Managing pediatric epilepsy syndromes with new antiepileptic drugs

Pediatrics

Volumn 104, Issue 5 I, 1999, Pages 1106-1116

  Pellock, John M ^a  

^a VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Antiepileptic drugs; Epilespy; Pediatrics

Indexed keywords

ANTICONVULSIVE AGENT; FELBAMATE; GABAPENTIN; LAMOTRIGINE; TIAGABINE; TOPIRAMATE; VIGABATRIN;

ARTICLE; DRUG INDUCED DISEASE; EPILEPSY; HEADACHE; HUMAN; INFANTILE SPASM; LENNOX GASTAUT SYNDROME; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RASH; SOMNOLENCE; VERTIGO;

ACETIC ACIDS; AMINES; ANTICONVULSANTS; CHILD; CYCLOHEXANECARBOXYLIC ACIDS; EPILEPSY; FRUCTOSE; GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID; HUMANS; NIPECOTIC ACIDS; PROPYLENE GLYCOLS; TRIAZINES; VIGABATRIN;

EID: 0032706084     PISSN: 00314005     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1542/peds.104.5.1106     Document Type: Article

References (125)

1. Zupanc ML. Update on epilepsy in pediatric patients. Mayo Clin Proc. 1996;71:899-916
2. Pellock JM, Watemberg N. New antiepileptic drugs in children: present and future. Sem Pediatr Neurol. 1997;4:9-18
3. Commission on Classification and Terminology of the International League Against Epilepsy. Proposal for revised classification of epilepsies and epileptic syndromes. Epilepsia. 1989;30:389-399
4. Aicardi J. Syndromic classification in the management of childhood epilepsy. J Child Neurol. 1994;9(suppl 2):2S14-2S18
5. Luders HO, Burgess R, Noachtar S. Expanding the international classification of seizures to provide localization information. Neurology. 1993;43:1650-1655
6. Nordli DR Jr, Bazil CW, Scheuer ML, Pedley TA. Recognition and classification of seizures in infants. Epilepsia. 1997;38:553-560
7. Wyllie E, Rothner D, Lüders H. Partial seizures in children: clinical features, medical treatment, and surgical considerations. Pediatr Clin North Am. 1989;36:343-364
8. Perucca E. Pharmacological problems in the management of epilepsy in children. Seizure. 1995;4:139-143
9. Sheridan PH, Jacobs MP. The development of antiepileptic drugs for children. Report from the NIH Workshop, Bethesda, MD, February 17-18, 1994. Epilepsy Res. 1996;23:87-92
10. Pellock JM. Introduction: pediatric epilepsy in the 1990s. Sem Pediatr Neurol. 1997;4:1-2
11. Pellock JM. Pediatric trials: practical issues. Special populations and trial design. In: French J, Leppik I, Dichter MA, eds. Antiepileptic Drug Development: Advances in Neurology. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott-Raven; 1998:167-171
12. A receptors. Ann Neurol. 1994;35:229-234
13. Pellock JM. Utilization of new antiepileptic drugs in children. Epilepsia. 1996;37(suppl 1):S66-S73
14. Bourgeois BFD. Felbamate. Sem Pediatr Neurol. 1997;4:3-8
15. O'Neil MG, Perdun CS, Wilson MB, McGown ST, Patel S. Felbamate-associated fatal acute hepatic necrosis. Neurology. 1996;46:1457-1459
16. Pellock JM, Brodie MJ. Felbamate: 1997 update. Epilepsia. 1997;38: 1261-1264
17. Bryant AE, Dreifuss FE. Valproic acid hepatic fatalities, III: US experience since 1986. Neurology. 1996;46:465-469
18. Dodson WE. Felbamate in the treatment of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome: results of a 12-month open-label study following a randomized clinical trial. Epilepsia. 1993;34(suppl 7):S18-S24
19. Felbamate Study Group in Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome. Efficacy of felbamate in childhood epileptic encephalopathy (Lennox-Gastaut syndrome). N Engl J Med. 1993;328:29-33
20. Morton LD, Pellock JM. Diagnosis and treatment of epilepsy in children and adolescents. Drugs. 1996;51:399-414
21. Pellock JM. Seizures and epilepsy in infancy and childhood. Neurol Clin. 1993;11:755-775
22. Bourgeois B, Leppik IE, Sackellares JC, et al. Felbamate: a double-blind controlled trial in patients undergoing presurgical evaluation of partial seizures. Neurology. 1993;43:693-696
23. Carmant L, Holmes GL, Sawyer S, Rifai N, Anderson J, Mikati MA. Efficacy of felbamate in therapy for partial epilepsy in children. J Pediatr. 1994;125:481-486
24. Devinsky O, Faught RE, Wilder BJ, et al. Efficacy of felbamate monotherapy in patients undergoing presurgical evaluation of partial seizures. Epilepsy Res. 1995;20:241-246
25. Faught E, Sachdeo RC, Remler MP, et al. Felbamate monotherapy for partial-onset seizures: an active-control trial. Neurology. 1993;43: 688-692
26. Leppik IE, Dreifuss FE, Pledger GW, et al. Felbamate for partial seizures: results of a controlled clinical trial. Neurology. 1991;41: 1785-1789
27. Sachdeo R, Kramer LD, Rosenberg A, Sachdeo S. Felbamate monotherapy: controlled trial in patients with partial onset seizures. Ann Neurol. 1992;32:386-392
28. Theodore WH, Raubertas RF, Porter RJ, et al. Felbamate: a clinical trial for complex partial seizures. Epilepsia. 1991;32:392-397
29. Hurst DL, Rolan TD. The use of felbamate to treat infantile spasms. J Child Neurol. 1995;10:134-136
30. Hosain S, Nagarajan L, Carson D, Solomon G, Mast J, Labar D. Felbamate for refractory infantile spasms. J Child Neurol. 1997;12:466-468
31. Kaufman DW, Kelly JP, Anderson T, Harmon DC, Shapiro S. Evaluation of case reports of aplastic anemia among patients treated with felbamate. Epilepsia. 1997;38:1265-1269
32. Taylor CP, Gee NS, Su T-Z, et al. A summary of mechanistic hypotheses of gabapentin pharmacology. Epilepsy Res. 1998;29:233-249
33. Watemberg N, Pellock JM. Efficacy and tolerability of high-dose gabapentin add-on therapy in children and adults. Epilepsia. 1995;36:57. Abstract
34. Anhut H, Ashman P, Feuerstein TJ, et al. Gabapentin (Neurontin) as add-on therapy in patients with partial seizures: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Epilepsia. 1994;35:795-801
35. Leach JP, Girvan J, Paul A, Brodie MJ. Gabapentin and cognition: a double blind, dose ranging, placebo controlled study in refractory epilepsy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1997;62:372-376
36. UK Gabapentin Study Group. Gabapentin in partial epilepsy. Lancet. 1990;335:1114-1117
37. US Gabapentin Study Group No. 5. Gabapentin as add-on therapy in refractory partial epilepsy: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study. Neurology. 1993;43:2292-2298
38. US Gabapentin Study Group. The long-term safety and efficacy of gabapentin (Neurontin) as add-on therapy in drug-resistant partial epilepsy. Epilepsy Res. 1994;18:67-73
39. Bergey GK, Morris HH, Rosenfeld W, et al. Gabapentin monotherapy, I: an 8-day, double-blind, dose-controlled, multicenter study in hospitalized patients with refractory complex partial or secondarily generalized seizures. Neurology. 1997;49:739-745
40. Beydoun A, Fischer J, Labar DR, et al. Gabapentin monotherapy, II: a 26-week, double-blind, dose-controlled, multicenter study of conversion from polytherapy in outpatients with refractory complex partial or secondarily generalized seizures. Neurology. 1997;49:746-752
41. Handforth A, Treiman DM. Efficacy and tolerance of long-term, high-dose gabapentin: additional observations. Epilepsia. 1994;35:1032-1037
42. Sivenius J, Ylinen A, Kälviäinen R, Riekkinen RJ. Long-term study with gabapentin in patients with drug-resistant epileptic seizures. Arch Neurol. 1994;51:1047-1050
43. Chadwick D, Leiderman DB, Sauermann W, Alexander J, Garofalo E. Gabapentin in generalized seizures. Epilepsy Res. 1996;25:191-197
44. Trudeau V, Myers S, LaMoreaux L, Anhut H, Garofalo E, Ebersole J. Gabapentin in naive childhood absence epilepsy: results from two double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter studies. J Child Neurol. 1996;11:470-475
45. Khurana DS, Riviello J, Helmers S, Holmes G, Anderson J, Mikati MA. Efficacy of gabapentin therapy in children with refractory partial seizures. J Pediatr. 1996;128:829-833
46. Alehan FK, Watemberg NM, Pellock JM. Correlation between gabapentin serum levels and doses in children. Epilepsia. 1997;38(suppl 8):93. Abstract
47. Lee DO, Steingard RJ, Cesena M, Helmers SL, Riviello JJ, Mikati MA. Behavioral side effects of gabapentin in children. Epilepsia. 1996;37: 87-90
48. Tallian KB, Nahata MC, Lo W, Tsao C-Y. Gabapentin associated with aggressive behavior in pediatric patients with seizures. Epilepsia. 1996; 37:501-502
49. Wolf SM, Shinnar S, Kang H, Gil KB, Moshé SL. Gabapentin toxicity in children manifesting as behavioral changes. Epilepsia. 1996;36: 1203-1205
50. Leach MJ, Lees G, Riddall DR. Lamotrigine. Mechanisms of action. In: Levy RH, Mattson RH, Meldrum BD, eds. Antiepileptic Drugs. 4th ed. New York, NY: Raven; 1995
51. Besag FMC, Dulac O, Alving J, Mullens EL. Long-term safety and efficacy of lamotrigine (Lamictal) in paediatric patients with epilepsy. Seizure. 1997;6:51-56
52. Pellock JM. Overview of lamotrigine and the new antiepileptic drugs: the challenge. J Child Neurol. 1997;12(suppl 1):S48-S52
53. Boas J, Dam M, Friis ML, Kristensen O, Pedersen B, Gallagher J. Controlled trial of lamotrigine (Lamictal) for treatment-resistant partial seizures. Acta Neurol Scand. 1996;94:247-252
54. Jawad S, Richens A, Goodwin G, Yuen WC. Controlled trial of lamotrigine (Lamictal) for refractory partial seizures. Epilepsia. 1989;30: 356-363
55. Loiseau P, Yuen AWC, Duché B, Ménager T, Arné-Bès MC. A randomised double-blind placebo-controlled crossover add-on trial of lamotrigine in patients with treatment-resistant partial seizures. Epilepsy Res. 1990;7:136-145
56. Matsuo F, Bergen D, Faught E, et al. Placebo-controlled study of the efficacy and safety of lamotrigine in patients with partial seizures. Neurology. 1993;43:2284-2291
57. Messenheimer J, Ramsay RE, Willmore LJ, et al. Lamotrigine therapy for partial seizures: a multicenter, placebo-controlled, double-blind, cross-over trial. Epilepsia. 1994;35:113-121
58. Schapel GJ, Beran RG, Vajda FJE, et al. Double-blind, placebo controlled, crossover study of lamotrigine in treatment resistant partial seizures. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1993;56:448-453
59. Besag FMC, Wallace SJ, Dulac O, Alving J, Spencer SC, Hosking G. Lamotrigine for the treatment of epilepsy in childhood. J Pediatr. 1995;127:991-997
60. Brodie MJ, Yuen AWC, 105 Study Group. Lamotrigine substitution study: evidence for synergism with sodium valproate? Epilepsy Res. 1997;26:423-432
61. Brodie MJ, Richens A, Yuen AWC. Double-blind comparison of lamotrigine and carbamazepine in newly diagnosed epilepsy. Lancet. 1995; 345:476-479
62. Buchanan N. Lamotrigine: clinical experience in 93 patients with epilepsy. Acta Neurol Scand. 1995;92:28-32
63. Buchanan N. The efficacy of lamotrigine on seizure control in 34 children, adolescents, and young adults with intellectual and physical disability. Seizure. 1995;4:233-236
64. Motte J, Trevathan E, Arvidsson JFV, et al. Lamotrigine for generalized seizures associated with the Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1997;337:1807-1812
65. Sander JWAS, Hart YM, Patsalos PN, Duncan JS, Shorvon SD. Lamotrigine and generalized seizures. Epilepsia. 1991;32(suppl 1):59. Abstract
66. Reunanen M, Dam M, Yuen AWC. A randomised open multicentre comparative trial of lamotrigine and carbamazepine as monotherapy in patients with newly diagnosed or recurrent epilepsy. Epilepsy Res. 1996;23:149-155
67. Buchanan N. The use of lamotrigine in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy. Seizure. 1996;5:149-151
68. Timmings PL, Richens A. Efficacy of lamotrigine as monotherapy for juvenile myoclonic epilepsy: pilot study results. Epilepsia. 1993; 34(suppl 2):160. Abstract
69. Veggiotti P, Cieuta C, Rev E, Dulac O. Lamotrigine in infantile spasms. Lancet. 1994;344:1375-1376
70. Uldall P, Hansen FJ, Tonnby B. Lamotrigine in Rett's syndrome. Neuropediatrics. 1993;24:339-340
71. Ferrie CD, Robinson RO, Knott C, Panayiotopoulos CP. Lamotrigine as an add-on drug in typical absence seizures. Acta Neurol Scand. 1995; 91:200-202
72. Guerrini R, Dravet C, Genton P, Belmonte A, Kaminska A, Dulac O. Lamotrigine and seizure aggravation in severe myoclonic epilepsy. Epilepsia. 1998;39:508-512
73. Uvebrant P, Bauzienè R. Intractable epilepsy in children. The efficacy of lamotrigine treatment, including non-seizure-related benefits. Neuropediatrics. 1994;25:284-289
74. Battino D, Buti D, Croci D, et al. Lamotrigine in resistant childhood epilepsy. Neuropediatrics. 1993;24:332-336
75. Buchanan N. Lamotrigine: clinical experience in 200 patients with epilepsy with follow-up to four years. Seizure. 1996;5:209-214
76. Schlumberger E, Chavez F, Palacios L, Rey E, Pajot N, Dulac O. Lamotrigine in treatment of 120 children with epilepsy. Epilepsia. 1994; 35:359-367
77. Mims J, Penovich P, Ritter F, Frost MD. Treatment with high doses of lamotrigine in children and adolescents with refractory seizures. J Child Neurol. 1997;12:64-67
78. Donaldson JA, Glauser TA, Olberding LS. Lamotrigine adjunctive therapy in childhood epileptic encephalopathy (the Lennox-Gastaut syndrome). Epilepsia. 1997;38:68-73
79. Farrell K, Connolly MB, Munn R, Peng S, MacWilliam LM. Prospective, open-label, add-on study of lamotrigine in 56 children with intractable generalized epilepsy. Pediatr Neurol. 1997;16:201-205
80. Oiler LFV, Russi A, Oller Daurella L. Lamotrigine in the Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Epilepsia. 1991;32:58. Abstract
81. Timmings PL, Richens A. Lamotrigine as an add-on drug in the management of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Eur Neurol. 1992;32: 305-307
82. Eriksson A-S, Nergårdh A, Hoppu K. The efficacy of lamotrigine in children and adolescents with refractory generalized epilepsy: a randomized, double-blind, crossover study. Epilepsia. 1998;39:495-501
83. Dooley J, Camfield P, Gordon K, Camfield C, Wirrell E, Smith E. Lamotrigine-induced rash in children. Neurology. 1996;46:240-242
84. Brodie MJ. Tiagabine pharmacology in profile. Epilepsia. 1995;36(suppl 6):S7-S9
85. Sachdeo RC, Leroy RF, Krauss GL, et al. Tiagabine therapy for complex partial seizures: a dose frequency study. Arch Neurol. 1997;54:595-601
86. Richens A, Chadwick DW, Duncan JS, et al. Adjunctive treatment of partial seizures with tiagabine: a placebo-controlled trial. Epilepsy Res. 1995:21:37-42
87. Uthman BM, Rowan AJ, Ahmann PA, et al. Tiagabine for complex partial seizures. Arch Neurol. 1998;55:56-62
88. Schachter SC. Tiagabine monotherapy in the treatment of partial epilepsy. Epilepsia. 1995;36(suppl 6):S2-S6
89. Leppik I, Sachdeo RC, Schachter S, et al. Long term safety of tiagabine Hcl. Epilepsia. 1994;35(suppl 8):144. Abstract
90. Dodrill CB, Arnett JL, Sommerville KW, Shu V. Cognitive and quality of life effects of differing dosages of tiagabine in epilepsy Neurology. 1997;48:1025-1031
91. Kälviäinen R, Äikiä M, Mervaala E, Saukkonen AM, Pitkänen A, Riekkinen PJ Sr. Long-term cognitive and EEG effects of tiagabine in drug-resistant partial epilepsy. Epilepsy Res. 1996;25:291-297
92. Boellner S, McCarty J, Mercante D, Sommerville K. Pilot study of tiagabine in children with partial seizures. Epilepsia. 1996;37(suppl 4):92. Abstract
93. Uldall P, Bulteau C, Pederson SA, Dulac O, Meinild H, Lassen LC. Single-blind study of safety, tolerability, and preliminary efficacy of tiagabine as adjunctive treatment of children with epilepsy. Epilepsia. 1995;36(suppl 3):S147. Abstract
94. Gustavson LE, Boellner SW, Granneman GR, et al. A single-dose study to define tiagabine pharmacokinetics in pediatric patients with complex partial seizures. Neurology. 1997;48:1032-1037
95. Schapel G, Chadwick D. Tiagabine and non-convulsive status epilepticus. Seizure. 1996;5:153-156
96. Shinnar S, Berg A, Hauser WA, et al. Evaluation of the incidence of status epilepticus in association with tiagabine therapy. Epilepsia. 1997; 38(suppl 3):65. Abstract
97. Glauser TA. Preliminary observations on topiramate in pediatric epilepsies. Epilepsia. 1997;38:S37-S41
98. Rosenfeld WE, Sachdeo RC, Faught RE, Privitera M. Long-term experience with topiramate as adjunctive therapy and as monotherapy in patients with partial onset seizures: retrospective survey of open-label treatment. Epilepsia. 1997;38(suppl 1):S34-S36
99. Sachdeo RC, Reife RA, Lim P, Pledger G. Topiramate monotherapy for partial onset seizures. Epilepsia. 1997;38:294-300
100. Ben-Menachem E. Clinical efficacy of topiramate as add-on therapy in refractory partial epilepsy: the European experience. Epilepsia. 1997; 38(suppl 1):S28-S30
101. Ben-Menachem E, Henriksen O, Dam M, et al. Double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of topiramate as add-on therapy in patients with refractory partial seizures. Epilepsia. 1996;37:539-543
102. Faught E. Efficacy of topiramate as adjunctive therapy in refractory partial seizures: United States trial experience. Epilepsia. 1997;38(suppl 1):S24-S27
103. Faught E, Wilder BJ, Ramsay RE, et al. Topiramate placebo-controlled dose-ranging trial in refractory partial epilepsy using 200-, 400-, and 600-mg daily dosages. Neurology. 1996;46:1684-1690
104. Privitera M, Fincham R, Penry J, et al. Topiramate placebo-controlled dose-ranging trial in refractory partial epilepsy using 600-, 800-, and 1,000-mg daily dosages. Neurology. 1996;46:1678-1683
105. Tassinari CA, Michelucci R, Chauvel P, et al. Double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of topiramate (600 mg daily) for the treatment of refractory partial epilepsy. Epilepsia. 1996;37:763-768
106. Elterman R, Glauser TA, Ritter FJ, Reife R, Wu S-C, Topiramate YP Study Team. Efficacy and safety of topiramate in partial seizures in children. Poster presented at the 49th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Neurology; April 15-17, 1997; LBN5; Boston, MA
107. French JA, Bourgeois BFD, Dreifuss FE, et al. An open-label multi-center study of topiramate in patients with the Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Neurology. 1995;4(suppl 4):A250. Abstract
108. Glauser TA, Sachdeo RC, Ritter FJ, Reife R, Lim P, Topiramate YL Study Group. A double-blind, randomized trial of topiramate in Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Neurology. 1999;52:1882-1887
109. Glauser TA, Clark PO, Strawsburg RH. A pilot study of topiramate in the treatment of infantile spasms. Epilepsia. 1998;39:1324-1328
110. Grant SM, Heel RC. Vigabatrin: a review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and therapeutic potential in epilepsy and disorders of motor control. Drugs. 1991;41:889-926
111. French JA, Mosier M, Walker S, Sommerville K, Sussman N, The Vigabatrin Protocol 024 Investigative Cohort. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of vigabatrin three g/day in patients with uncontrolled complex partial seizures. Neurology. 1996;46:54-61
112. Italian Study Group on Vigabatrin. Single-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter trial of vigabatrin in the treatment of epilepsy. Ital J Neurol Sci. 1992;13:741-747
113. Tartara A, Manni R, Galimberti CA, et al. Six-year follow-up study on the efficacy and safety of vigabatrin in patients with epilepsy. Acta Neurol Scand. 1992;86:247-251
114. Kälviäinen R, Äikiä M, Saukkonen AM, Mervaala E, Riekkinen P. Vigabatrin vs carbamazepine monotherapy in patients with newly diagnosed epilepsy: a randomized, controlled study. Arch Neurol. 1995; 52:989-996
115. Tanganelli P, Regesta G. Vigabatrin vs carbamazepine monotherapy in newly diagnosed focal epilepsy: a randomized response conditional cross-over study. Epilepsy Res. 1996;25:257-262
116. Appleton RE. Vigabatrin in the management of generalized seizures in children. Seizure. 1995;4:45-48
117. Dulac O, Chiron C, Luna D, et al. Vigabatrin in childhood epilepsy. J Child Neurol. 1991;6(suppl 2):2S30-2S37
118. Luna D, Dulac O, Pajot N, Beaumont D. Vigabatrin in the treatment of childhood epilepsies: a single-blind placebo-controlled study. Epilepsia. 1989;30:430-437
119. Uldall P, Alving J, Gram L, Høgenhaven H. Vigabatrin in childhood epilepsy: a 5-year follow-up study. Neuropediatrics. 1995;26:253-256
120. Chiron C, Dulac O, Beaumont D, Palacios L, Pajot N, Mumford J. Therapeutic trial of vigabatrin in refractory infantile spasms. J Child Neurol. 1991;6(suppl 2):2S52-2S59
121. Chiron C, Dumas C, Jambaqu 233 I, Mumford J, Dulac O. Randomized trial comparing vigabatrin and hydrocortisone in infantile spasms due to tuberous sclerosis. Epilepsy Res. 1997;26:389-395
122. Vigevano F, Cilio MR, Faberi A, Gisondi A, Cusmai R. Vigabatrin versus ACTH in the treatment of infantile spasms. Epilepsia. 1995; 36(suppl 3):S265. Abstract
123. Sankar R, Wasterlain CG. Is the devil we know the lesser of two evils? Vigabatrin and visual fields. Neurology. 1999;52:1537-1538
124. American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Drugs. Guidelines for the ethical conduct of studies to evaluate drugs in pediatric populations. Pediatrics. 1995;95:286-294
125. Dreifuss FE. Lamotrigine in childhood epilepsies. Sem Pediatr Neurol. 1997;4:19-23