Use of cellular and cytokine adjuvants in the immunotherapy of cancer

Journal of Surgical Oncology

Volumn 68, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 122-138

  Salgaller, Michael L ^a   Lodge, Patricia A ^a  

^a PACIFIC NORTHWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

Adjuvant; Cytokines; Dendritic cells; Immunotherapy; Lymphocytes; Neoplasms

Indexed keywords

ALPHA INTERFERON; ALPHA2B INTERFERON; CYTOKINE; FLUOROURACIL; GRANULOCYTE MACROPHAGE COLONY STIMULATING FACTOR; INTERLEUKIN 12; INTERLEUKIN 2; TUMOR ANTIGEN;

ANTIGEN PRESENTING CELL; CANCER IMMUNOTHERAPY; CLINICAL TRIAL; CYTOTOXIC T LYMPHOCYTE; DENDRITIC CELL; EFFECTOR CELL; GENETIC TRANSDUCTION; HUMAN; LYMPHOKINE ACTIVATED KILLER CELL; MACROPHAGE; MONOCYTE; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; TUMOR ASSOCIATED LEUKOCYTE;

ADJUVANTS, IMMUNOLOGIC; ANTIGEN-PRESENTING CELLS; CYTOKINES; DENDRITIC CELLS; GRANULOCYTE-MACROPHAGE COLONY-STIMULATING FACTOR; HUMANS; IMMUNOTHERAPY; INTERFERON-ALPHA; INTERLEUKIN-12; KILLER CELLS, LYMPHOKINE-ACTIVATED; LYMPHOCYTES, TUMOR-INFILTRATING; MACROPHAGES; MONOCYTES; NEOPLASMS; T-LYMPHOCYTE SUBSETS; T-LYMPHOCYTES;

EID: 0031863732     PISSN: 00224790     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9098(199806)68:2<122::AID-JSO10>3.0.CO;2-4     Document Type: Review

References (193)

1. Townsend A, Bodmer H: Antigen recognition by class I-restricted T lymphocytes. Annu Rev Immunol 1989;7:601-624.
2. Siliciano RF, Soloski MJ: MHC class-I-restricted processing of transmembrane proteins. Mechanism and biological significance. J Immunol 1995;155:2-5.
3. Germain RN, Margulies DH: The biochemistry and cell biology of antigen processing and presentation. Annu Rev Immunol 1993;11:403-450.
4. Jondal M, Schirmbeck R, Reimann J: MHC class I-restricted CTL responses to exogenous antigens. Immunity 1996;5:295-302.
5. Brodsky FM, Lem L, Bresnahan PA: Antigen processing and presentation. Tissue Antigens 1996;47:464-471.
6. Van der Bruggen P, Traversari C, Chomez P, et al.: A gene encoding an antigen recognized by cytolytic T lymphocytes on a human melanoma. Science 1991;254:1643-1647.
7. Traversari C, Van der Bruggen P, Van den Eynde B, et al.: Transfection and expression of a gene coding for a human melanoma antigen recognized by autologous cytolytic T lymphocytes. Immunogenetics 1992;35:145-152.
8. Alexander M, Salgaller ML, Celis E, et al.: Generation of tumor-specific cytolytic T lymphocytes from peripheral blood of cervical cancer patients by in vitro stimulation with a synthetic human papillomavirus type 16 E7 epitope. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996;175:1586-1593.
9. Coulie PG, Van den Eynde BJ, Van der Bruggen P, et al.: Antigens recognized by T-lymphocytes on human tumours. Biochem Soc Trans 1997;25:544-548.
10. Robbins PF, El-Gamil M, Li YF, et al.: A mutated beta-catenin gene encodes a melanoma-specific antigen recognized by tumor infiltrating lymphocytes. J Exp Med 1996;183:1185-1192.
11. Peace DJ, Smith JW, Disis ML, et al.: Induction of T cells specific for the mutated segment of oncogenic P21 ras protein by immunization in vivo with the oncogenic protein. J Immunother 1993;14:110-114.
12. Cheever MA, Chen W, Disis ML, et al.: T-cell immunity to oncogenic proteins including mutated ras and chimeric bcr-abl. Ann NY Acad Sci 1993;690:101-112.
13. Yanuck M, Carbone DP, Pendleton CD, et al.: A mutant p53 tumor suppressor protein is a target for peptide-induced CD8+ cytotoxic T-cells. Cancer Res 1993;53:3257-3261.
14. Stuber G, Leder GH, Storkus WT, et al.: Identification of wild-type and mutant p53 peptide binding to HLA-A2 assessed by a peptide loading-deficient cell line assay and a novel major histocompatibility complex class I peptide binding assay. Eur J Immunol 1994;24:765-768.
15. Goydos JS, Elder E, Whiteside TL, et al.: A phase I trial of a synthetic mucin peptide vaccine. Induction of specific immune reactivity in patients with adenocarcinoma. J Surg Res 1996;63: 298-304.
16. Boon T, Cerottini JL, Van den Eynde B, et al.: Tumor antigens recognized by T lymphocytes. Annu Rev Immunol 1994;12:337-365.
17. Pardoll D: Paracrine cytokine adjuvants in cancer immunotherapy. Annu Rev Immunol 1995;13:399-415.
18. Barth A, Morton DL: The role of adjuvant therapy in melanoma management. Cancer (Suppl 2) 1995;75:726-734.
19. Livingston PO: Augmenting the immunogenicity of carbohydrate tumor antigens. Semin Cancer Biol 1995;6:357-366.
20. McElrath MJ: Selection of potent immunological adjuvants for vaccine construction. Semin Cancer Biol 1995;6:375-385.
21. Mitchell MS, Harel W, Kan-Mitchell J, et al.: Active specific immunotherapy of melanoma with allogeneic cell lysates. Rationale, results, and possible mechanisms of action. Ann NY Acad Sci 1993;690:153-166.
22. Aapro MS: Advances in systemic treatment of malignant melanoma. Eur J Cancer 1993;29A:613-617.
23. Ben-Efraim S: Cancer immunotherapy: Hopes and pitfalls: A review. Anticancer Res 1996;16:3235-3240.
24. Ardizzoni A, Hansen H, Dombernowsky P, et al.: Topotecan, a new active drug in the second-line treatment of small-cell lung cancer: A phase II study in patients with refractory and sensitive disease. J Clin Oncol 1997;15:2090-2096.
25. Younes A, Rodriguez MA, McLaughlin P, et al.: Phase I study of fludarabine and paclitaxel for the treatment of low-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma 1997;26:77-82.
26. Georgoulias V, Kourousis C, Androulakis N, et al.: Docetaxel (Taxotere) and gemcitabine in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer: Preliminary results. Semin Oncol 1997;24:S22-S25.
27. Noble S, Goa KL: Gemcitabine - A review of its pharmacology and clinical potential in non-small cell lung cancer and pancreatic cancer. Drugs 1997;54:447-472.
28. Bevan MJ: Antigen presentation to cytotoxic T lymphocytes in vivo. J Exp Med 1995;182:639-641.
29. Steinman RM, Witmer-Pack M, Inaba K: Dendritic cells: Antigen presentation, accessory function, and clinical relevance. In Kamperdijk E (ed): "Dendritic Cells in Fundamental and Clinical Immunology." New York: Plenum Press, 1993: 1-9.
30. Chesnut RW, Grey HM: Antigen presentation by B cells and its significance in T-B interactions. Adv Immunol 1986;39:51-94.
31. Austyn JM: New insights into the mobilization and phagocytic activity of dendritic cells [comment]. J Exp Med 1996;183: 1287-1292.
32. Matsuno K, Ezaki T, Kudo S, et al.: A life stage of particle-laden rat dendritic cells in vivo: Their terminal division, active phagocytosis, and translocation from the liver to the draining lymph. J Exp Med 1996;183:1865-1878.
33. Steinman RM: The dendritic cell system and its role in immunogenicity. Annu Rev Immunol 1991;9:271-296.
34. Gabrilovich DI, Nadaf S, Corak J, et al.: Dendritric cells in antitumor immune responses. II. Dendritic cells grown from bone marrow precursors, but not mature DC from tumor bearing mice, are effective antigen carriers in the therapy of established tumors. Cell Immunol 1996;170:111-119.
35. Grabbe S, Beissert S, Schwarz T, et al.: Dendritic cells as initiators of tumor immune responses: A possible strategy for tumor immunotherapy? Immunol Today 1995;16:117-121.
36. Inaba K, Young JW, Steinman RM: Direct activation of CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes by dendritic cells. J Exp Med 1987; 166:182-194.
37. Young JW, Steinman RM: Dendritic cells stimulate primary human cytolytic lymphocyte responses in the absence of CD4+ helper T cells. J Exp Med 1990;171:1315-1332.
38. Porgador A, Gilboa E: Bone marrow-generated dendritic cells pulsed with a class I-restricted peptide are potent inducers of cytotoxic T lymphocytes. J Exp Med 1995;182:255-260.
39. Bender A, Bui LK, Feldman MA, et al.: Inactivated influenza virus, when presented on dendritic cells, elicits human CD8+ cytolytic T cell responses. J Exp Med 1995;182:1663-1671.
40. Kosco-Vilbois MH, Gray D, Scheidegger D, et al.: Follicular dendritic cells help resting B cells to become effective antigen-presenting cells: Induction of B7/BB1 and upregulation of major histocompatibility complex class II molecules. J Exp Med 1993; 178:2055-2066.
41. Sallusto F, Cella M, Danieli C, et al.: Dendritic cells use macropinocytosis and the mannose receptor to concentrate macromolecules in the major histocompatibility complex class II compartment: Downregulation by cytokines and bacterial products. J Exp Med 1995;182:389-400.
42. Lu L, Xiao M, Clapp DW, et al.: High efficiency retroviral mediated gene transduction into single isolated immature and replatable CD34(3+) hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells from human umbilical cord blood. J Exp Med 1993;178:2089-2096.
43. + hematopoietic progenitor cells of the bone marrow and peripheral blood. Cancer Res 1995;55:1099-1104.
44. Romani N, Reider D, Heuer M, et al.: Generation of mature dendritic cells from human blood. An improved method with special regard to clinical applicability. J Immunol Meth 1996; 196:137-151.
45. Bender A, Sapp M, Schuler G, et al.: Improved methods for the generation of dendritic cells from nonproliferating progenitors in human blood. J Immunol Methods 1996;196:121-135.
46. Mackensen A, Herbst B, Kohler G, et al.: Delineation of the dendritic cell lineage by generating large numbers of Birbeck granule-positive Langerhans cells from human peripheral blood progenitor cells in vitro. Blood 1995;86:2699-2707.
47. Inaba K, Metlay JP, Crowley MT, et al.: Dendritic cells pulsed with protein antigens in vitro can prime antigen-specific, MHC-restricted T cells in situ. J Exp Med 1990;172:631-640.
48. Litton MJ, Dohlsten M, Hansson J, et al.: Tumor therapy with an antibody-targeted superantigen generates a dichotomy between local and systemic immune responses. Am J Pathol 1997;150: 1607-1618.
49. Bhardwaj N, Young JW, Nisanian AJ, et al.: Small amounts of superantigen, when presented on dendritic cells, are sufficient to initiate T cell responses. J Exp Med 1993;178:633-642.
50. Nair S, Babu JS, Dunham RG, et al.: Induction of primary, antiviral cytotoxic, and proliferative responses with antigens administered via dendritic cells. J Virol 1993;67:4062-4069.
51. Takahashi H, Nakagawa Y, Yokomuro K, et al.: Induction of CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes by immunization with syngeneic irradiated HIV-1 envelope derived peptide-pulsed dendritic cells. Int Immunol 1993;5:849-857.
52. Ossevoort MA, Feltkamp MC, Van Veen KJ, et al.: Dendritic cells as carriers for a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte epitope-based peptide vaccine in protection against a human papillomavirus type 16-induced tumor. J Immunother Emphasis Tumor Immunol 1995;18:86-94.
53. Boczkowski D, Nair SK, Snyder D, et al.: Dendritic cells pulsed with RNA are potent antigen-presenting cells in vitro and in vivo. J Exp Med 1996;184:465-472.
54. Alijagic S, Moller P, Artuc M, et al.: Dendritic cells generated from peripheral blood transfected with human tyrosinase induce specific T cell activation. Eur J Immunol 1995;25:3100-3107.
55. Reeves ME, Royal RE, Lam JS, et al.: Retroviral transduction of human dendritic cells with a tumor-associated antigen gene. Cancer Res 1996;56:5672-5677.
56. Henderson RA, Nimgaonkar MT, Watkins SC, et al.: Human dendritic cells genetically engineered to express high levels of the human epithelial tumor antigen mucin (MUC-1). Cancer Res 1996;56:3763-3770.
57. Celluzzi CM, Mayordomo JI, Storkus WJ, et al.: Peptide-pulsed dendritic cells induce antigen-specific, CTL-mediated protective tumor immunity. J Exp Med 1996;183:283-287.
58. Zitvogel L, Mayordomo JI, Tjandrawan T, et al.: Therapy of murine tumors with tumor peptide-pulsed dendritic cells: Dependence on T cells, B7 costimulation, and T helper cell I-associated cytokines. J Exp Med 1996;183:87-97.
59. Condon C, Watkins SC, Celluzzi CM, et al.: DNA-based immunization by in vivo transfection of dendritic cells. Nature Med 1996;2:1122-1128.
60. Paglia P, Chiodoni C, Rodolfo M, et al.: Murine dendritic cells loaded in vitro with soluble protein prime cytotoxic T lymphocytes against tumor antigen in vivo. J Exp Med 1996;183:317-322.
61. Issekutz T, Chu E, Geha RS: Antigen presentation by human B cells: T cell proliferation induced by Epstein Barr Virus B lymphoblastoid cells. J Immunol 1982;129:1446-1450.
62. Hsu FJ, Benike C, Fagnoni F, et al.: Vaccination of patients with B-cell lymphoma using autologous antigen-pulsed dendritic cells. Nat Med 1996;2:52-58.
63. Murphy G, Tjoa B, Ragde H, et al.: Phase I clinical trial: T-cell therapy for prostate cancer using autologous dendritic cells pulsed with HLA-A0201-specific peptides from prostate-specific membrane antigen. Prostate 1996;29:371-380.
64. Storkus WJ: Development of dendritic cell-based vaccines for tumor immunotherapy. In "Cancer Vaccines," New York, October 7-9, 1996 (Abstract).
65. Rammensee H, Friede T, Stevanovic S: MHC ligand and peptide motifs: First listing. Immunogenetics 1995;41:178-228.
66. Tjoa B, Boynton A, Kenny G, et al.: Presentation of prostate tumor antigens by dendritic cells stimulates T-cell proliferation and cytotoxicity. Prostate 1996;28:65-69.
67. Tjoa B, Erickson S, Barren R III, et al.: In vitro propagated dendritic cells from prostate cancer patients as a component of prostate cancer immunotherapy. Prostate 1995;27:63-69.
68. Fidler IJ: Macrophages and metastasis - a biological approach to cancer therapy. Cancer Res 1985;45:4714-4726.
69. Yap HY, Yap BS, Blumenschein GR, et al.: Bisantrene, an active new drug in the treatment of metastatic breast cancer. Cancer Res 1983;43:1402-1404.
70. Wang BS, Lumanglas AL, Ruszala-Mallon VM, et al.: Activation of tumor-cytostatic macrophages with the antitumor agent 9,10-anthracenedicarboxaldehyde bis[(4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole-2-yl)hydrazone] dihydrochloride (bisantrene). Cancer Res 1984;44:2363-2367.
71. Wang BS, Lumanglas AL, Durr FE: Immunotherapy of a murine lymphoma by adoptive transfer of syngeneic macrophages activated with bisantrene. Cancer Res 1986;46:503-506.
72. Andreesen R, Scheibenbogen C, Brugger W, et al.: Adoptive transfer of tumor cytotoxic macrophages generated in vitro from circulating blood monocytes: A new approach to cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Res 1990;50:7450-7456.
73. Faradji A, Bohbot A, Schmitt-Goguel M, et al.: Phase I trial of intravenous infusion of ex-vivo-activated autologous blood-derived macrophages in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer: Toxicity and immunomodulatory effects. Cancer Immunol Immunother 1991;33:319-326.
74. Eymard JC, Lopez M, Cattan A, et al.: Phase I/II trial of autologous activated macrophages in advanced colorectal cancer. Eur J Cancer [A] 1996;32A:1905-1911.
75. Faradji A, Bohbot A, Frost H, et al.: Phase I study of liposomal MTP-PE-activated autologous monocytes administered intraperitoneally to patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis. J Clin Oncol 1991;9:1251-1260.
76. Maas RA, Dullens HF, Den Otter W: Interleukin-2 in cancer treatment: disappointing or (still) promising? Cancer Immunol Immunother 1993;36:141-148.
77. Rosenberg SA: The immunotherapy and gene therapy of cancer. J Clin Oncol 1992;10:180-199.
78. Rosenberg SA: Immunotherapy and gene therapy of cancer. In: Brugge J, Curran T. Harlow E, McCormick F (eds.). "Anonymous Origins of Human Cancer: A Comprehensive Review." New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1991:1-25.
79. Rosenberg SA, Lotze MT, Yang JC, et al.: Experience with the use of high-dose interleukin-2 in the treatment of 652 cancer patients. Ann Surg 1989;210:474-484; Discussion 484-485.
80. Chang AE, Cameron MJ, Sondak VK, et al.: A phase II trial of interleukin-2 and interferon-alpha in the treatment of metastatic colorectal carcinoma. J Immunother Emphasis Tumor Immunol 1995;18:253-262.
81. Curti BD, Ochoa AC, Urba WJ, et al.: Influence of interleukin-2 regimens on circulating populations of lymphocytes after adoptive transfer of anti-CD3-stimulated T cells: Results from a phase I trial in cancer patients. J lmmunother Emphasis Tumor Immunol 1996;19:296-308.
82. Lafreniere R, Rosenberg SA: Successful immunotherapy of murine experimental hepatic metastases with lymphokine-aclivated killer cells and recombinant interleukin 2. Cancer Res 1985;45: 3735-3741.
83. Lafreniere R, Rosenberg SA: Adoptive immunotherapy of murine hepatic metastases with lymphokine activated killer (LAK) cells and recombinant interleukin 2 (RIL 2) can mediate the regression of both immunogenic and nonimmunogenic sarcomas and an adenocarcinoma. J Immunol 1985;135:4273-4280.
84. Rosenberg SA, Lotze MT, Muul LM, et al.: A progress report on the treatment of 157 patients with advanced cancer using lymphokine-activated killer cells and interleukin-2 or high-dose interleukin-2 alone. N Eng J Med 1987;316:889-897.
85. Rosenberg SA, Yang JC, Topalian SL, et al.: Treatment of 283 consecutive patients with metastatic melanoma or renal cell cancer using high-dose bolus interleukin 2 [see comments], JAMA 1994;271:907-913.
86. Belli F, Arienti F, Rivoltini L, et al.: Treatment of recurrent in transit metastases from cutaneous melanoma by isolation perfusion in extracorporeal circulation with interleukin-2 and lymphokine activated killer cells. A pilot study. Melanoma Res 1992;2: 263-271.
87. Blay JY, Favrot MC. Negrier S, et al.: Correlation between clinical response to interleukin 2 therapy and sustained production of tumor necrosis factor. Cancer Res 1990;50:2371-2374.
88. Gratama JW, Schmitz PIM, Goey SH, et al.: Modulation of immune parameters in patients with metastatic renal-cell cancer receiving combination immunotherapy (IL-2, IFN-α and autologous IL-2-activated lymphocytes). Int J Cancer 1996;65:152-160.
89. Quillet-Mary A, Cavarec L, Kermarrec N, et al.: Target lysis by human LAK cells is critically dependent upon target binding properties, but LFA-1, LFA-3 and ICAM-1 are not the major adhesion ligands on targets. Int J Cancer 1991;47:473-479.
90. Topalian SL, Solomon D, Rosenberg SA: Tumor-specific cytolysis by lymphocytes infiltrating human melanomas. J Immunol 1989;142:3714-3725.
91. Rosenberg SA, Spiess P, Lafreniere R: A new approach to the adoptive immunotherapy of cancer with tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. Science 1986;233:1318-1321.
92. Topalian SL, Solomon D, Avis FP, et al.: Immunotherapy of patients with advanced cancer using tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and recombinant interleukin-2: A pilot study. J Clin Oncol 1988;6:839-853.
93. Barth RJ Jr., Bock SN, Mule JJ, et al.: Unique murine tumor-associated antigens identified by tumor infiltrating lymphocytes. J Immunol 1990;144:1531-1537.
94. Karpati RM, Banks SM, Malissen B, et al.: Phenotypic characterization of murine tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes. J Immunol 1991;146:2043-2051.
95. Fisher B, Packard BS, Read EJ, et al.: Tumor localization of adoptively transferred indium-111 labeled tumor infiltrating lymphocytes in patients with metastatic melanoma. J Clin Oncol 1989;7:250-261.
96. Yannelli JR, McConnell S, Parker L, et al.: Melanoma tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes derived from four distinct anatomic sites obtained from a single patient: Comparison of functional reactivity and melanoma antigen recognition. J Immunother Emphasis Tumor Immunol 1995;18:263-271.
97. Rosenberg SA, Yannelli JR, Yang JC, et al.: Treatment of patients with metastatic melanoma with autologous tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and interleukin 2. J Natl Can Inst 1994; 86:1159-1166.
98. Belldegrun A, Pierce W, Kaboo R, et al.: Interferon-α primed tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes combined with interleukin-2 and interferon-a as therapy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Urol 1993;150:1384-1390.
99. Gervois N, Guilloux Y, Diez E, et al.: Suboptimal activation of melanoma infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) due to low avidity of TCR/MHC-tumor peptide interactions. J Exp Med 1996;183: 2403-2407.
100. Rabinowich H, Banks M, Reichert TE, et al.: Expression and activity of signaling molecules in T lymphocytes obtained from patients with metastatic melanoma before and after interleukin 2 therapy. Clin Cancer Res 1996;2:1263-1274.
101. Nakagomi H, Petersson M, Magnusson I, et al.: Decreased expression of the signal-transducing zeta chains in tumor-infiltrating T-cells and NK cells of patients with colorectal carcinoma. Cancer Res 1993;53:5610-5612.
102. lck in T-cells infiltrating human renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Res 1993;53:5613-5616.
103. Zea AH, Curti BD, Longo DL, et al.: Alterations in T cell receptor and signal transduction molecules in melanoma patients. Clin Cancer Res 1995;1:1327-1335.
104. Marincola FM, Shamamian P, Alexander RB, et al.: Loss of HLA haplotype and B locus down-regulation in melanoma cell lines. J Immunol 1994;153:1225-1237.
105. Bodmer WF, Browning MJ, Krausa P, et al.: Tumor escape from immune response by variation in HLA expression and other mechanisms. Ann NY Acad Sci 1993;690:42-49.
106. Oehen SU, Ohashi PS, Bhrki K, et al.: Escape of thymocytes and mature T cells from clonal delection due to limiting tolerogen expression levels. Cell Immunol 1994;158:342-352.
107. Sanda MG, Restifo NP, Walsh JC, et al.: Molecular characterization of defective antigen processing in human prostate cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1995;87:280-285.
108. Hahne M, Rimoldi D, Schröter M, et al.: Melanoma cell expression of Fas(Apo-1/CD95) ligand: Implications for tumor immune escape. Science 1996;274:1363-1366.
109. Jaffee EM, Pardoll DM: Gene therapy: Its potential applications in the treatment of renal-cell carcinoma. Semin Oncol 1995;22: 81-91.
110. Gilboa E, Lyerly HK, Vieweg J, et al.: Immunotherapy of cancer using cytokine gene-modified tumor vaccines. Semin Cancer Biol 1994;5:409-417.
111. Gilboa E: Immunotherapy of cancer with genetically modified tumor vaccines. Semin Oncol 1996;23:101-107.
112. Dranoff G, Jaffee E, Lazenby A, et al.: Vaccination with irradiated tumor cells engineered to secrete murine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor stimulates potent, specific, and long-lasting anti-tumor immunity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993;90:3539-3543.
113. Sampson JH, Archer GE, Ashley DM, et al.: Subcutaneous vaccination with irradiated, cytokine-producing tumor cells stimulates CD8+ cell-mediated immunity against tumors located in the "immunologically privileged" central nervous system. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996;93:10399-10404.
114. Vieweg J, Rosenthal FM, Bannerji R, et al.: Immunotherapy of prostate cancer in the Dunning rat model: use of cytokine gene modified tumor vaccines. Cancer Res 1994;54:1760-1765.
115. Saito S, Bannerji R, Gansbacher B, et al.: Immunotherapy of bladder cancer with cytokine gene-modified tumor vaccines. Cancer Res 1994;54:3516-3520.
116. Clary BM, Coveney EC, Blazer DG 3rd, et al.: Active immunotherapy of pancreatic cancer with tumor cells genetically engineered to secrete multiple cytokines. Surgery 1996;120:174-181.
117. Coveney E, Clary B, Iacobucci M, et al.: Active immunotherapy with transiently transfected cytokine-secreting tumor cells inhibits breast cancer metastases in tumor-bearing animals. Surgery 1996;120:265-272.
118. Connor J, Bannerji R, Saito S, et al.: Regression of bladder tumors in mice treated with interleukin 2 gene-modified tumor cells. J Exp Med 1993;177:1127-1134.
119. Zatloukal K, Schneeberger A, Berger M, et al.: Elicitation of a systemic and protective anti-melanoma immune response by an IL-2-based vaccine, assessment of critical cellular and molecular parameters. J Immunol 1995;154:3406-3419.
120. Tahara H, Zeh HJ III, Storkus WJ, et al.: Fibroblasts genetically engineered to secrete interleukin 12 can suppress tumor growth and induce antitumor immunity to a murine melanoma in vivo. Cancer Res 1994;54:182-189.
121. Tahara H, Zitvogel L, Storkus WJ, et al.: Effective eradication of established murine tumors with IL-12 gene therapy using a polycistronic retroviral vector. J Immunol 1995;154:6466-6474.
122. Rodolfo M, Zilocchi C, Melani C, et al.: Immunotherapy of experimental metastases by vaccination with interleukin gene-transduced adenocarcinoma cells sharing tumor-associated antigens - Comparison between IL-12 and IL-2 gene-transduced tumor cell vaccines. J Immunol 1996;157:5536-5542.
123. Freeman GJ, Bordello F, Hodes RJ, et al.: Uncovering of functional alternative CTLA-4 counter-receptor in B7-deficient mice. Science 1993;262:907-909.
124. Freeman GJ, Gribben JG, Boussiotis VA, et al.: Cloning of B7-2: A CTLA-4 counter-receptor that costimulates human T cell proliferation. Science 1993;262:909-911.
125. Schwartz RH: Costimulation of T lymphocytes: The role of CD28, CTLA-4, and B7/BB1 in interleukin-2 production and immunotherapy. Cell 1992;71:1065-1068.
126. Khndig TM, Shahinian A, Kawai K, et al.: Duration of TCR stimulation determines costimulatory requirement of T cells. Immunity 1996;5:41-52.
127. Rudd CE: Upstream-downstream: CD28 cosignaling pathways and T cell function. Immunity 1996;4:527-534.
128. Chen L, Ashe S, Brady WA, et al.: Costimulation of antitumor immunity by the B7 counterreceptor for the T lymphocyte molecules CD28 and CTLA-4. Cell 1992;71:1093-1102.
129. Townsend SE, Allison JP: Tumor rejection after direct costimulation of CD8+ T cells by B7-transfected melanoma cells. Science 1993;259:368-370.
130. Chen L, McGowan P, Ashe S, et al.: Tumor immunogenicity determines the effect of B7 costimulation on T cell-mediated tumor immunity. J Exp Med 1994;179:523-532.
131. Huang AY, Golumbek P, Ahmadzadeh M, et al.: Role of bone marrow-derived cells in presenting MHC class I-restricted tumor antigens. Science 1994;264:961-965.
132. Huang AY, Brace AT, Pardoll DM, et al.: Does B7-1 expression confer antigen-presenting cell capacity to tumors in vivo? J Exp Med 1996;183:769-776.
133. Azuma M, Cayabyab M, Buck D, et al.: Involvement of CD28 in MHC - unrestricted cytotoxicity mediated by a human natural killer leukemia cell line. J Immunol 1992;149:1115-1123.
134. Nabel GJ, Nabel EG, Yang ZY, et al.: Direct gene transfer with DNA-liposome complexes in melanoma: Expression, biologic activity, and lack of toxicity in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993;90:11307-11311.
135. Stopeck AT, Hersh EM, Akporiaye ET, et al.: Phase I study of direct gene transfer of an allogeneic histocompatibility antigen, HLA-B7, in patients with metastatic melanoma. J Clin Oncol 1997;15:341-349.
136. Vogelzang NJ, Sudakoff S, McKay S: A phase I study of intralesional (IL) gene therapy in metastatic renal cell cancer (RCC). Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 1995;14:228 (Abstract).
137. Rubin JJ, Charboneau JW, Reading CC: Phase I study of immunotherapy of hepatic metastasis of colorectal carcinoma by direct gene transfer. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 1995;14:228 (Abstract).
138. Metcalf D: The granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factors. Science 1985;229:16-22.
139. Clark SC, Kamen R: The human hematopoietic colony-stimulating factors. Science 1987;236:1229-1237.
140. Inaba K, Inaba M, Romani N, et al.: Generation of large numbers of dendritic cells from mouse bone marrow cultures supplemented with granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor. J Exp Med 1992;176:1693-1702.
141. Szabolcs P, Moore MA, Young JW: Expansion of immunostimulatory dendritic cells among the myeloid progeny of human CD34+ bone marrow precursors cultured with c-kit ligand, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and TNF-alpha. J Immunol 1995;154:5851-5861.
142. Jones T, Stern A, Lin R: Potential role of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor as vaccine adjuvant. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1994;13 Suppl 2:S47-S53.
143. Kaplan G, Walsh G, Guido LS, et al.: Novel responses of human skin to intradermal recombinant granulocyte/macrophage-colony-stimulating factor: Langerhans cell recruitment, keratinocyte growth, and enhanced wound healing. J Exp Med 1992;175: 1717-1728.
144. Markowicz S, Engleman EG: Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor promotes differentiation and survival of human peripheral blood dendritic cells in vitro. J Clin Invest 1990; 85:955-961.
145. Trinchieri G: Interleukin 12: A proinflammatory cytokine with immunoregulatory functions that bridge innate resistance and antigen-specific adaptive immunity. Annu Rev Immunol 1995; 13:251-276.
146. Wang M, Chen PW, Bronte V, et al.: Anti-tumor activity of cytotoxic T lymphocytes elicited with recombinant and synthetic forms of a model tumor-associated antigen. J Immunother Emphasis Tumor Immunol 1995;18:139-146.
147. Scott P: IL-12: initiation cytokine for cell-mediated immunity [comment]. Science 1993;260:496-497.
148. Hiscox S, Hallett MB, Puntis MC, et al.: Inhibition of cancer cell motility and invasion by interleukin-12. Clin Exp Metastasis 1995;13:396-404.
149. Brunda MJ, Luistro L, Warner RR, et al.: Antitumor and anti-metastatic activity of interleukin 12 against murine tumors. J Exp Med 1993;178:1223-1230.
150. Voest EE, Kenyon BM, O'Reilly MS, et al.: Inhibition of angiogenesis in vivo by interleukin 12. J Natl Cancer Inst 1995;87: 581-586.
151. McKnight AJ, Zimmer GJ, Fogelman I, et al.: Effects of IL-12 on helper T cell-dependent immune responses in vivo. J Immunol 1994;2172-2179.
152. Barinaga M: Designing therapies that target tumor blood vessels. Science 1997;275:482-484.
153. Mitchell MS, Jakowatz J, Harel W, et al.: Increased effectiveness of interferon alfa-2b following active specific immunotherapy for melanoma. J Clin Oncol 1994;12:402-411.
154. Doveil GC, Fierro MT, Novelli M, et al.: Adjuvant therapy of stage IIIb melanoma with interferon alfa-2b: Clinical and immunological relevance. Dermatology 1995;191:234-239.
155. Kirkwood JM, Strawderman MH, Ernstoff MS, et al.: Interferon alfa-2b adjuvant therapy of high-risk resected cutaneous melanoma: The Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group trial EST 1684. J Clin Oncol 1996;14:7-17.
156. Cole BF, Gelber RD, Kirkwood JM, et al.: Quality-of-life-adjusted survival analysis of interferon alfa-2b adjuvant treatment of high-risk resected cutaneous melanoma: An Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group study. J Clin Oncol 1996;14:2666-2673.
157. Williams MV, De Takats P, Parmar M: Survival benefit in melanoma [letter]. J Clin Oncol 1997;15:2172.
158. Delannoy A, Kluin-Nelemans JC, Louwagie A, et al.: Interferon alfa versus chemotherapy for chronic myeloid leukemia: A meta-analysis of seven randomized trials. J Natl Cancer Inst 1997;89: 1616-1620.
159. Kosmidis PA, Tsavaris N, Skarlos D, et al.: Fluorouracil and leucovorin with or without interferon alfa-2b in advanced colorectal cancer: Analysis of a prospective randomized phase III trial. Hellenic Cooperative Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol 1996; 14:2682-2687.
160. Greco FA, Figlin R, York M, et al.: Phase III randomized study to compare interferon alfa-2a in combination with fluorouracil versus fluorouracil alone in patients with advanced colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 1996;14:2674-2681.
161. Gaugler B, Van den Eynde B, Van der Bruggen P, et al.: Human gene MAGE-3 codes for an antigen recognized on a melanoma by autologous cytolytic T lymphocytes. J Exp Med 1994;179: 921-930.
162. Boël P, Wildmann C, Sensi ML, et al.: BAGE: A new gene encoding an antigen recognized on human melanomas by cytolytic T lymphocytes. Immunity 1995;2:167-175.
163. Van den Eynde BJ, Boon T: Tumor antigens recognized by T lymphocytes. Int J Clin Lab Res 1997;27:81-86.
164. Van den Eynde B, Peeters O, De Backer O, et al.: A new family of gene coding for an antigen recognized by autologous cytolytic T lymphocytes on a human melanoma. J Exp Med 1995;182: 689-698.
165. Ramakrishna V, Negri DR, Brusic V, et al.: Generation and phenotypic characterization of new human ovarian cancer cell lines with the identification of antigens potentially recognizable by HLA-restricted cytotoxic T cells. Int J Cancer 1997;73:143-150.
166. Brändle D, Brasseur F, Weynants P, et al.: A mutated HLA-A2 molecule recognized by autologous cytotoxic T lymphoyctes on a human renal cell carcinoma. J Exp Med 1996;183:2501-2508.
167. Sahin U, Tureci O, Schmitt H, et al.: Human neoplasms elicit multiple specific immune responses in the autologous host. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995;92:11810-11813.
168. Old LJ: The era of peptide vaccines. Cancer Vaccines, New York, NY, Oct. 7-9, 1996 (Abstract).
169. Guilloux Y, Lucas S, Brichard VG, et al.: A peptide recognized by human cytolytic T lymphocytes on HLA-A2 melanomas is encoded by an intron sequence of the N-acetylglucosaminyl-transferase V gene. J Exp Med 1996;183:1173-1183.
170. Ressing ME, Sette A, Brandt RM, et al.: Human CTL epitopes encoded by human papillomavirus type 16 E6 and E7 identified through in vivo and in vitro immunogenicity studies of HLA-A*0201-binding peptides. J Immunol 1995;154:5934-5943.
171. Enblad G, Sandvej K, Lennette E, et al.: Lack of correlation between EBV serology and presence of EBV in the Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells of patients with Hodgkin's disease. Int J Cancer 1997;72:394-397.
172. Yao M, Ohshima K, Suzumiya J, et al.: Interleukin-10 expression and cytotoxic-T-cell response in Epstein-Barr-virus-associated nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Int J Cancer 1997;72:398-402.
173. Murphy G, Ragde H, Kenny G, et al.: Comparison of prostate specific membrane antigen, and prostate specific antigen levels in prostatic cancer patients. Anticancer Res 1995;15:1473-1479.
174. Israeli RS, Powell CT, Corr JG, et al.: Expression of the prostate-specific membrane antigen. Cancer Res 1994;54:1807-1811.
175. Murphy GP, Tino WT, Holmes EH, et al.: Measurement of prostate-specific membrane antigen in the serum with a new antibody. The Prostate 1996;28:266-271.
176. Wright JGL, Haley C, Beckett ML, et al.: Expression of prostate-specific membrane antigen in normal, benign, and malignant prostate tissues. Urol Oncol 1995;1:18-28.
177. Kawakami Y, Eliyahu S, Delgado CH, et al.: Cloning of the gene coding for a shared melanoma antigen recognized by autologous T cells infiltrating into tumor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994; 91:3515-3519.
178. Coulie PG, Brichard V, Van Pel A, et al.: A new gene encoding for a differentiation antigen recognized by autologous cytolytic T lymphocytes on HLA-A2 melanomas. J Exp Med 1994;180:35-42.
179. Brichard V, Van Pel A, Wölfel T, et al.: The tyrosinase gene codes for an antigen recognized by autologous cytotoxic T lymphocytes on HLA-A2 melanoma. J Exp Med 1993;178:489-495.
180. Topalian SL, Gonzales MI, Parkhurst M, et al.: Melanoma-specific CD4+ T cells recognize nonmutated HLA-DR-restricted tyrosinase epitopes. J Exp Med 1996;183:1965-1971.
181. Cox AL, Skipper J, Chen Y, et al.: Identification of a peptide recognized by five melanoma-specific human cytotoxic T cell lines. Science 1994;264:716-719.
182. Kawakami Y, Eliyahu S, Delgado CH, et al.: Identification of a human melanoma antigen recognized by tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes associated with in vivo tumor rejection. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994;91:6458-6462.
183. Wölfel T, Van Pel A, Brichard V, et al.: Two tyrosinase nonapeptides recognized on HLA-A2 melanomas by autologous cytolytic T lymphocytes. Eur J Immunol 1994;24:759-764.
184. Wang RF, Robbins PF, Kawakami Y, et al.: Identification of a gene encoding a melanoma tumor antigen recognized by HLA-A31-restricted tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. J Exp Med 1995; 181:799-804.
185. Robbins PF, el-Gamil M, Li YF, et al.: Cloning of a new gene encoding an antigen recognized by melanoma-specific HLA-A24-restricted tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. J Immunol 1995; 154:5944-5950.
186. Livingston PO, Wong GY, Adluri S, et al.: Improved survival in stage II melanoma patients with GM2 antibodies: A randomized trial of adjuvant vaccination with GM2 ganglioside. J Clin Oncol 1994;12:1036-1044.
187. Gjertsen MK, Bjorheim J, Saeterdal I, et al.: Cytotoxic CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes, generated by mutant p21 -ras (12Val) peptide vaccination of a patient, recognize 12Val-dependent nested epitopes present within the vaccine peptide and kill autologous tumour cells carrying this mutation. Int J Cancer 1997;72:784-790.
188. INK4a- insensitive CDK4 mutant targeted by cytolytic T lymphocytes in a human melanoma. Science 1995;269:1281-1284.
189. Ioannides CG, Fisk B, Fan D, et al.: Cytotoxic T cells isolated from ovarian malignant ascites recognize a peptide derived from the HER-2/neu proto-oncogene. Cell Immunol 1993;151:225-234.
190. Disis ML, Calenoff E, McLaughlin G, et al.: Existent T-cell and antibody immunity to HER-2/neu protein in patients with breast cancer. Cancer Res 1994;54:16-20.
191. Fisk B, Blevins TL, Wharton JT, et al.: Identification of an immunodominant peptide of HER-2/neu protooncogene recognized by ovarian tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte lines. J Exp Med 1995;181:2109-2117.
192. Cheever MA, Disis ML, Bernhard H, et al.: Immunity to oncogenic proteins. Immunol Rev 1995;145:33-59.
193. Finn OJ, Jerome KR, Henderson RA, et al.: MUC-I epithelial tumor mucin-based immunity and cancer vaccines. Immunol Rev 1995;145:61-89.