The implications of Epstein-Barr virus in multiple' sclerosis - a review

Acta Neurologica Scandinavica

Volumn 95, Issue S169, 1997, Pages 59-64

  Munch, M ^a   Hvas, J ^a   Christensen, T ^a   Moller Larsen A ^a   Haahr, S ^a  

^a AARHUS UNIVERSITY   (Denmark)

Author keywords

Autoimmunity; Epidemiology; Epstein Barr virus; Multiple sclerosis; Retrovirus; Review; Transactivation

Indexed keywords

AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE; EPSTEIN BARR VIRUS; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; GENETICS; HERPES VIRUS INFECTION; HUMAN; INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS; MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; PHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW; VIROLOGY; AUTOIMMUNITY; CONFERENCE PAPER; CONTROLLED STUDY; HUMAN CELL; TRANSACTIVATION; VIRUS CARRIER; VIRUS PATHOGENESIS;

AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, VIRAL; HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN; HUMANS; INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS; MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS;

EID: 0030626495     PISSN: 00016314     EISSN: 16000404     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.1997.tb08151.x     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. Kurtzke JF. Epidemiologic evidence for multiple sclerosis as an infection. Clin Microbiol Rev 1993: 6: 382 - 427.
2. Haahr S., Sommerlund M., Møller-Larsen A., Nielsen R., Hansen HJ. Just another dubious virus in cells from a patient with multiple sclerosis Lancet 1991: i: 863 - 864.
3. Sommerlund M., Pallesen G., Møller-Larsen, Hansen HJ, Haahr S. Retrovirus-like particles in an Epstein-Barr virus-producing cell line derived from a patient with chronic progressive myelopathy. Acta Neurol Scand 1993: 87: 71 - 76.
4. Munch M., Møller-Larsen A., Christensen T., Morling N., Hansen HJ, Haahr S. B-lymphoblastoid cell lines from multiple sclerosis patients and a healthy control producing a putative new human retrovirus and Epstein-Barr virus. Multiple Sclerosis Clin Lab Res 1995: 1: 78 - 81.
5. Haahr S., Sommerlund M., Møller-Larsen A. Multiple sclerosis as a retroviral disease? Epidemiological considerations in relation to HTLV-I epidemiology. Neuroepidemiology 1991: 10:232 - 235.
6. Operskalsky EA, Visscher BR, Malmgren RM, Detels R. A case-control study of multiple sclerosis. Neurology 1989: 34: 825 - 829.
7. Martyn C. The epidemiology of multiple sclerosis. In: Matthews WB, eds. McAlpine's multiple sclerosis. 2nd ed. Edinburgh : Churchill Livingstone, 1991: 3 - 40.
8. Haahr S., Sommerlund M. Møller-Larsen A., Mogensen S., Andersen HMK. Multiple sclerosis is caused by a dual infection with retrovirus and Epstein-Barr virus Neuroepidemiology 1992: 11: 299 - 303.
9. Straus SE. Epstein-Barr virus infections: Biology, pathogenesis, and management. Ann Intern Med 1992: 118: 45 - 58.
10. Decker LL, Klaman LD, Thorley-Lawson DA. Detection of the latent form of Epstein-Barr virus DNA in the peripheral blood of healthy individuals. J Virol 1996: 70: 3286 - 3289.
11. Gratama JW, Oosterveer MAP, Weimar W. et al. Detection of multiple "Ebnotypes" in individual Epstein-Barr virus carriers following lymphocyte transformation by virus derived from peripheral blood and oropharynx. J Gen Virol 1994: 75: 85 - 94.
12. Dambaugh T. Hennessy K., Chamnankit L., Kieff E. U2 region of Epstein-Barr virus DNA may encode Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen 2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1984: 81: 7632 - 7636.
13. Yao QY, Rowe M., Martin B., Young LS, Rickinson AB. The Epstein-Barr virus carrier state: dominance of a single growth-transforming isolate in the blood and in the oropharynx of healthy virus carriers. J Gen Virol 1991: 72: 1579 - 1590.
14. Evans AS, Niederman JC. Epstein-Barr Virus. In: Evans AS, ed. Viral infections of humans. Epidemiology and controls. 3rd edn. New York : Plenum Medical Book Company 1989: 265 - 292.
15. Leibowitz D. Epstein-Barr virus - an old dog with new tricks. Editorial. N Engl J Med 1995: 332: 55 - 57.
16. Pattengale PK, Gerber P., Smith RW. Selective transformation of B lymphocytes by EB virus. Lancet 1973: ii: 1153 - 1155.
17. Fraser KB, Haire M. Millar JHD, McCrea S. Increased tendency to spontaneous in vitro lymphocyte transformation in clinically active multiple sclerosis. Lancet 1979: ii: 715 - 717.
18. Larsen PD, Bloomer LC, Bray PF. Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen and viral capsid antigen antibody titers in multiple sclerosis. Neurolow 1985: 35: 435 - 438.
19. Sumaya CV. Nyers LW, Ellison GW. Epstein-Barr virus antibodies in multiple sclerosis. Arch Neurol 1980: 38: 94 - 96.
20. Bray PF, Bloomer LC, Salmon VC, Bagley MH, Larsen PD. Epstein-Barr virus infection and antibody synthesis in patients with multiple sclerosis. Arch Neurol 1983: 37: 94 - 96.
21. Sumaya CV, Myers LW, Ellison GW, Ench Y. Increased prevalence and titer of Epstein-Barr virus antibodies in patients with multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 1985: 17: 371 - 317.
22. Telenti A., Uehlinger DE, Marchesi F., Germann D., Malinverni R., Matter L. Epstein-Barr virus infection in HIV-positive patients. Eur J Clin Microbiol 1993: 12: 601 - 609.
23. Hallee TJ, Evans AS, Niederman JC, Brooks NO. Infectious mononucleosis at the U.S. Military Academy. A prospective study of a single class over four years. Yale J Biol Med 1974: 47: 182 - 195.
24. Bulman D., Ebers G. The geography of multiple sclerosis reflects genetic susceptibility. J Trop Geogr Neurol 1992: 2: 66 - 72.
25. Gale CR, Martyn C. Migrant studies in multiple sclerosis. Prog Neurobiol 1995: 47: 425 - 448.
26. Kurtzke JF, Beebe GB, Norman JE. Epidemiology of multiple sclerosis in US veterans: III. Migration and the risk of MS. Neurology 1985: 35: 672 - 678.
27. Martyn C., Crudas M., Compston DAS. Symptomatic Epstein-Barr virus infection and multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1993: 56: 167 - 168.
28. Lindberg C., Andersen O., Vahlne A., Dalton M., Rumakere B. Epidemiological investigations of the association between infectious mononucleosis and multiple sclerosis. Neuroepidemiology 1991: 10: 62 - 65.
29. Haahr S., Koch-Henriksen N., Møller-Larsen A., Eriksen LS, Andersen HMK. Increased risk of multiple sclerosis after late Epstein-Barr virus infection. Multiple Sclerosis: Clin Lab Res 1995: 1: 73 - 77.
30. Knox EG. Detection of clusters. In: Elliot P., ed. Methodology of enquiries into disease clustering. London : Small Area Health Statistics Unit 1989: 17 - 20.
31. Riise T., Grønning M., Klauber MR, Barrett-Connor E., Nyland H., Albrektsen G. Clustering of residence of multiple sclerosis patients at age 13-20 years in Hordeland, Norway. Am J Epidemiol 1991: 133: 932 - 939.
32. Bray PF, Culp KW, McFarlin DE, Patrick HS, Torkelson RD, Schlight JP. Demyelinating disease after neurologically complicated primary Epstein-Barr virus infection. Neurology 1992: 42: 278 - 282.
33. Grose C., Henle W., Henle G., Feorino, PL. Primary Epstein-Barr virus infections in acute neurologic diseases. N Engl J Med 1975: 292: 392 - 395.
34. Warner HB and Carp RI. Multiple sclerosis etiology - an Epstein-Barr Virus Hypothesis. Med Hypotheses 1988: 25: 93 - 977.
35. Bray FB, Luka J., Bray PF, Culp KW, Schlight JP. Antibodies against Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen (EBNA) in multiple sclerosis CSE and two pentapeptide sequence identities between EBNA and myelin basic protein. Neurology 1992: 42: 1798 - 1804.
36. Hilton DA, Love S., Fletcher A., Pringle JH. Absence of Epstein-Barr virus RNA in multiple sclerosis as assessed by in situ hybridisation. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1994: 51: 975 - 976.
37. Wucherpfennig KW, Strominger JL. Molecular mimicry in T cell-mediated autoimmunity: viral peptides activate human T cell clones specific for myelin basic protein. Cell 1995: 80: 695 - 705.
38. Rhodes G., Carson DA, Valbracht J., Houghten R., Vaughan J. Human immune response to synthetic peptides from the Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen. J Immunol 1985: 134: 211 - 216.
39. Rhodes G., Rumpold H., Kurki P., Patrick KM, Carson DA, Vaughan J. Autoantibodies in infectious mononucleosis have specificity for the glycine-alanine repeating region of the Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen. J exp Med 1987: 165: 1026 - 1040.
40. Vaughan JH, Rise T., Rhodes GH, Nguyen MD, Barret-Connor E., Nyland H. An Epstein-Barr virus-related cross reactive autoimmune response in multiple sclerosis in Norway. J Neuroimmunol 1996: 69: 95 - 102.
41. Abdel-Hafiz HA, Chen CY, Marcell T., Kroll DJ, Hoeffler JP. Structural determinants outside of the leucine zipper influence the interaction of CREB and ATF-2: interaction of CREB with ATF-2 blocks E1a: ATF-2 complex formation. Oncogene 1993: 8: 1161 - 1174.
42. van Dam H., Duyndam M., Rottier R. et al. Heterodimer formation of cJun and ATF-2 is responsible for induction of c-jun by the 243 amino acid adenovirus E1A protein. EMBO J 1993: 12: 479 - 487.
43. Liu F., Green MR. A specific member of the ATF transcription activation by the adenovirus E1a protein. Cell 1990: 61: 1217 - 1224.
44. Chatton B., Bocco JL, Gaire M. et al. Transcriptional activation by the adenovirus larger E1a product is mediated by members of the cellular transcription factor ATF family which can directly associate with E1a. Mol Cell Biol 1993: 13: 561 - 570.
45. Chellappan SP, Hiebert S., Mudryj M., Horowitz JM, Nevins JR. The E2F transcription factor is a cellular target for the RB protein. Cell 1991: 65: 1053 - 1061.
46. Roulston A., Beauparlant P., Rice N., Hiscott J. Chronic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection stimulates distinct NF-betaB/rel DNA binding activities in myelomonoblastic cells. J Virol 1993: 67: 5235 - 5246.
47. Peters WP, Kufe D., Schlom J. et al. Biological and biochemical evidence for an interaction between Marek's disease herpesvirus and avian Ieukosis virus in vivo. PNAS U S A 1973: 70: 3175 - 3178.
48. Evermann JF, Derse D., Dorn PL. Interactions between herpesviruses and retroviruses: implications in the initiation of disease. Microb Pathog 1991: 10: 1 - 9.
49. Isfort RJ, Witter R., Kung HJ. Retrovirus insertion into herpesviruses. Trends Microbiol 1994: 2: 174 - 177.
50. Flamand L., Menezes J. Cyclic AMP-responsive element-dependent activation of Epstein-Barr virus zebra promoter by human herpesvirus 6. J Virol 1996: 70: 1784 - 1791.
51. Yamanamoto N., Matsumoto T., Koyanagi Y., Tanaka Y., Hinuma Y. Unique cell line harbouring both Epstein-Barr virus and adult T-cell leukaemia virus, established from leukaemia patients. Nature 1982: 299: 367 - 369.
52. Sun R., Grogan E., Shedd D. et al. Transmissable retrovirus in Epstein-Barr virus-producer B95-8 cells. Virology 1995: 209: 374 - 383.
53. Lai PK, Li X., Volsky DJ. Induction of Epstein-Barr virus in B-lymphoblastoid cells by human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Int J Cancer 1989: 43: 1104 - 1111.
54. Lycke J., Svenneholm B., Hjelmquist E. et al. Acyclovir treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. J Neurol 1996: 243: 214 - 224.
55. Weller S., Blum MR, Doucette M. Pharmacokinetics of the acyclovir pro-drug, valaciclovir after escalating single-and multiple-dose administration to normal volunteers. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1993: 54: 595 - 605.
56. Collins P. The spectrum of antiviral activity of acyclovir in vitro and in vivo. J Antimicrob Chemother 1983: 12 (Suppl B): 19 - 27.