leino, R. L. and Drewes, L. R. (1998) Glia 22, 272-281
31. Tolner, B., Roy, K. and Sirotnak, F. M. (1998) Gene 211, 331-341
32. Borowsky, B. and Hoffman, B. J. (1998) J. Biol. Chem. 273, 29077-29085
33. Wang, Z., Schultheis, P. J. and Shull, G. E. (1996) J. Biol. Chem. 271, 7835-7843
34. Utsunomiya-Tate, N., Endou, H. and Kanai, Y. (1997) FEBS Lett. 416, 312-316
35. Philp, N., Chu, P., Pan, T.-C., Zhang, R. Z., Chu, M.-L., Stark, K., Boettiger, D., Yoon, H. and Kieber-Emmons, T. (1995) Exp. Cell Res. 219, 64-73
36. Yoon, H. Y., Fanelli, A., Grollman, E. F. and Philp, N. J. (1997) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 234, 90-94
37. Philp, N. J., Yoon, H. and Grollman, E. F. (1998) Am. J. Physiol. 274, R1824-R1828
38. Yoon, H. Y. and Philp, N. J. (1998) Exp. Eye Res. 67, 417-424
39. Wilson, M. C., Jackson, V. N., Heddle, C., Price, N. T., Pilegaard, H., Juel, C., Bonen, A., Montgomery, I., Hutter, O. F. and Halestrap, A. P. (1998) J. Biol. Chem. 273, 15920-15926
40. Juel, C. and Halestrap, A. P. (1999) J. Physiol. (London) 517, 633-642
41. Lafreniere, R. G., Carrel, L. and Willard, H. F. (1994) Hum. Mol. Gen. 3, 1133-1139
42. Rechsteiner, M. and Rogers, S. W. (1996) Trends Biochem. Sci. 21, 267-271
43. Debrand, E., Heard, E. and Avner, P. (1998) Genomics 48, 296-303
44. Havelaar, A. C., Mancini, G. M., Beerens, C. E., Souren, R. M. and Verheijen, F. W. (1998) J. Biol. Chem. 273, 34568-34574
45. Roth, A. F., Sullivan, D. M. and Davis, N. G. (1998) J. Cell Biol. 142, 949-961
46. Havelaar, A. M., Beerens, C. E. M. T., Mancini, G. M. S. and Verheijen, F. W. (1999) FEBS Lett. 446, 65-68
47. Fishbein, W. N. (1986) Science 234, 1254-1256
48. Merezhinskaya, N. and Fishbein, W. N. (1997) FASEB J. 11, 656
49. Saier, M. H., Eng, B. H., Fard, S., Garg, J., Haggerty, D. A., Hutchinson, W. J., Jack, D. L., Lai, E. C. Liu, H. J., Nusinew, D. P. et al. (1999) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1422, 1-56
50. Horak, J. (1997) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1331, 41-79
51. Leao, C. and van Uden, N. (1986) Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 23, 389-393
52. Cassio, F., Leao, C. and van Uden, N. (1987) App. Envir. Microbiol. 53, 509-513
53. Casal, M., Cardoso, H. and Leao, C. (1996) Microbiology (Reading U.K.) 142, 1385-1390
54. Geros, H., Cassio, F. and Leao, C. (1996) Yeast 12, 1263-1272
55. Casal, M., Paiva, S., Andrade, R. P., Gancedo, C. and Leao, C. (1999) J. Bacteriol. 181, 2620-2623
56. Kyte, J. and Doolittle, R. F. (1982) J. Mol. Biol. 157, 105-132
57. Hofmann, K. and Stoffel, W. (1993) Biol. Chem. Hoppe-Seyler 374, 166
58. Poole, R. C., Sansom, C. E. and Halestrap, A. P. (1996) Biochem. J. 320, 817-824
59. Baldwin, S. A. (1993) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1154, 17-49
60. Gould, G. W. and Holman, G. D. (1993) Biochem. J. 295, 329-341
61. Saier, M. H. (1994) Microbiol. Rev. 58, 71-93
62. Landolt-Marticorena, C. and Reithmeier, R. A. F. (1994) Biochem. J 302, 253-260
63. Arbuckle, M. I., Kane, S., Porter, L. M., Seatter, M. J. and Gould, G. W. (1996) Biochemistry 35, 16519-16527
64. Rahman, B., Schneider, H.-P., Bröer, A. C., Deitmer, J. W. and Bröer, S. (1999) Biochemistry 38, 11577-11584
65. Garcia, C. K., Li, X., Luna, J. and Francke, U. (1994) Genomics 23, 500-503
66. Meredith, D., Roberts, M. and Halestrap, A. P. (1999) J. Physiol. (London) 517P, 25P
67. Carpenter, L. and Halestrap, A. P. (1994) Biochem. J. 304, 751-760
68. Hart, K. W., Clarke, A. R., Wigley, D. B., Waldman, A. D. B., Chia, N., Barstow D. A., Atkinson, T., Jones, J. B. and Holbrook, J. J. (1987) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 914, 294-298
69. De Bruijne, A. W., Vreeberg, H. and Van Steveninck, J. (1983) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 732, 562-568
70. De Bruijne, A. W., Vreeberg, H. and Van Steveninck, J. (1985) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 812, 841-844
71. Halestrap, A. P. and Denton, R. M. (1974) Biochem. J. 138, 313-316
72. Halestrap, A. P. (1975) Biochem. J. 148, 85-96
73. Halestrap, A. P. and Denton, R. M. (1975) Biochem. J. 148, 97-106
74. Jackson, V. N. and Halestrap, A. P. (1996) J. Biol. Chem. 271, 861-868
75. Mason, M. J. and Thomas, R. C. (1988) J. Physiol. (London) 400, 459-479
76. Pellerin, L., Pellegri, G., Martin, J. L. and Magistretti, P. J. (1998) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95, 3990-3995
77. Gerhart, D. Z., Enerson, B. E., Zhdankina, O. Y., Leino, R. L. and Drewes, L. R. (1997) Am. J. Physiol. 273, E207-E213
78. Bergersen, L., Johannsson, E., Veruki, M. L., Nagelhus, E. A., Halestrap, A. P., Sejersted, O. M. and Ottersen, O. P. (1999) Neuroscience 90, 319-331
79. Gladden, L. B. (1996) in Handbook of Physiology, (Rowell, L. B. and Shepherd, J. T., eds.), section 12, pp. 614-648, Oxford University Press, New York, on behalf of the American Physiological Society
80. Bonen, A., Baker, S. K. and Hatta, H. (1997) Can. J. Appl. Physiol. 22, 531-552
81. McCullagh, K. J. A., Poole, R. C., Halestrap, A. P., O'Brien, M. and Bonen, A. (1996) Am. J. Physiol. 271, E143-E150
82. Pilegaard, H., Terzis, G., Halestrap, A. and Juel, C. (1999) Am. J. Physiol. 276, E843-E848
83. Poole-Wilson, P. A. (1989) Mol. Cell. Biochem. 89, 151-155
84. Eisner, D. A., Elliot, A. C. and Smith, G. L. (1987) J. Physiol. (London) 391, 99-108
85. Vaughan-Jones, R. D., Eisner, D. A. and Lederer, W. J. (1987) J. Gen. Physiol. 89, 1015-1032
86. Vandenberg, J. I., Metcalfe, J. C. and Grace, A. A. (1993) Circ. Res. 72, 993-1003
87. Poole, R. C., Halestrap, A. P., Price, S. J. and Levi, A. J. (1989) Biochem. J. 264, 409-418
88. Poole, R. C., Cranmer, S. L., Halestrap, A. P. and Levi, A. J. (1990) Biochem. J. 269, 827-829
89. Wang, X. M., Poole, R. C., Halestrap, A. P. and Levi, A. J. (1993) Biochem. J. 290, 249-258
90. Wang, X. M., Levi, A. J. and Halestrap, A. P. (1994) Am. J. Physiol. 267, H1759-H1769
91. Wang, X., Levi, A. J. and Halestrap, A. P. (1996) Am. J. Physiol. 270, H476-H484
92. Johannsson, E., Nagelhus, E. A., McCullagh, K. J. A., Sejersted, O. M., Blackstad, T. W., Bonen, A. and Ottersen, O. P. (1997) Circ. Res. 80, 400-407
93. Partridge, W. M. (1988) Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 28, 25-39
94. Robinson, A. M. and Williamson, D. H. (1980) Physiol. Rev. 60, 143-180
95. Cremer, J. E., Cunningham, V. J., Pardridge, W. M., Braun, L. D. and Oldendorf, W. H. (1979) J. Neurochem. 33, 439-445
96. Leino, R. L., Gerhart, D. Z. and Drewes, L. R. (1999) Dev. Brain Res. 113, 47-54
97. Waniewski, R. A. and Martin, D. L. (1998) J. Neurosci. 18, 5225-5233
98. Pellerin, L., Pellegri, G., Bittar, P. G., Charnay, Y., Bouras, C., Martin, J. L., Stella, N. and Magistretti, P. J. (1998) Dev. Neurosci. 20, 291-299
99. Schurr, A. and Rigor, B. M. (1998) Dev. Neurosci. 20, 348-357
100. Schneider, U., Poole, R. C., Halestrap, A. P. and Grafe, P. (1993) Neuroscience 53, 1153-1162
101. McKenna, M. C., Tildon, J. T., Stevenson, J. H., Hopkins, I. B., Huang, X. L. and Couto, R. (1998) Dev. Neurosci. 20, 300-309
102. Poitry-Yamate, C. L., Poitry, S. and Tsacopoulos, M. (1995) J. Neurosci. 15, 5179-5191
103. Gerhart, D. Z., Leino, R. L. and Drewes, L. R. (1999) Neuroscience 92, 367-371
104. Zeuthen, T., Hamann, S. and IaCour, M. (1996) J. Physiol. (London) 497, 3-17
105. Shimozono, M., Liu, J., Scofield, M. A. and Wangemann, P. (1998) J. Membr. Biol. 163, 37-46
106. Shimozono, M., Scofield, M. A. and Wangemann, P. (1997) Hear. Res. 114, 213-222
107. Ritzhaupt, A., Wood, I. S., Ellis, A., Hosie, K. B. and Shirazi-Beechey, S. P. (1998) J. Physiol. (London) 513, 719-732
108. Lamers, J. M. J. (1975) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 413, 265-276
109. Lamers, J. M. J. and Hulsmann, W. C. (1975) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 394, 31-45
110. Best, L., Trebilcock, R. and Tomlinson, S. (1992) Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 86, 49-56
111. Zhao, C. and Rutter, G. A. (1998) FEBS Lett. 430, 213-216
112. Kennedy, H. J., Pouli, A. E., Ainscow, E. K., Jouaville, L. S., Rizzuto, R. and Rutter, G. A. (1999) J. Biol. Chem. 274, 13281-13291
113. Miyamoto, S., Chiorini, J. A., Urcelay, E. and Safer, B. (1996) Biochem. J. 315, 791-798
114. Sachs, A. B., Sarnow, P. and Hentze, M. W. (1997) Cell 89, 831-838
115. Proud, C. G. and Denton, R. M. (1997) Biochem. J. 328, 329-341
116. Fliegel, L. and Dyck, J. R. B. (1995) Cardiovasc. Res. 29, 155-159
117. Closs, E. I., Lyons, C. R., Kelly, C. and Cunningham, J. M. (1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268, 20796-20800
118. Plata, C., Mount, D. B., Rubio, V., Hebert, S. C. and Gamba, G. (1999) Am. J. Physiol. 276, F359-F366
119. Meyer, T., Munch, C., Knappenberger, B., Liebau, S., Volkel, H. and Ludolph, A. C. (1998) Neurosci. Lett. 241, 68-70
120. McDermott, J. C. and Bonen, A. (1993) Acta Physiol. Scand. 147, 323-327
121. Pilegaard, H., Juel, C. and Wibrand, F. (1993) Am. J. Physiol. 264, E156-E160
122. McCullagh, K. J. A., Poole, R. C., Halestrap, A. P., Tipton, K. F., O'Brien, M. and Bonen, A. (1997) Am. J. Physiol. 273, E239-E246
123. Baker, S. K., McCullagh, K. J. A. and Bonen, A. (1998) J. Appl. Physiol. 84, 987-994
124. Juel, C. and Pilegaard, H. (1998) Pfluegers Arch. 436, 560-564
125. Pilegaard, H. and Juel, C. (1995) Am. J. Physiol. 269, E679-E682
126. McCullagh, K. J. A. and Bonen, A. (1995) Am. J. Physiol. 268, R884-R888
127. Bonen, A., McCullagh, K. J. A., Putman, C. T., Hultman, E., Jones, N. L. and Heigenhauser, G. J. F. (1998) Am. J. Physiol. 274, E102-E107
128. Pilegaard, H., Domino, K., Noland, T., Juel, C., Hellsten, Y., Halestrap, A. P. and Bangsbo, J. (1999) Am. J. Physiol. 276, E255-E261
129. Pilegaard, H. and Asp, S. (1998) Am. J. Physiol. 274, E554-E559
130. Pilegaard, H., Bangsbo, J., Richter, E. A. and Juel, C. (1994) J. Appl. Physiol. 77, 1858-1862
131. Tian, D., Huang, D. L., Brown, R. C. and Jungmann, R. A. (1998) J. Biol. Chem. 273, 28454-28460
132. Firth, J. D., Ebert, B. L. and Ratcliffe, P. J. (1995) J. Biol. Chem. 270, 21021-21027
133. Ebert, B. L., Firth, J. D. and Ratcliffe, P. J. (1995) J. Biol. Chem. 270, 29083-29089
134. Semenza, G. L., Jiang, B. H., Leung, S. W., Passantino, R., Concordet, J. P., Maire, P. and Giallongo, A. (1996) J. Biol. Chem. 271, 32529-32537
135. Phillips, S. M., Han, X. X., Green, H. J. and Bonen, A. (1996) Am. J. Physiol. 270, E456-E462
136. Johannsson, E., McCullagh, K. J. A., Han, X. X., Fernando, P. K., Jensen, J., Dahl, H. A. and Bonen, A. (1996) Am. J. Physiol. 271, E547-E555
137. Reynolds, T. H., Brozinick, J. T., Rogers, M. A. and Cushman, S. W. (1998) Am. J. Physiol. 271, E773-E778
138. Jones, J. P., Tapscott, E. B., Olson, A. L., Pessin, J. E. and Dohm, G. L. (1998) J. Appl. Physiol. 84, 1661-1666
139. Johannsson, E., Jensen, J., Gundersen, K., Dahl, H. A. and Bonen, A. (1996) Am. J. Physiol. 271, R426-R431
140. Handberg, A., Megeney, L. A., McCullagh, K. J. A., Kayser, L., Han, X. X. and Bonen, A. (1996) Am. J. Physiol. 271, E50-E57
141. Young, L. H., Renfu, Y., Russell, R., Hu, X. Y., Caplan, M., Ren, J. M., Shulman, G. I. and Sinusas, A. J. (1997) Circulation 95, 415-422
142. Hayashi, T., Wojtaszewski, J. F. P. and Goodyear, L. J. (1997) Am. J. Physiol. 273, E1039-E1051
143. Poole, R. C. and Halestrap, A. P. (1997) J. Biol. Chem. 272, 14624-14628
144. Ozawa, M., Huang, R. P., Furukawa, T. and Muramatsu, T. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263, 3059-3062
145. Guenette, R. S., Sridhar, S., Herley, M., Mooibroek, M., Wong, P. and Tenniswood, M. (1997) Dev. Genet. 21, 268-278
146. Seulberger, H., Unger, C. M. and Risau, W. (1992) Neurosci. Lett. 140, 93-97
147. Schuster, V. L., Lu, R., Kanal, N., Bao, Y., Rosenberg, S., Prie, D., Ronco, P. and Jennings, M. L. (1996) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1311, 13-19
148. Fossum, S., Mallett, S. and Barclay, A. N. (1991) Eur. J. Immunol. 21, 671-679
149. Wilson, M. C., Heddle, C., Kirk, P., Roberts, M., Meredith, D., Barclay, A. N., Brown, M. H. and Halestrap, A. P. (1999) J. Physiol. (London) 517P, 58P
150. Kirk, P., Wilson, M. C., Halestrap, A. P., Barclay, A. N. and Brown, M. H. (1998) Immunology 95s1, 9.8 (Abstr.)
151. Groves, J. D. and Tanner, M. J. A. (1992) J. Biol. Chem. 267, 22163-22170
152. Groves, J. D. and Tanner, M. J. A. (1994) J. Membr. Biol. 140, 81-88
153. Mastro-Berardino, L., Spindler, B., Pfeiffer, R., Skelly, P. J., Lotfing, J., Shoemaker, C. B. and Verrey, F. (1998) Nature (London) 395, 288-291
154. Kanal, Y., Segawa, H., Miyamoto, K., Uchino, H., Takeda, E. and Endou, H. (1998) J. Biol. Chem. 273, 23629-23632
155. Abumrad, N. A., Elmaghrabi, M. R., Amri, E. Z., Lopez, E. and Grimaldi, P. A. (1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268, 17665-17668
156. Schaffer, J. E. and Lodish, H. F. (1994) Cell 79, 427-436
157. Ruiz-Montasell, B., Gomez-Angelats, M., Casado, F. J., Felipe, A., McGivan, J. D. and Pastor-Anglada, M. (1994) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 91, 9569-9573
158. Nehme, C. L. Fayos, B. E. and Bartles, J. R. (1995) Biochem. J. 310, 693-698
159. Gawantka, V., Pollet, N., Delius, H., Vingron, M., Pfister, R., Nitsch, R., Blumenstock, C. and Niehrs, C. (1998) Mech. Dev. 77, 95-141
160. Alexandraki, D. and Tzermia, M. (1994) Yeast 10, S81-S91
161. Mallet, L., Busseraeu, F. and Jacquet, M (1995) Yeast 11, 1195-1209
162. Wilson, R., Ainscough, R., Anderson, K., Baynes, C., Berks, M., Bonfield, J., Burton, J., Connell, M., Copsey, T., Cooper, J. et al. (1994) Nature (London) 368, 32-38
163. Sensen, C. W., Klenk, H. P., Singh, R. K., Allard, G., Chan, C. C. Y., Liu, Q. Y., Penny, S. L., Young, F., Schenk, M. E., Gaasterland T. et al. (1996) Mol. Microbiol. 22, 175-191
164. Klenk, H. P., Clayton, R. A., Tomb, J., White, O., Nelson, K. E., Ketchum, K. A., Dodson, R. J., Gwinn, M., Hickey, E. K., Peterson, J. D. et al. (1997) Nature (London) 390, 364-370
165. Kunst F., Ogasawara, N., Moszer, I., Albertini, A. M., Alloni, G., Azevedo, V., Bertero, M. G., Bessieres, P., Bolotin, A., Borchert, S. et al. (1997) Nature (London) 390, 249-256
166. Reeder, T. and Schleif, R. (1991) J. Bacteriol. 173, 7765-7771
167. Martin, V. J. J. and Mohn, W. W. (1999) J. Bacteriol. 181, 2675-2682
168. Dong, J. M., Taylor, J. S., Latour, D. J., Iuchi, S. and Lin, E. C. (1993) J. Bacteriol. 175, 6671-6678
169. Fleischmann, R. D., Adams, M. D., White, O., Clayton, R. A., Kirkness, E. F., Kerlavage, A. R., Bult, C. J., Tomb, J. F., Dougherty, B. A., Merrick, J. M. et al. (1995) Science 269, 496-512
170. Yamane, K., Kumano, M. and Kurita, K. (1996) Microbiology 142, 3047-3056