Technology management education: Alternative models

California Management Review

Volumn , Issue 4, 1998, Pages 94-116

  Badawy, Michael K ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0032362029     PISSN: 00081256     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/41165966     Document Type: Article

References (110)

1. For a good discussion of this point, see Richard N. Osborn and John Hagedoorn, "The Institutionalization and Evolutionary Dynamics of Interoranizational Alliances and Networks," Academy of Management Journal, 40/2 (April 1997): 261-278.
2. National Science Foundation, Science & Engineering Indicators (Washington, D.C.. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1996).
3. See Yu-Ting Cheng and Andrew H. Van de Yen, "Learning the Innovation Journey: Order Out of Chaos?" Organization Science, 7/6 (November/December 1996): 593-614; Michael K. Badawy, Management as a New Technology (New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 1993), chapters 1 and 2.
4. See Yu-Ting Cheng and Andrew H. Van de Yen, "Learning the Innovation Journey: Order Out of Chaos?" Organization Science, 7/6 (November/December 1996): 593-614; Michael K. Badawy, Management as a New Technology (New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 1993), chapters 1 and 2.
5. See, for example, Katherine J. Klein and Joann Spear Sorra, "The Challenge of Innovation Implementation," Academy of Management Review, 21/4 (October 1996): 1055-1080; J.F. Coates, J. Mahaffie, and Andy Hines, 2025: Scenarios of US and Global Society Reshaped by Science and Technology (Greensboro, NC: Oakhill Press, 1997).
6. See, for example, Katherine J. Klein and Joann Spear Sorra, "The Challenge of Innovation Implementation," Academy of Management Review, 21/4 (October 1996): 1055-1080; J.F. Coates, J. Mahaffie, and Andy Hines, 2025: Scenarios of US and Global Society Reshaped by Science and Technology (Greensboro, NC: Oakhill Press, 1997).
7. Michael K. Badawy and Afie M. Badawy, "Directions for Scholarly Research in Management of Technology," Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, 10/1&2 (June 1993): 1-5.
8. See M.A. Youndt, S.A. Snell, J.W. Dean, and D.P. Lepak, "Human Resource Management, Manufacturing Strategy, and Firm Performance," Academy of Management Journal, 39/4 (August 1996): 836-866; A. Subramanian, "Innovativeness: Redefining the Concept," Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, 13/3&4 (September/December 1996): 223-243.
9. See M.A. Youndt, S.A. Snell, J.W. Dean, and D.P. Lepak, "Human Resource Management, Manufacturing Strategy, and Firm Performance," Academy of Management Journal, 39/4 (August 1996): 836-866; A. Subramanian, "Innovativeness: Redefining the Concept," Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, 13/3&4 (September/December 1996): 223-243.
10. For an excellent discussion, see Peter F. Drucker, "The Discipline of Innovation," Harvard Business Review, 63/3 (May/June 1985): 67-72; Robert Drazin and Claudia Bird Schoonhoven, "Community, Population and Organization Effects on Innovation: A Multilevel Perspective," Academy of Management Journal, 39/5 (October 1996): 1065-1083; Jan Bossak and Soichiro Nagashima, Corporate Strategies for a Borderless World (Tokyo: Asian Productivity Organization, 1997); John P. Kotter, General Managers (New York, NY: The Free Press, 1996).
11. For an excellent discussion, see Peter F. Drucker, "The Discipline of Innovation," Harvard Business Review, 63/3 (May/June 1985): 67-72; Robert Drazin and Claudia Bird Schoonhoven, "Community, Population and Organization Effects on Innovation: A Multilevel Perspective," Academy of Management Journal, 39/5 (October 1996): 1065-1083; Jan Bossak and Soichiro Nagashima, Corporate Strategies for a Borderless World (Tokyo: Asian Productivity Organization, 1997); John P. Kotter, General Managers (New York, NY: The Free Press, 1996).
12. For an excellent discussion, see Peter F. Drucker, "The Discipline of Innovation," Harvard Business Review, 63/3 (May/June 1985): 67-72; Robert Drazin and Claudia Bird Schoonhoven, "Community, Population and Organization Effects on Innovation: A Multilevel Perspective," Academy of Management Journal, 39/5 (October 1996): 1065-1083; Jan Bossak and Soichiro Nagashima, Corporate Strategies for a Borderless World (Tokyo: Asian Productivity Organization, 1997); John P. Kotter, General Managers (New York, NY: The Free Press, 1996).
13. For an excellent discussion, see Peter F. Drucker, "The Discipline of Innovation," Harvard Business Review, 63/3 (May/June 1985): 67-72; Robert Drazin and Claudia Bird Schoonhoven, "Community, Population and Organization Effects on Innovation: A Multilevel Perspective," Academy of Management Journal, 39/5 (October 1996): 1065-1083; Jan Bossak and Soichiro Nagashima, Corporate Strategies for a Borderless World (Tokyo: Asian Productivity Organization, 1997); John P. Kotter, General Managers (New York, NY: The Free Press, 1996).
14. Stephen C. Harper, "The Challenges Facing CEOs: Past, Present, and Future," The Academy of Management Executive, 6/3 (1992): 7-25; Donald C. Hambrick, "The Top Management Team: Key to Strategic Success," California Management Review, 30/1 (Fall 1987): 88-108; J. Macioriello, J. Burke, and D. Tilley, "Improving American Competitiveness: A Management System Perspective," The Academy of Management Executive, 3/4 (1989): 294-303; J.F. Mathis, "Turning R&D Managers into Technology Managers," Research-Technology Management, 35/1 (January/February 1992): 35-38.
15. Stephen C. Harper, "The Challenges Facing CEOs: Past, Present, and Future," The Academy of Management Executive, 6/3 (1992): 7-25; Donald C. Hambrick, "The Top Management Team: Key to Strategic Success," California Management Review, 30/1 (Fall 1987): 88-108; J. Macioriello, J. Burke, and D. Tilley, "Improving American Competitiveness: A Management System Perspective," The Academy of Management Executive, 3/4 (1989): 294-303; J.F. Mathis, "Turning R&D Managers into Technology Managers," Research-Technology Management, 35/1 (January/February 1992): 35-38.
16. Stephen C. Harper, "The Challenges Facing CEOs: Past, Present, and Future," The Academy of Management Executive, 6/3 (1992): 7-25; Donald C. Hambrick, "The Top Management Team: Key to Strategic Success," California Management Review, 30/1 (Fall 1987): 88-108; J. Macioriello, J. Burke, and D. Tilley, "Improving American Competitiveness: A Management System Perspective," The Academy of Management Executive, 3/4 (1989): 294-303; J.F. Mathis, "Turning R&D Managers into Technology Managers," Research-Technology Management, 35/1 (January/February 1992): 35-38.
17. Stephen C. Harper, "The Challenges Facing CEOs: Past, Present, and Future," The Academy of Management Executive, 6/3 (1992): 7-25; Donald C. Hambrick, "The Top Management Team: Key to Strategic Success," California Management Review, 30/1 (Fall 1987): 88-108; J. Macioriello, J. Burke, and D. Tilley, "Improving American Competitiveness: A Management System Perspective," The Academy of Management Executive, 3/4 (1989): 294-303; J.F. Mathis, "Turning R&D Managers into Technology Managers," Research-Technology Management, 35/1 (January/February 1992): 35-38.
18. Michael L. Dertouzos, Richard K. Lester, and Robert M. Solow, Made in America: Regaining the Productive Edge (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1989).
19. See Raymond E. Miles, Henry J. Coleman, Jr., and W.E. Douglas Creed, "Keys to Success in Corporate Redesign," California Management Review, 37/3 (Spring 1995): 128-145; John G. Irwin, James J. Hoffman, and Bruce T. Lamont, "The Effect of the Acquisition of Technological Innovations on Organizational Performance: A Resource-Based View," Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, 15/1 (March 1998).
20. See Raymond E. Miles, Henry J. Coleman, Jr., and W.E. Douglas Creed, "Keys to Success in Corporate Redesign," California Management Review, 37/3 (Spring 1995): 128-145; John G. Irwin, James J. Hoffman, and Bruce T. Lamont, "The Effect of the Acquisition of Technological Innovations on Organizational Performance: A Resource-Based View," Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, 15/1 (March 1998).
21. For more on this point, see Leonard H. Lynn, John D. Aram, and N. Mohan Reddy, "Technology Communities and Innovation Communities," Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, 14/2 (June 1997): 129-145.
22. Peter F. Drucker, "The Information Executives Truly Need," Harvard Business Review, 73/1 (January/February 1995): 54-63; G.G. Dess, A.M.A. Rasheed, K.J. McLaughlin, and R.L. Priem, "The New Corporate Architecture," The Academy of Management Executive, 9/3 (August 1995): 7-20; Jay A. Conger, "The Brave New World of Leadership Training," Organizational Dynamics, 21/3 (Winter 1993): 46-58; Andrew H. Van de Ven, "A Community Perspective on the Emergence of Innovations," Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, 10/1&2 (June 1993): 23-51.
23. Peter F. Drucker, "The Information Executives Truly Need," Harvard Business Review, 73/1 (January/February 1995): 54-63; G.G. Dess, A.M.A. Rasheed, K.J. McLaughlin, and R.L. Priem, "The New Corporate Architecture," The Academy of Management Executive, 9/3 (August 1995): 7-20; Jay A. Conger, "The Brave New World of Leadership Training," Organizational Dynamics, 21/3 (Winter 1993): 46-58; Andrew H. Van de Ven, "A Community Perspective on the Emergence of Innovations," Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, 10/1&2 (June 1993): 23-51.
24. Peter F. Drucker, "The Information Executives Truly Need," Harvard Business Review, 73/1 (January/February 1995): 54-63; G.G. Dess, A.M.A. Rasheed, K.J. McLaughlin, and R.L. Priem, "The New Corporate Architecture," The Academy of Management Executive, 9/3 (August 1995): 7-20; Jay A. Conger, "The Brave New World of Leadership Training," Organizational Dynamics, 21/3 (Winter 1993): 46-58; Andrew H. Van de Ven, "A Community Perspective on the Emergence of Innovations," Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, 10/1&2 (June 1993): 23-51.
25. Peter F. Drucker, "The Information Executives Truly Need," Harvard Business Review, 73/1 (January/February 1995): 54-63; G.G. Dess, A.M.A. Rasheed, K.J. McLaughlin, and R.L. Priem, "The New Corporate Architecture," The Academy of Management Executive, 9/3 (August 1995): 7-20; Jay A. Conger, "The Brave New World of Leadership Training," Organizational Dynamics, 21/3 (Winter 1993): 46-58; Andrew H. Van de Ven, "A Community Perspective on the Emergence of Innovations," Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, 10/1&2 (June 1993): 23-51.
26. Dertouzos, op. cit., chapters 3, 4, and 5; Badawy, op. cit., chapter 1, pp. 3-34.
27. Dertouzos, op. cit., chapters 3, 4, and 5; Badawy, op. cit., chapter 1, pp. 3-34.
28. See, for example, Rita G. McGrath, "A Real Options Logic for Initiating Technology Positioning Investments," The Academy of Management Review, 22/4 (October 1997): 974-996; Jeanne H. Liedtka, "Collaborating Across Lines of Business for Competitive Advantage," The Academy of Management Executive, 10/2 (May 1996): 20-34; S. Ghoshal and C.A. Bartlett, "Changing the Role of Top Management: Beyond Structure to Processes," Harvard Business Review, 73/1 (January/February 1995): 86-96.
29. See, for example, Rita G. McGrath, "A Real Options Logic for Initiating Technology Positioning Investments," The Academy of Management Review, 22/4 (October 1997): 974-996; Jeanne H. Liedtka, "Collaborating Across Lines of Business for Competitive Advantage," The Academy of Management Executive, 10/2 (May 1996): 20-34; S. Ghoshal and C.A. Bartlett, "Changing the Role of Top Management: Beyond Structure to Processes," Harvard Business Review, 73/1 (January/February 1995): 86-96.
30. See, for example, Rita G. McGrath, "A Real Options Logic for Initiating Technology Positioning Investments," The Academy of Management Review, 22/4 (October 1997): 974-996; Jeanne H. Liedtka, "Collaborating Across Lines of Business for Competitive Advantage," The Academy of Management Executive, 10/2 (May 1996): 20-34; S. Ghoshal and C.A. Bartlett, "Changing the Role of Top Management: Beyond Structure to Processes," Harvard Business Review, 73/1 (January/February 1995): 86-96.
31. For an interesting discussion, see Deborah Dougherty and Edward H. Bowman, "The Effects of Organizational Downsizing on Product Innovation," California Management Review, 37/4 (Summer 1995): 28-44; William McKinley, Carol M. Sanchez, and Allen G. Schick, "Organizational Downsizing: Constraining, Cloning, Learning," The Academy of Management Executive, 9/3 (August 1995): 32-44; Ghoshal and Bartlett, op. cit.; Michael K. Badawy, "Technology and Strategic Advantage: Managing Corporate Technology Transfer in the U.S. and Japan," International Journal of Technology Management (1991), pp. 205-215.
32. For an interesting discussion, see Deborah Dougherty and Edward H. Bowman, "The Effects of Organizational Downsizing on Product Innovation," California Management Review, 37/4 (Summer 1995): 28-44; William McKinley, Carol M. Sanchez, and Allen G. Schick, "Organizational Downsizing: Constraining, Cloning, Learning," The Academy of Management Executive, 9/3 (August 1995): 32-44; Ghoshal and Bartlett, op. cit.; Michael K. Badawy, "Technology and Strategic Advantage: Managing Corporate Technology Transfer in the U.S. and Japan," International Journal of Technology Management (1991), pp. 205-215.
33. For an interesting discussion, see Deborah Dougherty and Edward H. Bowman, "The Effects of Organizational Downsizing on Product Innovation," California Management Review, 37/4 (Summer 1995): 28-44; William McKinley, Carol M. Sanchez, and Allen G. Schick, "Organizational Downsizing: Constraining, Cloning, Learning," The Academy of Management Executive, 9/3 (August 1995): 32-44; Ghoshal and Bartlett, op. cit.; Michael K. Badawy, "Technology and Strategic Advantage: Managing Corporate Technology Transfer in the U.S. and Japan," International Journal of Technology Management (1991), pp. 205-215.
34. For an interesting discussion, see Deborah Dougherty and Edward H. Bowman, "The Effects of Organizational Downsizing on Product Innovation," California Management Review, 37/4 (Summer 1995): 28-44; William McKinley, Carol M. Sanchez, and Allen G. Schick, "Organizational Downsizing: Constraining, Cloning, Learning," The Academy of Management Executive, 9/3 (August 1995): 32-44; Ghoshal and Bartlett, op. cit.; Michael K. Badawy, "Technology and Strategic Advantage: Managing Corporate Technology Transfer in the U.S. and Japan," International Journal of Technology Management (1991), pp. 205-215.
35. Richie Herink, "Technology Management Education for the Third Millenium," International Journal of Technology Management, 10/3 (1995): 353-359.
36. See, for example, Sara L. Keck, "Top Management Team Structure: Differential Effect by Environmental Context," Organization Science, 8/2 (April 1997): 143-156; Eric H. Kessler and Alok K. Chakrabarti, "Innovation Speed: A Conceptual Model of Context, Antecedents, and Outcomes," Academy of Management Review, 21/4 (October 1996): 1143-1191.
37. See, for example, Sara L. Keck, "Top Management Team Structure: Differential Effect by Environmental Context," Organization Science, 8/2 (April 1997): 143-156; Eric H. Kessler and Alok K. Chakrabarti, "Innovation Speed: A Conceptual Model of Context, Antecedents, and Outcomes," Academy of Management Review, 21/4 (October 1996): 1143-1191.
38. Based on data and estimates provided by the Engineering Workforce Commission of the American Association of Engineering Societies.
39. See, for example, James Brian Quinn, Philip Anderson, and Sydney Finkelstein, "Leveraging Intellect," Academy of Management Executive, 10/3 (November 1996): 7-27; Brian Becker and Barry Gerhart, "The Impact of Human Resource Management on Organizational Performance: Progress and Prospects," Academy of Management Journal, 39/4 (August 1996): 779-801; C.A. Lengnick-Hall and M.L. Lengnick-Hall, "Strategic Human Resources Management: A Review of the Literature and a Proposed Typology," Academy of Management Review, 13/3 (1988): 454-470; Michael K. Badawy, "A New Paradigm for Understanding Management as a New Technology: A Research Agenda for 'Technologists'," International Journal of Technology Management, 12/5&6 (1996): 717-732.
40. See, for example, James Brian Quinn, Philip Anderson, and Sydney Finkelstein, "Leveraging Intellect," Academy of Management Executive, 10/3 (November 1996): 7-27; Brian Becker and Barry Gerhart, "The Impact of Human Resource Management on Organizational Performance: Progress and Prospects," Academy of Management Journal, 39/4 (August 1996): 779-801; C.A. Lengnick-Hall and M.L. Lengnick-Hall, "Strategic Human Resources Management: A Review of the Literature and a Proposed Typology," Academy of Management Review, 13/3 (1988): 454-470; Michael K. Badawy, "A New Paradigm for Understanding Management as a New Technology: A Research Agenda for 'Technologists'," International Journal of Technology Management, 12/5&6 (1996): 717-732.
41. See, for example, James Brian Quinn, Philip Anderson, and Sydney Finkelstein, "Leveraging Intellect," Academy of Management Executive, 10/3 (November 1996): 7-27; Brian Becker and Barry Gerhart, "The Impact of Human Resource Management on Organizational Performance: Progress and Prospects," Academy of Management Journal, 39/4 (August 1996): 779-801; C.A. Lengnick-Hall and M.L. Lengnick-Hall, "Strategic Human Resources Management: A Review of the Literature and a Proposed Typology," Academy of Management Review, 13/3 (1988): 454-470; Michael K. Badawy, "A New Paradigm for Understanding Management as a New Technology: A Research Agenda for 'Technologists'," International Journal of Technology Management, 12/5&6 (1996): 717-732.
42. See, for example, James Brian Quinn, Philip Anderson, and Sydney Finkelstein, "Leveraging Intellect," Academy of Management Executive, 10/3 (November 1996): 7-27; Brian Becker and Barry Gerhart, "The Impact of Human Resource Management on Organizational Performance: Progress and Prospects," Academy of Management Journal, 39/4 (August 1996): 779-801; C.A. Lengnick-Hall and M.L. Lengnick-Hall, "Strategic Human Resources Management: A Review of the Literature and a Proposed Typology," Academy of Management Review, 13/3 (1988): 454-470; Michael K. Badawy, "A New Paradigm for Understanding Management as a New Technology: A Research Agenda for 'Technologists'," International Journal of Technology Management, 12/5&6 (1996): 717-732.
43. Mary Ann Glynn, "Innovative Genius: A Framework for Relating Individual and Organizational Intelligences to Innovation," Academy of Management Review, 21/4 (October 1996): 1081-1111; T.M. Amabile, R. Conti, H. Coon, J. Lazerby, and M. Herron, "Assessing the Work Environment for Creativity," Academy of Management Journal, 39/5 (October 1996): 1154-1184; Michael Bonsign-Ore, "Four Forces of Career Change," Engineering Management Review, 25/1 (Spring 1997): 67-72.
44. Mary Ann Glynn, "Innovative Genius: A Framework for Relating Individual and Organizational Intelligences to Innovation," Academy of Management Review, 21/4 (October 1996): 1081-1111; T.M. Amabile, R. Conti, H. Coon, J. Lazerby, and M. Herron, "Assessing the Work Environment for Creativity," Academy of Management Journal, 39/5 (October 1996): 1154-1184; Michael Bonsign-Ore, "Four Forces of Career Change," Engineering Management Review, 25/1 (Spring 1997): 67-72.
45. Mary Ann Glynn, "Innovative Genius: A Framework for Relating Individual and Organizational Intelligences to Innovation," Academy of Management Review, 21/4 (October 1996): 1081-1111; T.M. Amabile, R. Conti, H. Coon, J. Lazerby, and M. Herron, "Assessing the Work Environment for Creativity," Academy of Management Journal, 39/5 (October 1996): 1154-1184; Michael Bonsign-Ore, "Four Forces of Career Change," Engineering Management Review, 25/1 (Spring 1997): 67-72.
46. See, for example, Ralph Katz, ed., The Human Side of Managing Technological Innovation (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1997); Cameron M. Ford, "A Theory of Individual Creative Action in Multiple Social Domains," Academy of Management Review, 21/4 (October 1996): 1112-1142; R. Cordero, G. F. Farris, and N. Di Tomaso, "Identifying and Developing Promotability in R&D Laboratories," Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, 11/1 (March 1994): 55-72; N. Di Tomaso, G. F. Farris, and R Codero, "Diversity in the Technical Workforce: Re-Thinking the Management of Scientists and Engineers," Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, 10/1&2 (June 1993): 101-128.
47. See, for example, Ralph Katz, ed., The Human Side of Managing Technological Innovation (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1997); Cameron M. Ford, "A Theory of Individual Creative Action in Multiple Social Domains," Academy of Management Review, 21/4 (October 1996): 1112-1142; R. Cordero, G. F. Farris, and N. Di Tomaso, "Identifying and Developing Promotability in R&D Laboratories," Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, 11/1 (March 1994): 55-72; N. Di Tomaso, G. F. Farris, and R Codero, "Diversity in the Technical Workforce: Re-Thinking the Management of Scientists and Engineers," Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, 10/1&2 (June 1993): 101-128.
48. See, for example, Ralph Katz, ed., The Human Side of Managing Technological Innovation (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1997); Cameron M. Ford, "A Theory of Individual Creative Action in Multiple Social Domains," Academy of Management Review, 21/4 (October 1996): 1112-1142; R. Cordero, G. F. Farris, and N. Di Tomaso, "Identifying and Developing Promotability in R&D Laboratories," Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, 11/1 (March 1994): 55-72; N. Di Tomaso, G. F. Farris, and R Codero, "Diversity in the Technical Workforce: Re-Thinking the Management of Scientists and Engineers," Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, 10/1&2 (June 1993): 101-128.
49. See, for example, Ralph Katz, ed., The Human Side of Managing Technological Innovation (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1997); Cameron M. Ford, "A Theory of Individual Creative Action in Multiple Social Domains," Academy of Management Review, 21/4 (October 1996): 1112-1142; R. Cordero, G. F. Farris, and N. Di Tomaso, "Identifying and Developing Promotability in R&D Laboratories," Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, 11/1 (March 1994): 55-72; N. Di Tomaso, G. F. Farris, and R Codero, "Diversity in the Technical Workforce: Re-Thinking the Management of Scientists and Engineers," Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, 10/1&2 (June 1993): 101-128.
50. For an excellent discussion of this issue, see Brent B. Allred, Charles C. Snow, and Raymond Miles, "Characteristics of Managial Caeers in the 21st Century," The Academy of Management Executive, 10/4 (November 1996): 17-27; Shirou Fujita, A Strategy for Corporate Innovation (Tokyo: Asian Productivity Organization, 1997); James E. Tingstad, "Why Do Technical Managers Ignore the Data?" Research-Technology Management, 35/1 (January/February 1992): 8-9; Michael K. Badawy, Developing Managerial Skills in Engineers and Scientists, Second Edition (New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1995); T.J. Allen, Managing the Flow of Technology (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1984).
51. For an excellent discussion of this issue, see Brent B. Allred, Charles C. Snow, and Raymond Miles, "Characteristics of Managial Caeers in the 21st Century," The Academy of Management Executive, 10/4 (November 1996): 17-27; Shirou Fujita, A Strategy for Corporate Innovation (Tokyo: Asian Productivity Organization, 1997); James E. Tingstad, "Why Do Technical Managers Ignore the Data?" Research-Technology Management, 35/1 (January/February 1992): 8-9; Michael K. Badawy, Developing Managerial Skills in Engineers and Scientists, Second Edition (New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1995); T.J. Allen, Managing the Flow of Technology (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1984).
52. For an excellent discussion of this issue, see Brent B. Allred, Charles C. Snow, and Raymond Miles, "Characteristics of Managial Caeers in the 21st Century," The Academy of Management Executive, 10/4 (November 1996): 17-27; Shirou Fujita, A Strategy for Corporate Innovation (Tokyo: Asian Productivity Organization, 1997); James E. Tingstad, "Why Do Technical Managers Ignore the Data?" Research-Technology Management, 35/1 (January/February 1992): 8-9; Michael K. Badawy, Developing Managerial Skills in Engineers and Scientists, Second Edition (New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1995); T.J. Allen, Managing the Flow of Technology (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1984).
53. For an excellent discussion of this issue, see Brent B. Allred, Charles C. Snow, and Raymond Miles, "Characteristics of Managial Caeers in the 21st Century," The Academy of Management Executive, 10/4 (November 1996): 17-27; Shirou Fujita, A Strategy for Corporate Innovation (Tokyo: Asian Productivity Organization, 1997); James E. Tingstad, "Why Do Technical Managers Ignore the Data?" Research-Technology Management, 35/1 (January/February 1992): 8-9; Michael K. Badawy, Developing Managerial Skills in Engineers and Scientists, Second Edition (New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1995); T.J. Allen, Managing the Flow of Technology (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1984).
54. For an excellent discussion of this issue, see Brent B. Allred, Charles C. Snow, and Raymond Miles, "Characteristics of Managial Caeers in the 21st Century," The Academy of Management Executive, 10/4 (November 1996): 17-27; Shirou Fujita, A Strategy for Corporate Innovation (Tokyo: Asian Productivity Organization, 1997); James E. Tingstad, "Why Do Technical Managers Ignore the Data?" Research-Technology Management, 35/1 (January/February 1992): 8-9; Michael K. Badawy, Developing Managerial Skills in Engineers and Scientists, Second Edition (New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1995); T.J. Allen, Managing the Flow of Technology (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1984).
55. See Debra M. Amidon Rogers, "The Challenge of Fifth Generation R&D," Research-Technology Management, 39/4 (July/August 1996): 33-41; Lisa H. Pelled and Paul S. Adler, "Antecedents of Intergroup Conflict in Multifunctional Product Development Teams: A Conceptual Model," IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 4/1 (February 1994): 21-28.
56. See Debra M. Amidon Rogers, "The Challenge of Fifth Generation R&D," Research-Technology Management, 39/4 (July/August 1996): 33-41; Lisa H. Pelled and Paul S. Adler, "Antecedents of Intergroup Conflict in Multifunctional Product Development Teams: A Conceptual Model," IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 4/1 (February 1994): 21-28.
57. Deborah Dougherty and Cynthia Hardy, "Sustained Product Innovation in Large Mature Organizations: Overcoming Innovation-to-Organization Problems," Academy of Management Journal, 39/5 (October 1996): 1120-1153; Claudia U. Ciborra, "The Platform Organization: Recombining Strategies, Structures, and Surprises," Organization Science, 7/2 (March/April 1996): 103-118.
58. Deborah Dougherty and Cynthia Hardy, "Sustained Product Innovation in Large Mature Organizations: Overcoming Innovation-to-Organization Problems," Academy of Management Journal, 39/5 (October 1996): 1120-1153; Claudia U. Ciborra, "The Platform Organization: Recombining Strategies, Structures, and Surprises," Organization Science, 7/2 (March/April 1996): 103-118.
59. Michael K. Badawy, "Practical Issues in Managing Technical Professionals," International Journal of Technology Management, 13/5&6 (1992): 428-442.
60. For an excellent critical evaluation of management education for technologists and MBA programs, see Richard T. Mowday, "Redefining Our Scholarly Values," Academy of Management Review, 22/2 (April 1997): 335-345; Jane C. Linder and H. Jeff Smith," The Complex Case of Management Education," Harvard Business Review, 70/5 (September/October 1992): 16-33; "Management Education: Passport to Prosperity," The Economist, March 2, 1991, pp. 6-28.
61. For an excellent critical evaluation of management education for technologists and MBA programs, see Richard T. Mowday, "Redefining Our Scholarly Values," Academy of Management Review, 22/2 (April 1997): 335-345; Jane C. Linder and H. Jeff Smith," The Complex Case of Management Education," Harvard Business Review, 70/5 (September/October 1992): 16-33; "Management Education: Passport to Prosperity," The Economist, March 2, 1991, pp. 6-28.
62. For an excellent critical evaluation of management education for technologists and MBA programs, see Richard T. Mowday, "Redefining Our Scholarly Values," Academy of Management Review, 22/2 (April 1997): 335-345; Jane C. Linder and H. Jeff Smith," The Complex Case of Management Education," Harvard Business Review, 70/5 (September/October 1992): 16-33; "Management Education: Passport to Prosperity," The Economist, March 2, 1991, pp. 6-28.
63. AACSB Report (1996), op. cit.; Linder and Smith, op. cit.; J.C. Mason, "Business Schools: Striving to Meet Customer Demand," Management Review, 81/9 (September 1992): 10-14; James Reeve, "Graduate Management Education in Transition," Survey of Business, 28/1 (Summer 1992): 3-5.
64. AACSB Report (1996), op. cit.; Linder and Smith, op. cit.; J.C. Mason, "Business Schools: Striving to Meet Customer Demand," Management Review, 81/9 (September 1992): 10-14; James Reeve, "Graduate Management Education in Transition," Survey of Business, 28/1 (Summer 1992): 3-5.
65. AACSB Report (1996), op. cit.; Linder and Smith, op. cit.; J.C. Mason, "Business Schools: Striving to Meet Customer Demand," Management Review, 81/9 (September 1992): 10-14; James Reeve, "Graduate Management Education in Transition," Survey of Business, 28/1 (Summer 1992): 3-5.
66. AACSB Report (1996), op. cit.; Linder and Smith, op. cit.; J.C. Mason, "Business Schools: Striving to Meet Customer Demand," Management Review, 81/9 (September 1992): 10-14; James Reeve, "Graduate Management Education in Transition," Survey of Business, 28/1 (Summer 1992): 3-5.
67. John H. Sheridan, "The New Breed of MBA," Industry Week (October 1993), pp. 11-16.
68. The American Assembly of Collegiate Schools of Business, A Report of the AACSB Faculty Leadership Task Force, April 1996, St. Louis, MO.
69. Ibid., p. 4.
70. Mowday, op. cit., p. 337.
71. Russell Ackoff, "Higher Education and Social Stratification," Interfaces, 24/4 (1994): 73-82; Russell Ackoff, "OR: A Post Mortem," Operations Research, 35/3 (1987): 471-474.
72. Russell Ackoff, "Higher Education and Social Stratification," Interfaces, 24/4 (1994): 73-82; Russell Ackoff, "OR: A Post Mortem," Operations Research, 35/3 (1987): 471-474.
73. Ackoff (1987), op. cit.
74. Henry Mintzberg, The Nature of Managerial Work (New York, NY: Harper & Row, 1973), p. 186.
75. AACSB (1996), op. cit.
76. This discussion is partly based on Edgar H. Schein, "Career Anchors Revisited: Implications for Career Development in the 21 st Century," The Academy of Management Executive, 10/4 (November 1996): 80-88; the AACSB Report (1996), op. cit.; Mowday, op. cit.; William A.B. Purdon, "Increasing R&D Effectiveness: Researchers as Business People," Research-Technology Management, 39/4 (July/ August 1996): 48-56; John P. Kotter, "Leading Change: Why Transformation Efforts Fail," Harvard Business Review, 73/3 (March/April 1995); Dertouzos et al., op. cit.
77. This discussion is partly based on Edgar H. Schein, "Career Anchors Revisited: Implications for Career Development in the 21 st Century," The Academy of Management Executive, 10/4 (November 1996): 80-88; the AACSB Report (1996), op. cit.; Mowday, op. cit.; William A.B. Purdon, "Increasing R&D Effectiveness: Researchers as Business People," Research-Technology Management, 39/4 (July/ August 1996): 48-56; John P. Kotter, "Leading Change: Why Transformation Efforts Fail," Harvard Business Review, 73/3 (March/April 1995); Dertouzos et al., op. cit.
78. This discussion is partly based on Edgar H. Schein, "Career Anchors Revisited: Implications for Career Development in the 21 st Century," The Academy of Management Executive, 10/4 (November 1996): 80-88; the AACSB Report (1996), op. cit.; Mowday, op. cit.; William A.B. Purdon, "Increasing R&D Effectiveness: Researchers as Business People," Research-Technology Management, 39/4 (July/ August 1996): 48-56; John P. Kotter, "Leading Change: Why Transformation Efforts Fail," Harvard Business Review, 73/3 (March/April 1995); Dertouzos et al., op. cit.
79. This discussion is partly based on Edgar H. Schein, "Career Anchors Revisited: Implications for Career Development in the 21 st Century," The Academy of Management Executive, 10/4 (November 1996): 80-88; the AACSB Report (1996), op. cit.; Mowday, op. cit.; William A.B. Purdon, "Increasing R&D Effectiveness: Researchers as Business People," Research-Technology Management, 39/4 (July/ August 1996): 48-56; John P. Kotter, "Leading Change: Why Transformation Efforts Fail," Harvard Business Review, 73/3 (March/April 1995); Dertouzos et al., op. cit.
80. This discussion is partly based on Edgar H. Schein, "Career Anchors Revisited: Implications for Career Development in the 21 st Century," The Academy of Management Executive, 10/4 (November 1996): 80-88; the AACSB Report (1996), op. cit.; Mowday, op. cit.; William A.B. Purdon, "Increasing R&D Effectiveness: Researchers as Business People," Research-Technology Management, 39/4 (July/ August 1996): 48-56; John P. Kotter, "Leading Change: Why Transformation Efforts Fail," Harvard Business Review, 73/3 (March/April 1995); Dertouzos et al., op. cit.
81. This discussion is partly based on Edgar H. Schein, "Career Anchors Revisited: Implications for Career Development in the 21 st Century," The Academy of Management Executive, 10/4 (November 1996): 80-88; the AACSB Report (1996), op. cit.; Mowday, op. cit.; William A.B. Purdon, "Increasing R&D Effectiveness: Researchers as Business People," Research-Technology Management, 39/4 (July/ August 1996): 48-56; John P. Kotter, "Leading Change: Why Transformation Efforts Fail," Harvard Business Review, 73/3 (March/April 1995); Dertouzos et al., op. cit.
82. National Research Council, Research on the Management of Technology (Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1991); National Research Council, Management of Technology: The Hidden Competitive Advantage (Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1987).
83. National Research Council, Research on the Management of Technology (Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1991); National Research Council, Management of Technology: The Hidden Competitive Advantage (Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1987).
84. Discussion in the section in based partly on D.F. Kocaoglu, "Technology Management: Educational Trends," IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 41/4 (November 1994): 347-349; D.F. Kocaoglu, "Research and Educational Characteristics of the Engineering Management Discipline," IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 37/3 (August 1990): 172-176.
85. Discussion in the section in based partly on D.F. Kocaoglu, "Technology Management: Educational Trends," IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 41/4 (November 1994): 347-349; D.F. Kocaoglu, "Research and Educational Characteristics of the Engineering Management Discipline," IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 37/3 (August 1990): 172-176.
86. Kocaoglu (1994), op. cit.
87. For an interesting discussion, see Arnold Reisman, "Technology Management: A Brief Review of the Last 40 years and Some Thoughts on Its Future," IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 41/4 (November 1994): 342-346; A. Bailetti and J. R. Callahan, "The Engineering Management Synthesis: Evidence from Graduate Programs in Telecommunications," IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 40/1 (February 1993): 30-39.
88. For an interesting discussion, see Arnold Reisman, "Technology Management: A Brief Review of the Last 40 years and Some Thoughts on Its Future," IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 41/4 (November 1994): 342-346; A. Bailetti and J. R. Callahan, "The Engineering Management Synthesis: Evidence from Graduate Programs in Telecommunications," IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 40/1 (February 1993): 30-39.
89. National Research Council report, op. cit.
90. William A. Weimer, "Education for Technology Management," Research-Technology Management. (May/June 1991): 41-45.
91. Herink, op. cit.
92. Badawy and Badawy, op. cit.
93. S.E. Herman and K.G. Provan, "An Emergent Theory of Structure and Outcomes in Small Firm Strategic Manufacturing Networks," Academy of Management Journal, 40/2 (April 1997): 368-403.
94. C. Marlene Fiol, "Squeezing Harder Doesn't Always Work: Continuing the Search for Consistency in Innovation Research," Academy of Management Review, 21/4 (October 1996): 1012-1021; Philip Anderson, "Toward Exemplary Research in the Management of Technology," Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, 10/1&2 (June 1993): 7-22.
95. C. Marlene Fiol, "Squeezing Harder Doesn't Always Work: Continuing the Search for Consistency in Innovation Research," Academy of Management Review, 21/4 (October 1996): 1012-1021; Philip Anderson, "Toward Exemplary Research in the Management of Technology," Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, 10/1&2 (June 1993): 7-22.
96. For an excellent discussion, see Raghu Garud and David Ahlstrom, "Technology Assessment: A Socio-Cognitive Perspective," Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, 14/1 (March 1997); W.G. Egelhoff and C.S. Haklisch, "Strategy, Size of Firm, and the Use of Technological Alliances: An Exploratory Study," Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, 11/2 (June 1994): 117-148; Kim B. Clark, "What Strategy Can Do for Technology?" Harvard Business Review, 67/6 (November/December 1989): 94-98; Joseph Morone, "Strategic Use of Technology," California Management Review, 31/4 (Summer 1989): 91-110.
97. For an excellent discussion, see Raghu Garud and David Ahlstrom, "Technology Assessment: A Socio-Cognitive Perspective," Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, 14/1 (March 1997); W.G. Egelhoff and C.S. Haklisch, "Strategy, Size of Firm, and the Use of Technological Alliances: An Exploratory Study," Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, 11/2 (June 1994): 117-148; Kim B. Clark, "What Strategy Can Do for Technology?" Harvard Business Review, 67/6 (November/December 1989): 94-98; Joseph Morone, "Strategic Use of Technology," California Management Review, 31/4 (Summer 1989): 91-110.
98. For an excellent discussion, see Raghu Garud and David Ahlstrom, "Technology Assessment: A Socio-Cognitive Perspective," Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, 14/1 (March 1997); W.G. Egelhoff and C.S. Haklisch, "Strategy, Size of Firm, and the Use of Technological Alliances: An Exploratory Study," Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, 11/2 (June 1994): 117-148; Kim B. Clark, "What Strategy Can Do for Technology?" Harvard Business Review, 67/6 (November/December 1989): 94-98; Joseph Morone, "Strategic Use of Technology," California Management Review, 31/4 (Summer 1989): 91-110.
99. For an excellent discussion, see Raghu Garud and David Ahlstrom, "Technology Assessment: A Socio-Cognitive Perspective," Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, 14/1 (March 1997); W.G. Egelhoff and C.S. Haklisch, "Strategy, Size of Firm, and the Use of Technological Alliances: An Exploratory Study," Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, 11/2 (June 1994): 117-148; Kim B. Clark, "What Strategy Can Do for Technology?" Harvard Business Review, 67/6 (November/December 1989): 94-98; Joseph Morone, "Strategic Use of Technology," California Management Review, 31/4 (Summer 1989): 91-110.
100. Abbie Griffin, "Modeling and Measuring Product Development Cycle Time Across Industries," Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, 14/1 (March 1997); Philip Anderson, op. cit.
101. Abbie Griffin, "Modeling and Measuring Product Development Cycle Time Across Industries," Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, 14/1 (March 1997); Philip Anderson, op. cit.
102. Herink, op. cit.
103. Peter J. Frost, "Bridging Academia and Business," Organization Science, 8/3 (May/June 1997): 333-347; Mowday, op. cit.; Dertouzos et al., op. cit.
104. Peter J. Frost, "Bridging Academia and Business," Organization Science, 8/3 (May/June 1997): 333-347; Mowday, op. cit.; Dertouzos et al., op. cit.
105. Peter J. Frost, "Bridging Academia and Business," Organization Science, 8/3 (May/June 1997): 333-347; Mowday, op. cit.; Dertouzos et al., op. cit.
106. See, for example, the AACSB Report, op. cit.; Manuel London, "Redeployment and Continuous Learning in the 21st Century," Academy of Management Executive, 10/4 (November 1996): 67-79; Michael B. Arthur and Denise Rousseau, "A New Career Lexicon for the 21st Century," Academy of Management Executive, 10/4 (November 1996): 28-39.
107. See, for example, the AACSB Report, op. cit.; Manuel London, "Redeployment and Continuous Learning in the 21st Century," Academy of Management Executive, 10/4 (November 1996): 67-79; Michael B. Arthur and Denise Rousseau, "A New Career Lexicon for the 21st Century," Academy of Management Executive, 10/4 (November 1996): 28-39.
108. See, for example, the AACSB Report, op. cit.; Manuel London, "Redeployment and Continuous Learning in the 21st Century," Academy of Management Executive, 10/4 (November 1996): 67-79; Michael B. Arthur and Denise Rousseau, "A New Career Lexicon for the 21st Century," Academy of Management Executive, 10/4 (November 1996): 28-39.
109. Weimer, op. cit.; Trevor Grigg, "Entrepreneurship and Innovation at Universities: A Case Study of Higher Education in Australia," Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, 11/3&4 (December 1994): 273-298.
110. Weimer, op. cit.; Trevor Grigg, "Entrepreneurship and Innovation at Universities: A Case Study of Higher Education in Australia," Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, 11/3&4 (December 1994): 273-298.