Approaches to the treatment of central nervous system autoimmune disease using specific neuroantigen

Immunology and Cell Biology

Volumn 76, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 91-103

  Willenborg, David O ^a   Staykova, Maria A ^a  

^a CANBERRA HOSPITAL   (Australia)

Author keywords

Autoimmune encephalomyelitis; Multiple sclerosis; Prevention; Specific neuroantigen; Suppression; Therapy

Indexed keywords

ANTIGENICITY; ARTICLE; AUTOIMMUNITY; HUMAN; IMMUNOLOGICAL TOLERANCE; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE TREATMENT; MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; VACCINATION;

ADJUVANTS, IMMUNOLOGIC; ANIMALS; AUTOANTIGENS; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; ENCEPHALOMYELITIS, AUTOIMMUNE, EXPERIMENTAL; HUMANS; IMMUNITY, NATURAL; IMMUNOTHERAPY; MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS;

EID: 0031924370     PISSN: 08189641     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1711.1998.00721.x     Document Type: Article

References (128)

1. Waksman BH. Multiple sclerosis. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 1989; 1: 733-9.
2. Kies MW, Murphy JB, Alvord EC Jr. Studies of the encephalitogenic factor in guinea-pig central nervous system. In: Floch J (ed.) Chemical Pathology of the Nervous System. New York: Pergamon Press, 1961; 197-204.
3. Roboz-Einstein E, Robertson DM, DeCaprio JM, Moore W. The isolation from bovine spinal cord of a homogenous protein with encephalitogenic activity. J. Neurochem. 1962; 9: 353-61.
4. Paterson PY. Transfer of allergic encephalomyelitis in rats by means of lymph node cells. J. Exp. Med. 1960; 111: 119-23.
5. Ferraro A, Cazzullo CL. Prevention of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in guinea-pigs. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 1949; 8: 61-9.
6. Ferraro A, Roizin L, Cazzulo CL. Experimental studies in allergic encephalomyelitis, prevention and production: Note III. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 1950; 9: 18-26.
7. Condie RM, Kelley JT, Campbell B, Good RA. Prevention of experimental encephalomyelitis by prior injections of homologous spinal cord. FASEB J. 1957; 16: 24-6.
8. Alvord EC Jr. Pathogenesis of allergic encephalomyelitis: Introductory remarks. Ann. NY Acad. Sci 1965; 122: 245-55.
9. Paterson PY, Harwin SM. Suppression of allergic encephalomyelitis in rats by means of antibrain serum. J. Exp. Med. 1963; 117: 755-62.
10. Alvord EC Jr. Shaw CM, Hruby S. Kies MW. Encephalitogen-induced inhibition of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis: Prevention, suppression and therapy. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1965; 122: 333-45.
11. Kies MW, Shaw CM, Fahlberg WJ, Alvord EC Jr. Factors affecting the suppression of allergic encephalomyelitis by homologous brain protein factors. Ann. Allergy 1960; 18: 849-54.
12. Svet-Moldavsky GJ, Svet-Moldavskaya IA, Ravkina LI. Further studies of acquired resistance to experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Acta Virol. 1960; 16: 139-45.
13. MacPherson CF, Yo SL, Studies on brain antigens. VI: Prevention of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis by a water-soluble spinal cord protein, 1-SCP. J. Immunol. 1973; 110: 1371-5.
14. MacPherson CF, Armstrong H, Tun O. Prevention of experimental allergic encephalitis in guinea-pigs with spinal cord protein: Optimum pretreatment schedules and appraisal of plausible mechanisms. Immunology 1977; 33: 161-6.
15. MacPherson CF. Suppression and treatment of experimental allergic encephalitis in guinea-pigs with the bovine spinal cord protein (BSCP). Immunology 1980; 40: 377-83.
16. Swanborg RH. Antigen-induced inhibition of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. I: Inhibition in guinea-pigs injected with non-encephalitogenic modified myelin basic protein. J. Immunol. 1972; 109: 540-6.
17. Swanborg RH. Antigen-induced inhibition of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. II: Studies in guinea-pigs with the small rat myelin basic protein. J. Immunol. 1973; 111: 1067-70.
18. Driscoll BF, Kies MW, Alvord EC Jr. Protection against experimental allergic encephalomyelitis with peptides derived from myelin basic protein: Presence of intact encephalitogenic site is essential. J. Immunol. 1976; 117: 110-4.
19. Driscoll BF, Kies MW, Alvord EC Jr. Successful treatment of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (RAE) in guinea-pigs with homologous myelin basic protein. V. Immunol. 1974; 112: 392-7.
20. Driscoll BF, Kies MW, Alvord EC Jr. Adoptive transfer of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE): Prevention of successful transfer by treatment of donors with myelin basic protein. J. Immunol. 1975; 114: 291-2.
21. Raine CS, Snyder DH, Stone SH, Bornstein MB. Suppression of acute and chronic experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in strain 13 guinea-pigs. J. Neurol. Sci. 1977; 31: 355-67.
22. Hashim GA. Failure of myelin basic protein to prevent or suppress experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in guineapigs. Neurochem. Res. 1980; 2: 101-13.
23. Jackson JJ, Brostoff SW, Lampert P, Eylar EH. Allergic encephalomyelitis in monkeys induced with A1 protein. Neurobiology 1972; 2: .83-8.
24. Eylar EH, Jackson JJ, Rothenberg B, Brostoff SW. Suppression of the immune response: Reversal of the disease state with antigen in allergic encephalomyelitis. Nature 1972; 236: 74-6.
25. Eylar EH, Jackson JJ, Kniskern PJ. Suppression and reversal of allergic encephalomyelitis in rhesus monkeys with basic protein and peptides. Neurochem. Res. 1979; 4: 249-58.
26. Alvord EC Jr, Shaw CM, Hruby S, Kies MW. Has myelin basic protein received a fair trial in the treatment of multiple sclerosis? Ann. Neurol. 1979; 6: 461-8.
27. Shaw CM, Alvord EC Jr, Hruby S. Chronic remitting relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis induced in monkeys with homologous myelin basic protein. Ann. Neurol. 1988; 24: 738-48.
28. Willenborg DO. Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in the Lewis rat: Studies on the mechanism of recovery from disease and acquired resistance to reinduction. J. Immunol. 1979; 123: 1145-50.
29. Swierkosz JE, Swanborg RH. Suppressor cell control of unresponsiveness to experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. J. Immunol. 1975; 115: 631-3.
30. Welch AM, Holda JH, Swanborg RH. Regulation of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. II: Appearance of suppressor cells during cells remission phase of the disease. J. Immunol. 1980; 125: 186-9.
31. Killen JA, Swanborg RH. Regulation of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Part 4: Further characterization of post-recovery suppressor cells. J. Neuroimmunol. 1982; 3: 159-66.
32. Holda JH, Swanborg RH. Autoimmune effector cells. II: Transfer of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis with a subset of T lymphocytes. Eur. J. Immunol. 1982; 12: 453-5.
33. + suppressor cells differentially affect the production of IFNγ by effector cells of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J. Immunol. 1989; 143: 3492-7.
34. + suppressor cells inhibit the function of effector cells of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis through a mechanism involving transforming growth factor-beta. J. Immunol. 1991; 146: 1163-8.
35. Stevens DB, Gould KE, Swanborg RH. Transforming growth factor-beta 1 inhibits tumor necrosis factor-alpha/lymphotoxin production and adoptive transfer of disease by effector cells of autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J. Neuroimmunol. 1994; 51: 77-83.
36. Miller SD, Wetzig RP, Claman HN. The induction of cell-mediated immunity and tolerance with protein antigens coupled to syngeneic lymphoid cells. J. Exp. Med. 1979; 149: 758-73.
37. Miller SD, Karpus WJ. The immunopathogenesis and regulation of T-cell mediated demyelinating diseases, Immunol. Today 1994; 15: 356-61.
38. Miller SD, Tan LJ, Pope L, McRae BL, Karpus WJ. Antigenspecific tolerance as a therapy for experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Int. Rev. Immunol. 1992; 9: 203-22.
39. Kennedy MK, Dal Canto MC, Trotter JL, Miller SD. Specific immune regulation of chronic-relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in mice. J. Immunol. 1988; 141: 2986-93.
40. Tan L-J, Kennedy MK, Dal Canto MC, Miller SD. Successful treatment of paralytic relapses in adoptive experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis via neuroantigen-specific tolerance. J. Immunol. 1991; 147: 1797-802.
41. Vandenbark AA, Vainiene M, Ariail K, Miller SD, Offner H. Prevention and treatment of relapsing autoimmune encephalomyclitis with myelin peptide-coupled splenocytes. J. Neurosci. Res. 1996; 45: 430-8.
42. McKenna RM, Carter BG, Paterson JA, Sehon AH. The suppression of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in Lewis rats by treatment with myelin basic protein cell conjugates. Cell Immunol. 1983; 81: 391-402.
43. Malotky MK, Pope L, Miller SD. Epitope and functional specificity of peripheral tolerance induction in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in adult Lewis rats. J. Immunol. 1994; 153: 841-51.
44. Gregorian SK, Clark L, Heber-Katz E, Amento EP, Rostami A. Induction of peripheral tolerance with peptide-specific anergy in experimental autoimmune neuritis. Cell Immunol. 1993; 150: 298-310.
45. Pope L, Paterson PY, Miller SD. Antigen-specific inhibition of the adoptive transfer of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in Lewis rats. J. Neuroimmunol. 1992; 37: 177-90.
46. Kennedy MK, Tan LJ, Dal Canto MC et al. Inhibition of murine relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by immune tolerance to proteoipid protein and its encephalitogenic peptides. J. Immunol. 1990; 144: 909-15.
47. Miller SD, Tan LJ, Kennedy MK, Dal-Canto MC. Specific immunoregulation of the induction and effector stages of relapsing EAE via neuroantigen-specific tolerance induction. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1991; 636: 79-94.
48. Su XM, Sriram S. Treatment of chronic relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis with the intravenous administration of splenocytes coupled to encephalitogenic peptide 91-103 of myelin basic protein. J. Neuroimmunol. 1991; 34: 181-90.
49. Tan LJ, Kennedy MK, Miller SD. Regulation of the effector stages of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis via neuroantigen-specific tolerance induction. II: Fine specificity of effector T cell inhibition. J. Immunol. 1992; 148: 2748-55.
50. Vandenbark AA, Celnik B, Vainiene M, Miller SD, Offner H. Myelin antigen-coupled splenocytes suppress experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in Lewis rats through a partially reversible anergy mechanism. J. Immunol. 1995; 155: 5861-7.
51. Santambrogio L, Crisi GM, Leu J, Hochwald GM, Ryan T, Thorbecke GJ. Tolerogenic forms of auto-antigens and cytokines in the ionduction of resistance to experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. J. Neuroimmunol. 1995; 58: 211-22.
52. Lafferty KJ, Warren HS, Woolnough JA, Talmage DW. Immunological induction of T lymphocytes: Role of antigen and the lymphocyte costimulator. Blood Cells 1978; 4: 395-406.
53. Jenkins MK, Schwartz RH. Antigen presentation by chemically modified splenocytes induces antigen-specific T cell unresponsiveness in vitro and in vivo. J. Exp. Med. 1987; 165: 302-19.
54. Hugh AR, Simmons RD, Willenborg DO. Immediate, long-lasting suppression of autoimmune encephalomyelitis by cell-bound neuroantigen. Cell Immunol. 1989; 123: 108-17.
55. Willenborg DO, Higgins TJ. Liposomes containing myelin basic protein suppress but do not induce allergic encephalomyelitis in rats. Aust. J. Exp. Biol. Med. Sci. 1981; 59: 135-41.
56. Strejan GH, Percy DH, St Louis J, Surlan D, Paty D. Suppression of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in guineapigs by liposome-associated human myelin basic protein. J. Immunol. 1981; 127: 2064-9.
57. Strejan GH, Gilbert JJ, St Louis J. Effect of treatment with glutaraldehyde-fixed myelin basic protein-liposomes on active induction and passive transfer of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in Lewis rats. Cell Immunol. 1988; 116: 250-6.
58. Strejan GH, St Louis J. Suppression of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis by MBP-coupled lymphoid cells and by MBP-liposomes: A comparison. Cell Immunol. 1990; 127: 284-98.
59. Stein CS, St Louis J, Gilbert JJ, Strejan GH. Treatment of spinal cord-induced experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in the Lewis rat with liposomes presenting central nervous system antigens. J. Neuroimmunol. 1990; 28: 119-30.
60. Traugott U, Stone SH, Raine CS. Chronic relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: Treatment with combinations of myelin components promotes clinical and structural recovery. J. Neurol. Sci. 1982; 56: 65-73.
61. Swierkosz JE, Swanborg RH. Immunoregulation of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis: Conditions for induction of suppressor cells and analysis of mechanism. J. Immunol. 1977; 119: 1501-6.
62. Staykova MA, Simmons RD, Willenborg DO. Infusion of soluble myelin basic protein protects long term against induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Immunol. Cell Biol. 1997; 75: 54-64.
63. Rivero VE, Maccioni M, Bucher AE, Roth GA, Riera CM. Suppression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by intraperitoneal administration of soluble myelin antigens in Wistar rats. J. Neuroimmunol. 1997; 72: 3-10.
64. Parish CR. The relationship between humoral and cell-mediated immunity. Transplant Rev. 1972; 13: 35-66.
65. Burstein HJ, Abbas AK. In vivo role of interleukin-4 in T cell tolerance induced by soluble antigen. J. Exp. Med. 1993; 177: 457-63.
66. Noble A, Kemeny DM. Interleukin-4 enhances interferon-γ synthesis but inhibits development of interferon-γ-producing cells. Immunology 1995; 85: 357-63.
67. + T cells. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 1994; 12: 635-73.
68. + T cells. J. Immunol. 1997; 159: 591-8.
69. Kearney ER, Pape KA, Loh DY, Jenkins MK. Visualization of peptide-specific T cell immunity and peripheral tolerance induction in vivo. Immunity 1994; 1: 327-39.
70. Pulendran B, Smith KG, Nossal GJ. Soluble antigen can impede affinity maturation and the germinal centre reaction but enhance extrafollicular immunoglobulin production. J. Immunol. 1995; 155: 1141-50.
71. + T cell population to the T helper 2 cell pathway. J. Immunol. 1996; 157: 3260-9.
72. Thompson CB. Distinct roles for the costimulatory ligands B7-1 and B7-2 in T helper cell differentiation? Cell 1995; 81: 979-82.
73. Bluestone JA. Is CTLA-4 a master switch for peripheral T cell tolerance? J. Immunol. 1997; 158: 1989-93.
74. McIntosh KR, Linsley PS, Drachman DB. Immunosuppression and induction of anergy by CTLA4Ig in vitro: Effects on cellular and antibody responses of lymphocytes from rats with experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis. Cell Immunol. 1995; 166: 103-12.
75. Cross AH, Girard TJ, Giacolette KS et al. Long-term inhibition of murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis using CTLA-4-Fc supports a key role for CD28 costimulation. J. Clin. Invest. 1995; 95: 2783-9.
76. Kuchroo VK, Das MP, Brown JA et al. B7-1 and B7-2 costimulatory molecules activate differentially the Th1/Th2 development pathways: Application to autoimmune disease therapy. Cell 1995; 80: 707-18.
77. Miller SD, Vanderlugt CL, Lenschow DJ et al. Blockade of CD28/B71 interaction prevents epitope spreading and clinical relapses of murine EAE. Immunity 1995; 3: 739-45.
78. Arima T, Rehman A, Hickey WF, Flye MW. Inhibition by CTLA4Ig of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. J. Immunol. 1996; 156: 4916-24.
79. Lub M, van Kooyk Y, Fidgor CG. Ins and outs of LFA-1. Immunol. Today 1995; 16: 479-83.
80. Willenborg DO, Staykova MA, Miyasaka M. Short term treatment with soluble neuroantigen and anti-CD1 la (LFA-1) protects rats against autoimmune encephalomyelitis: Treatment abrogates autoimmune disease but not autoimmunity. J. Immunol. 1996; 157: 1973-80.
81. Mishra GC, Berton MT, Oliver KG, Kramer PH, Uhr JW, Vitteta ES. A monoclonal anti-mouse LFA-1a antibody mimics the biological effects of B cell stimulatory-factor (BSF-1). J. Immunol. 1986; 137: 1590-8.
82. Pistoia V. Production of cytokines by human B cells in health and disease, Immunol. Today 1997; 18: 343-6.
83. Schountz T, Kassleman JP, Martinson FA, Brown L, Murray JS. MHC genotype controls the capacity of ligand density to switch T helper (Th)-1/Th-2 priming in vivo. J. Immunol. 1996; 157: 3893-901.
84. Levine S, Sowinski R, Kies MW. Treatment of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis with enccphalitogenic basic proteins. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1972; 139: 506-10.
85. Levine S, Sowinski R. Treatment of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis with myelin basic protein: Which route is best? Neurochem. Res. 1984; 9: 1417-21.
86. Gonsette RE, Delmotte P, Demonty L. Failure of basic protein therapy for multiple sclerosis. J. Nenrol. 1977; 216: 27-31.
87. Romine JS, Salk J. A study of myelin basic protein as a therapeutic probe in patients with multiple sclerosis. In: Hallpik JF, Adams CW, Tourtelotte WW (eds). Multiple Sclerosis: Pathology, Diagnosis and Management. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1983; 621-30.
88. Willenborg DO, Staten EA, Witting GF. Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis: Modulation by intraventricular injection of myelin basic protein. Exp. Neurol. 1978; 61: 527-36.
89. Critchfield JM, Racke MK, Zuniga-Pflucker JC. T cell deletion in high antigen dose therapy of autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Science 1994; 263: 1139-43.
90. Racke MK, Critchfield JM, Quigley L et al. Intravenous antigen administration as a therapy for autoimmune demyelinating disease. Ann. Neurol. 1996; 39: 46-56.
91. Akbar AN, Salmon M. Cellular environments and apoptosis: Tissue microenvironments control activated T-cell death. Imnmnol. Today 1997; 72: 72-6.
92. Simon J, Nowoczek G. Protective effect of competitive target structure on experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. J. Neurol. Sci. 1978; 38: 383-9.
93. Elliott EA, McFarland HI, Nye SH et al. Treatment of experimental encephalomyelitis with a novel chimeric fusion protein of myelin basic protein and proteolipid protein. J. Clin. Invest. 1996; 98: 1602-12.
94. Samson MF, Smilek DE. Reversal of acute experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and prevention of relapses by treatment with a myelin basic protein peptide analogue modified to form long-lived peptide MHC complexes. J. Immunol. 1995; 155: 2737-46.
95. Singer GG, Abbas AK. The Fas antigen is involved in peripheral but not thymic deletion of T lymphocytes in T cell receptor transgenic mice. Immunity 1994; 1: 365-71.
96. Liblau RS, Tisch R, Shokat K et al. Intravenous injection of soluble antigen induces thymic and peripheral T cell apoptosis. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 1996; 93: 3031-6.
97. Moller G. Antigenic requirements for the activation of MHC restricted responses, Immunol. Rev. 1987; 98: 9-10.
98. Todd JA, Acha Orbea H, Bell JI et al. A molecular basis for MHC class II-associated autoimmunity. Science 1988; 240: 1003-9.
99. Bjorkman PJ, Saper MA, Samraoui B, Bennett WS, Strominger JL, Wiley DC. The foreign antigen binding site and T cell recognition regions of class I histocompatibility antigens. Nature 1987; 329: 512-18.
100. Babbitt BP, Allen PM, Matsueda G, Haber E, Unanue ER. Binding of immunogenic peptides to la histocompatibility molecules. Nature 1985; 317: 359-61.
101. Buus S, Sette A, Colon SM, Jenis DM, Grey HM. Isolation and characterization of antigen la complexes involved in T cell recognition. Cell 1986; 47: 1071-7.
102. Wraith DC, McDevitt HO, Steinman L, Acha Orbea H. T cell recognition as the target for immune intervention in autoimmune disease. Cell 1989; 57: 709-15.
103. Wraith DC, Smilek DE, Mitchell DJ. Steinman L, McDevitt HO. Antigen recognition in autoimmune encephalomyelitis and the potential for peptide-mediated immunotherapy. Cell 1989; 59: 247-55.
104. Spack EG, McCutcheon M, Corbelletta N, Nag B, Passmore D, Sharma SD. Induction of tolerance in experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis with soluhilized MHC class II: Acetylcholine receptor peptide complexes. J. Autoimmun. 1995; 8: 787-807.
105. Smilek DE, Wraith DC, Hodgkinson S, Dwivedy S, Stcinman L, McDevitt HO. A single amino acid change in a myelin basic protein peptide confers the capacity to prevent rather than induce experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 1991; 88: 9633-7.
106. Sharma SD, Nag B, Su XM et al. Antigen-specific therapy of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis by soluble class II major histocompatibility complex peptide complexes. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 1991; 88: 11465-9.
107. Sakai K, Zamvil SS, Mitchell DJ, Hodgkinson S, Rothbard JB, Steinman L. Prevention of experimental encephalomyelitis with peptides that block interaction of T cells with major histocompatibility complex proteins. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 1989; 86: 9470-4.
108. + lymphocytes by soluble major histocompatibility complex class II peptide complexes. J. Clin. Invest. 1994; 93: 1361-9.
109. Lamont AG, Sette A, Fujinami R, Colon SM, Miles C, Grey HM. Inhibition of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis induction in SJL/J mice by using a peptide with high affinity for IAs molecules. J. Immunol. 1990; 145: 1687-93.
110. Karin N, Mitchell DJ, Brocke S, Ling N, Steinman L. Reversal of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by a soluble peptide variant of a myelin basic protein epitope: T cell receptor antagonism and reduction of interferon gamma and tumor necrosis factor alpha production. J. Exp. Med. 1994; 180: 2227-37.
111. Gaur A, Boehme SE, Chalmers D et al. Amelioration of relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis with altered myelin basic protein peptides involves different cellular mechanisms. J. Neuroimmunol. 1997; 74: 149-58.
112. Grey HM, Sette A, Lamont A. Biologic significance and therapeutic implications of antigen/MHC interactions. Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol. 1989; 53 (Suppl.): S47-52.
113. Gautam AM, Pearson CI, Sinha AA, Smilek DE, Steinman L, McDevitt HO. Inhibition of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by a nonimmunogenic non-self peptide that binds to I-Au. J. Immunol. 1992; 148: 3049-54.
114. Gautam AM, Glynn P. Competition between foreign and self proteins in antigen presentation: Ovalbumin can inhibit activation of myelin basic protein-specific T cells. J. Immunol. 1990; 144: 1177-80.
115. Gaur A, Wiers B, Liu A, Rothbard J, Fathman CG. Amelioration of autoimmune encephalomyelitis by myelin basic protein synthetic peptide-induced anergy. Science 1992; 258: 1491-4.
116. Nicholson LB, Murtaza A, Hafler BP, Sette A, Kuchroo VK. A T cell receptor antagonist peptide induces T cells that mediate bystander suppression and prevent autoimmune encephalomyelitis induced with multiple myelin antigens. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 1997; 94: 9279-84.
117. Bashir K, Whitaker JN. Current immmunotherapy in multiple sclerosis. Immunol. Cell Biol. 1998; 76: 55-64.
118. Davies HI, Whalen RG, Demeneix BA. Direct gene transfer into skeletal muscle in vivo: Factors affecting efficiency of transfer and stability of expression. Hum. Gene Ther. 1993; 4: 151-9.
119. Fuller DH, Haynes JR. A qualitative progression in HIV type 1 glycoprotein 120-specific cytotoxix cellular and humoral immune responses in mice receiving DNA-based glycoprotein 120 vaccine. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 1994; 10: 1433-1.
120. Leong KH, Ramsay AJ, Ramshaw IA. Generation of enhanced immune responses by consecutive immunisation with DNA and recombinant fowl pox vectors. In: Chanock RM, Brown F, Ginsberg HS, Norrby E (eds). Vaccines 1995. New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1995; 327-31.
121. Ramshaw IA, Fordham SA, Bernard CCA, Maguire D, Cowden WB, Willenborg DW. DNA vaccines for the treatment of autoimmune disease. Immunol. Cell Biol. 1997; 75: 409-13.
122. Jewell SD, Gienapp IE, Cox KL, Whitacre CC. Oral tolerance as therapy for experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis: Demonstration of T cell anergy. Immunol. Cell Biol. 1998; 76: 74-82.
123. Blanas E, Carbone FR, Allison J, Miller JF, Heath WR. Induction of autoimmune diabetes by oral administration of autoantigen. Science 1997; 274: 1707-9.
124. Genain CP, Abel K, Belmar N et al. Late complications of immune deviation therapy in a nonhuman primate. Science 1996; 274: 2054-7.
125. Linington C, Bradl M, Lassmann H, Brunner C, Vass K. Augmentation of demyelination in rat acute allergic encephalomyelitis by circulating mouse monoclonal antibodies directed against a myeiin/oligodendrocyte glycoprotein. Am. J. Pathol. 1988; 130: 443-54.
126. Cooper PD, Steele EJ, McComb C, McGovern J, Turner R. Gamma inulin and algammulin: Two new vaccine adjuvants. In: Ginsberg HS, Brown F, Chanock RM, Lerner RA (eds). Vaccines 93, Modern Approaches to New Vaccines Including Prevention of AIDS. New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1993; 25-30.
127. Cooper PD. Vaccine adjuvants based on gamma inulin. In: Powell MF, Newman MJ (eds). Vaccine Design: The Subunit Approach. New York: Plenum Publishing, 1995; 559-80.
128. Berger T, Weerth S, Kojima K, Linington C, Wekerle H, Lassmann H. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: The antigen specificity of T lymphocytes determines the topography of lesions in the central and peripheral nervous system. Lab. Invest. 1997; 3: 355-64.