Electroactive and luminescent polymers: New fluorene-heterocycle-based hybrids

Journal of Materials Chemistry

Volumn 9, Issue 9, 1999, Pages 2189-2200

  Tsuie, Barbara ^a   Reddinger, Jerry L ^a   Sotzing, Gregory A ^a   Soloducho, Jadwiga ^a,b   Katritzky, Alan R ^a   Reynolds, John R ^a  

^a University of Florida ^*  (United States)

^b WROCLAW UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Poland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

3,4 ETHYLENE DIOXYTHIOPHENE; 9,9 DIETHYL 2,7 BIS(PYRROL 2 YL)FLUORENE; COPOLYMER; FURAN DERIVATIVE; PYRROLE DERIVATIVE; THIOPHENE DERIVATIVE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ARTICLE; CHEMICAL ANALYSIS; CHEMICAL REACTION; ELECTROCHEMISTRY; INFRARED RADIATION; LUMINESCENCE; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE; OXIDATION; POLYMERIZATION; SYNTHESIS;

EID: 0032869628     PISSN: 09599428     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1039/a903374b     Document Type: Article

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13. 4 See for example: M. Rehahn, A. D. Schluter, G. Wegner and W. J. Feast, Polymer, 1989, 30, 1054; A. D. Schluter, M. Loffler and V. Enkelmann, Nature, 1994, 368, 831; B. Karakaya, W. Claussen, K. Gessler, W. Saenger and A. D. Schluter, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1997, 119, 3296; W. Stocker, B. Karakaya, B. L. Schurmann, J. P. Rabe and A. D. Schluter, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1998, 120, 7691; J. Grimme, M. Kreyenschmidt, F. Uckert, K. Muellen and U. Scherf, Adv. Mater., 1995, 7, 292; M. Kreyenschmidt, F. Uckert and K. Muellen, Macromolecules, 1995, 28, 4577; R. Fiesel, J. Huber and U. Scherf, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1996, 35, 2111; G. Grem, C. Paar, J. Stampfl, G. Leising, J. Huber and U. Scherf, Chem. Mater., 1995, 7, 2; J. J. S. Lamba and J. M. Tour, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1994, 116, 11723; J. M. Tour and J. J. S. Lamba, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1993, 115, 4935; F. E. Goodson, T. I. Wallow and B. M. Novak, Macromolecules, 1998, 31, 2047; B. M. Novak, E. Hagen, S. Hoff and A. Viswanathan, Macromolecules, 1994, 27, 1985.
14. 4 See for example: M. Rehahn, A. D. Schluter, G. Wegner and W. J. Feast, Polymer, 1989, 30, 1054; A. D. Schluter, M. Loffler and V. Enkelmann, Nature, 1994, 368, 831; B. Karakaya, W. Claussen, K. Gessler, W. Saenger and A. D. Schluter, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1997, 119, 3296; W. Stocker, B. Karakaya, B. L. Schurmann, J. P. Rabe and A. D. Schluter, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1998, 120, 7691; J. Grimme, M. Kreyenschmidt, F. Uckert, K. Muellen and U. Scherf, Adv. Mater., 1995, 7, 292; M. Kreyenschmidt, F. Uckert and K. Muellen, Macromolecules, 1995, 28, 4577; R. Fiesel, J. Huber and U. Scherf, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1996, 35, 2111; G. Grem, C. Paar, J. Stampfl, G. Leising, J. Huber and U. Scherf, Chem. Mater., 1995, 7, 2; J. J. S. Lamba and J. M. Tour, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1994, 116, 11723; J. M. Tour and J. J. S. Lamba, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1993, 115, 4935; F. E. Goodson, T. I. Wallow and B. M. Novak, Macromolecules, 1998, 31, 2047; B. M. Novak, E. Hagen, S. Hoff and A. Viswanathan, Macromolecules, 1994, 27, 1985.
15. 4 See for example: M. Rehahn, A. D. Schluter, G. Wegner and W. J. Feast, Polymer, 1989, 30, 1054; A. D. Schluter, M. Loffler and V. Enkelmann, Nature, 1994, 368, 831; B. Karakaya, W. Claussen, K. Gessler, W. Saenger and A. D. Schluter, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1997, 119, 3296; W. Stocker, B. Karakaya, B. L. Schurmann, J. P. Rabe and A. D. Schluter, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1998, 120, 7691; J. Grimme, M. Kreyenschmidt, F. Uckert, K. Muellen and U. Scherf, Adv. Mater., 1995, 7, 292; M. Kreyenschmidt, F. Uckert and K. Muellen, Macromolecules, 1995, 28, 4577; R. Fiesel, J. Huber and U. Scherf, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1996, 35, 2111; G. Grem, C. Paar, J. Stampfl, G. Leising, J. Huber and U. Scherf, Chem. Mater., 1995, 7, 2; J. J. S. Lamba and J. M. Tour, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1994, 116, 11723; J. M. Tour and J. J. S. Lamba, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1993, 115, 4935; F. E. Goodson, T. I. Wallow and B. M. Novak, Macromolecules, 1998, 31, 2047; B. M. Novak, E. Hagen, S. Hoff and A. Viswanathan, Macromolecules, 1994, 27, 1985.
16. 4 See for example: M. Rehahn, A. D. Schluter, G. Wegner and W. J. Feast, Polymer, 1989, 30, 1054; A. D. Schluter, M. Loffler and V. Enkelmann, Nature, 1994, 368, 831; B. Karakaya, W. Claussen, K. Gessler, W. Saenger and A. D. Schluter, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1997, 119, 3296; W. Stocker, B. Karakaya, B. L. Schurmann, J. P. Rabe and A. D. Schluter, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1998, 120, 7691; J. Grimme, M. Kreyenschmidt, F. Uckert, K. Muellen and U. Scherf, Adv. Mater., 1995, 7, 292; M. Kreyenschmidt, F. Uckert and K. Muellen, Macromolecules, 1995, 28, 4577; R. Fiesel, J. Huber and U. Scherf, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1996, 35, 2111; G. Grem, C. Paar, J. Stampfl, G. Leising, J. Huber and U. Scherf, Chem. Mater., 1995, 7, 2; J. J. S. Lamba and J. M. Tour, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1994, 116, 11723; J. M. Tour and J. J. S. Lamba, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1993, 115, 4935; F. E. Goodson, T. I. Wallow and B. M. Novak, Macromolecules, 1998, 31, 2047; B. M. Novak, E. Hagen, S. Hoff and A. Viswanathan, Macromolecules, 1994, 27, 1985.
17. 4 See for example: M. Rehahn, A. D. Schluter, G. Wegner and W. J. Feast, Polymer, 1989, 30, 1054; A. D. Schluter, M. Loffler and V. Enkelmann, Nature, 1994, 368, 831; B. Karakaya, W. Claussen, K. Gessler, W. Saenger and A. D. Schluter, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1997, 119, 3296; W. Stocker, B. Karakaya, B. L. Schurmann, J. P. Rabe and A. D. Schluter, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1998, 120, 7691; J. Grimme, M. Kreyenschmidt, F. Uckert, K. Muellen and U. Scherf, Adv. Mater., 1995, 7, 292; M. Kreyenschmidt, F. Uckert and K. Muellen, Macromolecules, 1995, 28, 4577; R. Fiesel, J. Huber and U. Scherf, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1996, 35, 2111; G. Grem, C. Paar, J. Stampfl, G. Leising, J. Huber and U. Scherf, Chem. Mater., 1995, 7, 2; J. J. S. Lamba and J. M. Tour, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1994, 116, 11723; J. M. Tour and J. J. S. Lamba, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1993, 115, 4935; F. E. Goodson, T. I. Wallow and B. M. Novak, Macromolecules, 1998, 31, 2047; B. M. Novak, E. Hagen, S. Hoff and A. Viswanathan, Macromolecules, 1994, 27, 1985.
18. 4 See for example: M. Rehahn, A. D. Schluter, G. Wegner and W. J. Feast, Polymer, 1989, 30, 1054; A. D. Schluter, M. Loffler and V. Enkelmann, Nature, 1994, 368, 831; B. Karakaya, W. Claussen, K. Gessler, W. Saenger and A. D. Schluter, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1997, 119, 3296; W. Stocker, B. Karakaya, B. L. Schurmann, J. P. Rabe and A. D. Schluter, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1998, 120, 7691; J. Grimme, M. Kreyenschmidt, F. Uckert, K. Muellen and U. Scherf, Adv. Mater., 1995, 7, 292; M. Kreyenschmidt, F. Uckert and K. Muellen, Macromolecules, 1995, 28, 4577; R. Fiesel, J. Huber and U. Scherf, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1996, 35, 2111; G. Grem, C. Paar, J. Stampfl, G. Leising, J. Huber and U. Scherf, Chem. Mater., 1995, 7, 2; J. J. S. Lamba and J. M. Tour, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1994, 116, 11723; J. M. Tour and J. J. S. Lamba, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1993, 115, 4935; F. E. Goodson, T. I. Wallow and B. M. Novak, Macromolecules, 1998, 31, 2047; B. M. Novak, E. Hagen, S. Hoff and A. Viswanathan, Macromolecules, 1994, 27, 1985.
19. 4 See for example: M. Rehahn, A. D. Schluter, G. Wegner and W. J. Feast, Polymer, 1989, 30, 1054; A. D. Schluter, M. Loffler and V. Enkelmann, Nature, 1994, 368, 831; B. Karakaya, W. Claussen, K. Gessler, W. Saenger and A. D. Schluter, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1997, 119, 3296; W. Stocker, B. Karakaya, B. L. Schurmann, J. P. Rabe and A. D. Schluter, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1998, 120, 7691; J. Grimme, M. Kreyenschmidt, F. Uckert, K. Muellen and U. Scherf, Adv. Mater., 1995, 7, 292; M. Kreyenschmidt, F. Uckert and K. Muellen, Macromolecules, 1995, 28, 4577; R. Fiesel, J. Huber and U. Scherf, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1996, 35, 2111; G. Grem, C. Paar, J. Stampfl, G. Leising, J. Huber and U. Scherf, Chem. Mater., 1995, 7, 2; J. J. S. Lamba and J. M. Tour, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1994, 116, 11723; J. M. Tour and J. J. S. Lamba, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1993, 115, 4935; F. E. Goodson, T. I. Wallow and B. M. Novak, Macromolecules, 1998, 31, 2047; B. M. Novak, E. Hagen, S. Hoff and A. Viswanathan, Macromolecules, 1994, 27, 1985.
20. 4 See for example: M. Rehahn, A. D. Schluter, G. Wegner and W. J. Feast, Polymer, 1989, 30, 1054; A. D. Schluter, M. Loffler and V. Enkelmann, Nature, 1994, 368, 831; B. Karakaya, W. Claussen, K. Gessler, W. Saenger and A. D. Schluter, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1997, 119, 3296; W. Stocker, B. Karakaya, B. L. Schurmann, J. P. Rabe and A. D. Schluter, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1998, 120, 7691; J. Grimme, M. Kreyenschmidt, F. Uckert, K. Muellen and U. Scherf, Adv. Mater., 1995, 7, 292; M. Kreyenschmidt, F. Uckert and K. Muellen, Macromolecules, 1995, 28, 4577; R. Fiesel, J. Huber and U. Scherf, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1996, 35, 2111; G. Grem, C. Paar, J. Stampfl, G. Leising, J. Huber and U. Scherf, Chem. Mater., 1995, 7, 2; J. J. S. Lamba and J. M. Tour, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1994, 116, 11723; J. M. Tour and J. J. S. Lamba, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1993, 115, 4935; F. E. Goodson, T. I. Wallow and B. M. Novak, Macromolecules, 1998, 31, 2047; B. M. Novak, E. Hagen, S. Hoff and A. Viswanathan, Macromolecules, 1994, 27, 1985.
21. 4 See for example: M. Rehahn, A. D. Schluter, G. Wegner and W. J. Feast, Polymer, 1989, 30, 1054; A. D. Schluter, M. Loffler and V. Enkelmann, Nature, 1994, 368, 831; B. Karakaya, W. Claussen, K. Gessler, W. Saenger and A. D. Schluter, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1997, 119, 3296; W. Stocker, B. Karakaya, B. L. Schurmann, J. P. Rabe and A. D. Schluter, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1998, 120, 7691; J. Grimme, M. Kreyenschmidt, F. Uckert, K. Muellen and U. Scherf, Adv. Mater., 1995, 7, 292; M. Kreyenschmidt, F. Uckert and K. Muellen, Macromolecules, 1995, 28, 4577; R. Fiesel, J. Huber and U. Scherf, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1996, 35, 2111; G. Grem, C. Paar, J. Stampfl, G. Leising, J. Huber and U. Scherf, Chem. Mater., 1995, 7, 2; J. J. S. Lamba and J. M. Tour, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1994, 116, 11723; J. M. Tour and J. J. S. Lamba, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1993, 115, 4935; F. E. Goodson, T. I. Wallow and B. M. Novak, Macromolecules, 1998, 31, 2047; B. M. Novak, E. Hagen, S. Hoff and A. Viswanathan, Macromolecules, 1994, 27, 1985.
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23. 5 G. Grem, G. Leditzky, B. Ullrich and G. Leising, Adv. Mater., 1992, 4, 36; G. Grem, G. Leising, Synth. Met., 1993, 55-57, 4105.
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25. 6 (a) J. L. Musfeldt, J. R. Reynolds, D. B. Tanner, J. P. Ruiz, J. Wang and M. Pomerantz, J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys., 1994, 32, 2395;
26. (b) J. L. Reddinger and J. R. Reynolds, Macromolecules, 1997, 30, 479;
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31. 8 T. I. Wallow and B. M. Novak, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1991, 113, 7411;
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34. 10 Representative papers include: G. Heywang and F. Jonas, Adv. Mater., 1992, 4, 116; Q. Pei, G. Zuccarello, M. Ahlskog and O. Inganas, Polymer, 1994, 35, 1347; M. Dietrich, J. Heinze, G. Heywang and F. Jonas, J. Electroanal. Chem., 1994, 369, 87; E. E. Havinga, C. M. J. Mutsaers and L. W. Jenneskens, Chem. Mater., 1996, 8, 769.
35. 10 Representative papers include: G. Heywang and F. Jonas, Adv. Mater., 1992, 4, 116; Q. Pei, G. Zuccarello, M. Ahlskog and O. Inganas, Polymer, 1994, 35, 1347; M. Dietrich, J. Heinze, G. Heywang and F. Jonas, J. Electroanal. Chem., 1994, 369, 87; E. E. Havinga, C. M. J. Mutsaers and L. W. Jenneskens, Chem. Mater., 1996, 8, 769.
36. 10 Representative papers include: G. Heywang and F. Jonas, Adv. Mater., 1992, 4, 116; Q. Pei, G. Zuccarello, M. Ahlskog and O. Inganas, Polymer, 1994, 35, 1347; M. Dietrich, J. Heinze, G. Heywang and F. Jonas, J. Electroanal. Chem., 1994, 369, 87; E. E. Havinga, C. M. J. Mutsaers and L. W. Jenneskens, Chem. Mater., 1996, 8, 769.
37. 10 Representative papers include: G. Heywang and F. Jonas, Adv. Mater., 1992, 4, 116; Q. Pei, G. Zuccarello, M. Ahlskog and O. Inganas, Polymer, 1994, 35, 1347; M. Dietrich, J. Heinze, G. Heywang and F. Jonas, J. Electroanal. Chem., 1994, 369, 87; E. E. Havinga, C. M. J. Mutsaers and L. W. Jenneskens, Chem. Mater., 1996, 8, 769.
38. 11 Representative papers include: A. Kumar and J. R. Reynolds, Macromolecules, 1996, 29, 7629; J. R. Reynolds, A. Kumar, J. L. Reddinger, B. Sankaran, S. A. Sapp and G. A. Sotzing, Synth. Met., 1997, 85, 1295; G. A. Sotzing, J. R. Reynolds and P. J. Steel, Adv. Mater., 1997, 9, 795; B. Sankaran and J. R. Reynolds, Macromolecules, 1997, 30, 2582; S. A. Sapp, G. A. Sotzing, J. L. Reddinger and J. R. Reynolds, Adv. Mater., 1996, 8, 808; G. A. Sotzing, C. A. Thomas and J. R. Reynolds, Macromolecules, 1998, 31, 3750; G. A. Sotzing and J. R. Reynolds, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1995, 703. 12 See for example: J. Roncali, F. Garnier, R. Garreau and M. Lemaire, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1987, 1500; R. Cloutier and M. Leclerc, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1991, 1194; M. Leclerc and G. Daoust, Synth. Met., 1991, 41-43, 529; M. R. Bryce, A. D. Chissel, N. R. M. Smith, D. Parker and P. Kathirgamanathan, Synth. Met., 1988, 26, 153; T. Hagiwara, M. Yamaura, K. Sato, M. Hirasaka and K. Iwata, Synth. Met., 1989, 32, 367; M. Feldhues, G. Kamf, H. Litterer, T. Mecklenburg and P. Wegener, Synth. Met., 1989, 28, C487; M. Dietrich and J. Heinze, Synth. Met., 1991, 41-13, 503.
39. 11 Representative papers include: A. Kumar and J. R. Reynolds, Macromolecules, 1996, 29, 7629; J. R. Reynolds, A. Kumar, J. L. Reddinger, B. Sankaran, S. A. Sapp and G. A. Sotzing, Synth. Met., 1997, 85, 1295; G. A. Sotzing, J. R. Reynolds and P. J. Steel, Adv. Mater., 1997, 9, 795; B. Sankaran and J. R. Reynolds, Macromolecules, 1997, 30, 2582; S. A. Sapp, G. A. Sotzing, J. L. Reddinger and J. R. Reynolds, Adv. Mater., 1996, 8, 808; G. A. Sotzing, C. A. Thomas and J. R. Reynolds, Macromolecules, 1998, 31, 3750; G. A. Sotzing and J. R. Reynolds, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1995, 703. 12 See for example: J. Roncali, F. Garnier, R. Garreau and M. Lemaire, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1987, 1500; R. Cloutier and M. Leclerc, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1991, 1194; M. Leclerc and G. Daoust, Synth. Met., 1991, 41-43, 529; M. R. Bryce, A. D. Chissel, N. R. M. Smith, D. Parker and P. Kathirgamanathan, Synth. Met., 1988, 26, 153; T. Hagiwara, M. Yamaura, K. Sato, M. Hirasaka and K. Iwata, Synth. Met., 1989, 32, 367; M. Feldhues, G. Kamf, H. Litterer, T. Mecklenburg and P. Wegener, Synth. Met., 1989, 28, C487; M. Dietrich and J. Heinze, Synth. Met., 1991, 41-13, 503.
40. 11 Representative papers include: A. Kumar and J. R. Reynolds, Macromolecules, 1996, 29, 7629; J. R. Reynolds, A. Kumar, J. L. Reddinger, B. Sankaran, S. A. Sapp and G. A. Sotzing, Synth. Met., 1997, 85, 1295; G. A. Sotzing, J. R. Reynolds and P. J. Steel, Adv. Mater., 1997, 9, 795; B. Sankaran and J. R. Reynolds, Macromolecules, 1997, 30, 2582; S. A. Sapp, G. A. Sotzing, J. L. Reddinger and J. R. Reynolds, Adv. Mater., 1996, 8, 808; G. A. Sotzing, C. A. Thomas and J. R. Reynolds, Macromolecules, 1998, 31, 3750; G. A. Sotzing and J. R. Reynolds, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1995, 703. 12 See for example: J. Roncali, F. Garnier, R. Garreau and M. Lemaire, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1987, 1500; R. Cloutier and M. Leclerc, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1991, 1194; M. Leclerc and G. Daoust, Synth. Met., 1991, 41-43, 529; M. R. Bryce, A. D. Chissel, N. R. M. Smith, D. Parker and P. Kathirgamanathan, Synth. Met., 1988, 26, 153; T. Hagiwara, M. Yamaura, K. Sato, M. Hirasaka and K. Iwata, Synth. Met., 1989, 32, 367; M. Feldhues, G. Kamf, H. Litterer, T. Mecklenburg and P. Wegener, Synth. Met., 1989, 28, C487; M. Dietrich and J. Heinze, Synth. Met., 1991, 41-13, 503.
41. 11 Representative papers include: A. Kumar and J. R. Reynolds, Macromolecules, 1996, 29, 7629; J. R. Reynolds, A. Kumar, J. L. Reddinger, B. Sankaran, S. A. Sapp and G. A. Sotzing, Synth. Met., 1997, 85, 1295; G. A. Sotzing, J. R. Reynolds and P. J. Steel, Adv. Mater., 1997, 9, 795; B. Sankaran and J. R. Reynolds, Macromolecules, 1997, 30, 2582; S. A. Sapp, G. A. Sotzing, J. L. Reddinger and J. R. Reynolds, Adv. Mater., 1996, 8, 808; G. A. Sotzing, C. A. Thomas and J. R. Reynolds, Macromolecules, 1998, 31, 3750; G. A. Sotzing and J. R. Reynolds, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1995, 703. 12 See for example: J. Roncali, F. Garnier, R. Garreau and M. Lemaire, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1987, 1500; R. Cloutier and M. Leclerc, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1991, 1194; M. Leclerc and G. Daoust, Synth. Met., 1991, 41-43, 529; M. R. Bryce, A. D. Chissel, N. R. M. Smith, D. Parker and P. Kathirgamanathan, Synth. Met., 1988, 26, 153; T. Hagiwara, M. Yamaura, K. Sato, M. Hirasaka and K. Iwata, Synth. Met., 1989, 32, 367; M. Feldhues, G. Kamf, H. Litterer, T. Mecklenburg and P. Wegener, Synth. Met., 1989, 28, C487; M. Dietrich and J. Heinze, Synth. Met., 1991, 41-13, 503.
42. 11 Representative papers include: A. Kumar and J. R. Reynolds, Macromolecules, 1996, 29, 7629; J. R. Reynolds, A. Kumar, J. L. Reddinger, B. Sankaran, S. A. Sapp and G. A. Sotzing, Synth. Met., 1997, 85, 1295; G. A. Sotzing, J. R. Reynolds and P. J. Steel, Adv. Mater., 1997, 9, 795; B. Sankaran and J. R. Reynolds, Macromolecules, 1997, 30, 2582; S. A. Sapp, G. A. Sotzing, J. L. Reddinger and J. R. Reynolds, Adv. Mater., 1996, 8, 808; G. A. Sotzing, C. A. Thomas and J. R. Reynolds, Macromolecules, 1998, 31, 3750; G. A. Sotzing and J. R. Reynolds, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1995, 703. 12 See for example: J. Roncali, F. Garnier, R. Garreau and M. Lemaire, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1987, 1500; R. Cloutier and M. Leclerc, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1991, 1194; M. Leclerc and G. Daoust, Synth. Met., 1991, 41-43, 529; M. R. Bryce, A. D. Chissel, N. R. M. Smith, D. Parker and P. Kathirgamanathan, Synth. Met., 1988, 26, 153; T. Hagiwara, M. Yamaura, K. Sato, M. Hirasaka and K. Iwata, Synth. Met., 1989, 32, 367; M. Feldhues, G. Kamf, H. Litterer, T. Mecklenburg and P. Wegener, Synth. Met., 1989, 28, C487; M. Dietrich and J. Heinze, Synth. Met., 1991, 41-13, 503.
43. 11 Representative papers include: A. Kumar and J. R. Reynolds, Macromolecules, 1996, 29, 7629; J. R. Reynolds, A. Kumar, J. L. Reddinger, B. Sankaran, S. A. Sapp and G. A. Sotzing, Synth. Met., 1997, 85, 1295; G. A. Sotzing, J. R. Reynolds and P. J. Steel, Adv. Mater., 1997, 9, 795; B. Sankaran and J. R. Reynolds, Macromolecules, 1997, 30, 2582; S. A. Sapp, G. A. Sotzing, J. L. Reddinger and J. R. Reynolds, Adv. Mater., 1996, 8, 808; G. A. Sotzing, C. A. Thomas and J. R. Reynolds, Macromolecules, 1998, 31, 3750; G. A. Sotzing and J. R. Reynolds, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1995, 703. 12 See for example: J. Roncali, F. Garnier, R. Garreau and M. Lemaire, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1987, 1500; R. Cloutier and M. Leclerc, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1991, 1194; M. Leclerc and G. Daoust, Synth. Met., 1991, 41-43, 529; M. R. Bryce, A. D. Chissel, N. R. M. Smith, D. Parker and P. Kathirgamanathan, Synth. Met., 1988, 26, 153; T. Hagiwara, M. Yamaura, K. Sato, M. Hirasaka and K. Iwata, Synth. Met., 1989, 32, 367; M. Feldhues, G. Kamf, H. Litterer, T. Mecklenburg and P. Wegener, Synth. Met., 1989, 28, C487; M. Dietrich and J. Heinze, Synth. Met., 1991, 41-13, 503.
44. 11 Representative papers include: A. Kumar and J. R. Reynolds, Macromolecules, 1996, 29, 7629; J. R. Reynolds, A. Kumar, J. L. Reddinger, B. Sankaran, S. A. Sapp and G. A. Sotzing, Synth. Met., 1997, 85, 1295; G. A. Sotzing, J. R. Reynolds and P. J. Steel, Adv. Mater., 1997, 9, 795; B. Sankaran and J. R. Reynolds, Macromolecules, 1997, 30, 2582; S. A. Sapp, G. A. Sotzing, J. L. Reddinger and J. R. Reynolds, Adv. Mater., 1996, 8, 808; G. A. Sotzing, C. A. Thomas and J. R. Reynolds, Macromolecules, 1998, 31, 3750; G. A. Sotzing and J. R. Reynolds, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1995, 703. 12 See for example: J. Roncali, F. Garnier, R. Garreau and M. Lemaire, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1987, 1500; R. Cloutier and M. Leclerc, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1991, 1194; M. Leclerc and G. Daoust, Synth. Met., 1991, 41-43, 529; M. R. Bryce, A. D. Chissel, N. R. M. Smith, D. Parker and P. Kathirgamanathan, Synth. Met., 1988, 26, 153; T. Hagiwara, M. Yamaura, K. Sato, M. Hirasaka and K. Iwata, Synth. Met., 1989, 32, 367; M. Feldhues, G. Kamf, H. Litterer, T. Mecklenburg and P. Wegener, Synth. Met., 1989, 28, C487; M. Dietrich and J. Heinze, Synth. Met., 1991, 41-13, 503.
45. 11 Representative papers include: A. Kumar and J. R. Reynolds, Macromolecules, 1996, 29, 7629; J. R. Reynolds, A. Kumar, J. L. Reddinger, B. Sankaran, S. A. Sapp and G. A. Sotzing, Synth. Met., 1997, 85, 1295; G. A. Sotzing, J. R. Reynolds and P. J. Steel, Adv. Mater., 1997, 9, 795; B. Sankaran and J. R. Reynolds, Macromolecules, 1997, 30, 2582; S. A. Sapp, G. A. Sotzing, J. L. Reddinger and J. R. Reynolds, Adv. Mater., 1996, 8, 808; G. A. Sotzing, C. A. Thomas and J. R. Reynolds, Macromolecules, 1998, 31, 3750; G. A. Sotzing and J. R. Reynolds, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1995, 703. 12 See for example: J. Roncali, F. Garnier, R. Garreau and M. Lemaire, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1987, 1500; R. Cloutier and M. Leclerc, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1991, 1194; M. Leclerc and G. Daoust, Synth. Met., 1991, 41-43, 529; M. R. Bryce, A. D. Chissel, N. R. M. Smith, D. Parker and P. Kathirgamanathan, Synth. Met., 1988, 26, 153; T. Hagiwara, M. Yamaura, K. Sato, M. Hirasaka and K. Iwata, Synth. Met., 1989, 32, 367; M. Feldhues, G. Kamf, H. Litterer, T. Mecklenburg and P. Wegener, Synth. Met., 1989, 28, C487; M. Dietrich and J. Heinze, Synth. Met., 1991, 41-13, 503.
46. 11 Representative papers include: A. Kumar and J. R. Reynolds, Macromolecules, 1996, 29, 7629; J. R. Reynolds, A. Kumar, J. L. Reddinger, B. Sankaran, S. A. Sapp and G. A. Sotzing, Synth. Met., 1997, 85, 1295; G. A. Sotzing, J. R. Reynolds and P. J. Steel, Adv. Mater., 1997, 9, 795; B. Sankaran and J. R. Reynolds, Macromolecules, 1997, 30, 2582; S. A. Sapp, G. A. Sotzing, J. L. Reddinger and J. R. Reynolds, Adv. Mater., 1996, 8, 808; G. A. Sotzing, C. A. Thomas and J. R. Reynolds, Macromolecules, 1998, 31, 3750; G. A. Sotzing and J. R. Reynolds, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1995, 703. 12 See for example: J. Roncali, F. Garnier, R. Garreau and M. Lemaire, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1987, 1500; R. Cloutier and M. Leclerc, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1991, 1194; M. Leclerc and G. Daoust, Synth. Met., 1991, 41-43, 529; M. R. Bryce, A. D. Chissel, N. R. M. Smith, D. Parker and P. Kathirgamanathan, Synth. Met., 1988, 26, 153; T. Hagiwara, M. Yamaura, K. Sato, M. Hirasaka and K. Iwata, Synth. Met., 1989, 32, 367; M. Feldhues, G. Kamf, H. Litterer, T. Mecklenburg and P. Wegener, Synth. Met., 1989, 28, C487; M. Dietrich and J. Heinze, Synth. Met., 1991, 41-13, 503.
47. 11 Representative papers include: A. Kumar and J. R. Reynolds, Macromolecules, 1996, 29, 7629; J. R. Reynolds, A. Kumar, J. L. Reddinger, B. Sankaran, S. A. Sapp and G. A. Sotzing, Synth. Met., 1997, 85, 1295; G. A. Sotzing, J. R. Reynolds and P. J. Steel, Adv. Mater., 1997, 9, 795; B. Sankaran and J. R. Reynolds, Macromolecules, 1997, 30, 2582; S. A. Sapp, G. A. Sotzing, J. L. Reddinger and J. R. Reynolds, Adv. Mater., 1996, 8, 808; G. A. Sotzing, C. A. Thomas and J. R. Reynolds, Macromolecules, 1998, 31, 3750; G. A. Sotzing and J. R. Reynolds, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1995, 703. 12 See for example: J. Roncali, F. Garnier, R. Garreau and M. Lemaire, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1987, 1500; R. Cloutier and M. Leclerc, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1991, 1194; M. Leclerc and G. Daoust, Synth. Met., 1991, 41-43, 529; M. R. Bryce, A. D. Chissel, N. R. M. Smith, D. Parker and P. Kathirgamanathan, Synth. Met., 1988, 26, 153; T. Hagiwara, M. Yamaura, K. Sato, M. Hirasaka and K. Iwata, Synth. Met., 1989, 32, 367; M. Feldhues, G. Kamf, H. Litterer, T. Mecklenburg and P. Wegener, Synth. Met., 1989, 28, C487; M. Dietrich and J. Heinze, Synth. Met., 1991, 41-13, 503.
48. 11 Representative papers include: A. Kumar and J. R. Reynolds, Macromolecules, 1996, 29, 7629; J. R. Reynolds, A. Kumar, J. L. Reddinger, B. Sankaran, S. A. Sapp and G. A. Sotzing, Synth. Met., 1997, 85, 1295; G. A. Sotzing, J. R. Reynolds and P. J. Steel, Adv. Mater., 1997, 9, 795; B. Sankaran and J. R. Reynolds, Macromolecules, 1997, 30, 2582; S. A. Sapp, G. A. Sotzing, J. L. Reddinger and J. R. Reynolds, Adv. Mater., 1996, 8, 808; G. A. Sotzing, C. A. Thomas and J. R. Reynolds, Macromolecules, 1998, 31, 3750; G. A. Sotzing and J. R. Reynolds, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1995, 703. 12 See for example: J. Roncali, F. Garnier, R. Garreau and M. Lemaire, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1987, 1500; R. Cloutier and M. Leclerc, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1991, 1194; M. Leclerc and G. Daoust, Synth. Met., 1991, 41-43, 529; M. R. Bryce, A. D. Chissel, N. R. M. Smith, D. Parker and P. Kathirgamanathan, Synth. Met., 1988, 26, 153; T. Hagiwara, M. Yamaura, K. Sato, M. Hirasaka and K. Iwata, Synth. Met., 1989, 32, 367; M. Feldhues, G. Kamf, H. Litterer, T. Mecklenburg and P. Wegener, Synth. Met., 1989, 28, C487; M. Dietrich and J. Heinze, Synth. Met., 1991, 41-13, 503.
49. 11 Representative papers include: A. Kumar and J. R. Reynolds, Macromolecules, 1996, 29, 7629; J. R. Reynolds, A. Kumar, J. L. Reddinger, B. Sankaran, S. A. Sapp and G. A. Sotzing, Synth. Met., 1997, 85, 1295; G. A. Sotzing, J. R. Reynolds and P. J. Steel, Adv. Mater., 1997, 9, 795; B. Sankaran and J. R. Reynolds, Macromolecules, 1997, 30, 2582; S. A. Sapp, G. A. Sotzing, J. L. Reddinger and J. R. Reynolds, Adv. Mater., 1996, 8, 808; G. A. Sotzing, C. A. Thomas and J. R. Reynolds, Macromolecules, 1998, 31, 3750; G. A. Sotzing and J. R. Reynolds, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1995, 703. 12 See for example: J. Roncali, F. Garnier, R. Garreau and M. Lemaire, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1987, 1500; R. Cloutier and M. Leclerc, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1991, 1194; M. Leclerc and G. Daoust, Synth. Met., 1991, 41-43, 529; M. R. Bryce, A. D. Chissel, N. R. M. Smith, D. Parker and P. Kathirgamanathan, Synth. Met., 1988, 26, 153; T. Hagiwara, M. Yamaura, K. Sato, M. Hirasaka and K. Iwata, Synth. Met., 1989, 32, 367; M. Feldhues, G. Kamf, H. Litterer, T. Mecklenburg and P. Wegener, Synth. Met., 1989, 28, C487; M. Dietrich and J. Heinze, Synth. Met., 1991, 41-13, 503.
50. 11 Representative papers include: A. Kumar and J. R. Reynolds, Macromolecules, 1996, 29, 7629; J. R. Reynolds, A. Kumar, J. L. Reddinger, B. Sankaran, S. A. Sapp and G. A. Sotzing, Synth. Met., 1997, 85, 1295; G. A. Sotzing, J. R. Reynolds and P. J. Steel, Adv. Mater., 1997, 9, 795; B. Sankaran and J. R. Reynolds, Macromolecules, 1997, 30, 2582; S. A. Sapp, G. A. Sotzing, J. L. Reddinger and J. R. Reynolds, Adv. Mater., 1996, 8, 808; G. A. Sotzing, C. A. Thomas and J. R. Reynolds, Macromolecules, 1998, 31, 3750; G. A. Sotzing and J. R. Reynolds, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1995, 703. 12 See for example: J. Roncali, F. Garnier, R. Garreau and M. Lemaire, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1987, 1500; R. Cloutier and M. Leclerc, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1991, 1194; M. Leclerc and G. Daoust, Synth. Met., 1991, 41-43, 529; M. R. Bryce, A. D. Chissel, N. R. M. Smith, D. Parker and P. Kathirgamanathan, Synth. Met., 1988, 26, 153; T. Hagiwara, M. Yamaura, K. Sato, M. Hirasaka and K. Iwata, Synth. Met., 1989, 32, 367; M. Feldhues, G. Kamf, H. Litterer, T. Mecklenburg and P. Wegener, Synth. Met., 1989, 28, C487; M. Dietrich and J. Heinze, Synth. Met., 1991, 41-13, 503.
51. 11 Representative papers include: A. Kumar and J. R. Reynolds, Macromolecules, 1996, 29, 7629; J. R. Reynolds, A. Kumar, J. L. Reddinger, B. Sankaran, S. A. Sapp and G. A. Sotzing, Synth. Met., 1997, 85, 1295; G. A. Sotzing, J. R. Reynolds and P. J. Steel, Adv. Mater., 1997, 9, 795; B. Sankaran and J. R. Reynolds, Macromolecules, 1997, 30, 2582; S. A. Sapp, G. A. Sotzing, J. L. Reddinger and J. R. Reynolds, Adv. Mater., 1996, 8, 808; G. A. Sotzing, C. A. Thomas and J. R. Reynolds, Macromolecules, 1998, 31, 3750; G. A. Sotzing and J. R. Reynolds, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1995, 703. 12 See for example: J. Roncali, F. Garnier, R. Garreau and M. Lemaire, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1987, 1500; R. Cloutier and M. Leclerc, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1991, 1194; M. Leclerc and G. Daoust, Synth. Met., 1991, 41-43, 529; M. R. Bryce, A. D. Chissel, N. R. M. Smith, D. Parker and P. Kathirgamanathan, Synth. Met., 1988, 26, 153; T. Hagiwara, M. Yamaura, K. Sato, M. Hirasaka and K. Iwata, Synth. Met., 1989, 32, 367; M. Feldhues, G. Kamf, H. Litterer, T. Mecklenburg and P. Wegener, Synth. Met., 1989, 28, C487; M. Dietrich and J. Heinze, Synth. Met., 1991, 41-13, 503.
52. 13 J. R. Reynolds, A. R. Katritzky, J. Soloducho, S. Belyakov, G. A. Sotzing and P. Myoungho, Macromolecules, 1994, 27, 7225; G. A. Sotzing, J. R. Reynolds, A. R. Katritzky, J. Soloducho, S. Belyakov and R. Musgrave, Macromolecules, 1996, 29, 1679.
53. 13 J. R. Reynolds, A. R. Katritzky, J. Soloducho, S. Belyakov, G. A. Sotzing and P. Myoungho, Macromolecules, 1994, 27, 7225; G. A. Sotzing, J. R. Reynolds, A. R. Katritzky, J. Soloducho, S. Belyakov and R. Musgrave, Macromolecules, 1996, 29, 1679.
54. 14 (a) J. P. Ruiz, J. R. Dharia, J. R. Reynolds and L. J. Buckley, Macromolecules, 1992, 25, 849;
55. (b) J. R. Reynolds, J. P. Ruiz, A. D. Child, K. Nayak and D. S. Marynick, Macromolecules, 1991, 24, 678;
56. (c) A. D. Child, B. Sankaran, F. Larmat and J. R. Reynolds, Macromolecules, 1995, 28, 6571;
57. (d) G. A. Sotzing, J. R. Reynolds and P. J. Steel, Chem. Mater., 1996, 8, 882;
58. (e) J. A. Irvin and J. R. Reynolds, Polymer, 1998, 39, 2339.
59. 15 J. L. Reddinger, G. A. Sotzing and J. R. Reynolds, Chem. Commun., 1996, 1777; G. A. Sotzing, J. L. Reddinger, A. R. Katritzky, J. Soloducho, R. Musgrave and J. R. Reynolds, Chem. Mater., 1997, 9, 1578.
60. 15 J. L. Reddinger, G. A. Sotzing and J. R. Reynolds, Chem. Commun., 1996, 1777; G. A. Sotzing, J. L. Reddinger, A. R. Katritzky, J. Soloducho, R. Musgrave and J. R. Reynolds, Chem. Mater., 1997, 9, 1578.
61. 16 J. Rault-Berthelot and J. Simonet, J. Electroanal. Chem., 1985, 182, 187; J. Rault-Berthelot and J. Simonet, New J. Chem., 1986, 10, 169; J. Rault-Berthelot and M. M. Granger, J. Electroanal. Chem., 1993, 353, 341; J. Rault-Berthelot, M. A. Orliac and J. Simonet, Electrochim. Acta, 1988, 33, 811; J. Rault-Berthelot, M. Cariou and J. Tahri-Hassani, J. Electroanal. Chem., 1996, 402, 203.
62. 16 J. Rault-Berthelot and J. Simonet, J. Electroanal. Chem., 1985, 182, 187; J. Rault-Berthelot and J. Simonet, New J. Chem., 1986, 10, 169; J. Rault-Berthelot and M. M. Granger, J. Electroanal. Chem., 1993, 353, 341; J. Rault-Berthelot, M. A. Orliac and J. Simonet, Electrochim. Acta, 1988, 33, 811; J. Rault-Berthelot, M. Cariou and J. Tahri-Hassani, J. Electroanal. Chem., 1996, 402, 203.
63. 16 J. Rault-Berthelot and J. Simonet, J. Electroanal. Chem., 1985, 182, 187; J. Rault-Berthelot and J. Simonet, New J. Chem., 1986, 10, 169; J. Rault-Berthelot and M. M. Granger, J. Electroanal. Chem., 1993, 353, 341; J. Rault-Berthelot, M. A. Orliac and J. Simonet, Electrochim. Acta, 1988, 33, 811; J. Rault-Berthelot, M. Cariou and J. Tahri-Hassani, J. Electroanal. Chem., 1996, 402, 203.
64. 16 J. Rault-Berthelot and J. Simonet, J. Electroanal. Chem., 1985, 182, 187; J. Rault-Berthelot and J. Simonet, New J. Chem., 1986, 10, 169; J. Rault-Berthelot and M. M. Granger, J. Electroanal. Chem., 1993, 353, 341; J. Rault-Berthelot, M. A. Orliac and J. Simonet, Electrochim. Acta, 1988, 33, 811; J. Rault-Berthelot, M. Cariou and J. Tahri-Hassani, J. Electroanal. Chem., 1996, 402, 203.
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