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Volumn 10, Issue 5, 1998, Pages 564-572

Tumor expression of Fas ligand (CD95L) and the consequences

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

FAS LIGAND;

EID: 0031756099     PISSN: 09527915     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0952-7915(98)80225-2     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (123)

References (73)
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    • of outstanding interest. This is not a study of a tumor expressing CD95 ligand (CD95L), but nevertheless a report of particular importance for cancer and the methodologies used to investigate the role of CD95L (Fas ligand). These are the only experiments published, as far as we are aware, that address the question of whether there is an in vivo dose effect for CD95L. The other important concept highlighted in this study is the possibility of in vivo induction of CD95. Indeed, these two effects influenced the pathological outcome in transgenic mice expressing CD95L on pancreatic β cells. A low level of CD95L was suggested to be insufficient to eliminate infiltrating T cells, which in turn could secrete cytokines capable of inducing CD95 on the β cells. This complex cascade of events led to β-cell autodestruction by apoptosis and a more severe diabetes than with transgenic β cells expressing high levels of CD95L. These elegant experiments demonstrate
    • Chervonsky AV, Wang Y, Wong FS, Visintin I, Flavell RA, Janeway CA, Matis LA. The role of Fas in autoimmune diabetes. of outstanding interest Cell. 89:1997;17-24 This is not a study of a tumor expressing CD95 ligand (CD95L), but nevertheless a report of particular importance for cancer and the methodologies used to investigate the role of CD95L (Fas ligand). These are the only experiments published, as far as we are aware, that address the question of whether there is an in vivo dose effect for CD95L. The other important concept highlighted in this study is the possibility of in vivo induction of CD95. Indeed, these two effects influenced the pathological outcome in transgenic mice expressing CD95L on pancreatic β cells. A low level of CD95L was suggested to be insufficient to eliminate infiltrating T cells, which in turn could secrete cytokines capable of inducing CD95 on the β cells. This complex cascade of events led to β-cell autodestruction by apoptosis and a more severe diabetes than with transgenic β cells expressing high levels of CD95L. These elegant experiments demonstrate how in vivo cellular interactions can influence the final outcome of CD95L over-expression. It is clear that these data may also have significant implications for the interpretation of studies using CD95L-transfected tumors.
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    • of outstanding interest. In this report, soluble or membrane-bound human CD95 ligand (CD95L, Fas ligand) demonstrated cytotoxic function that differed according to the T-cell target tested. Both forms of CD95L could kill peripheral blood T cells activated by concanavalin A; however, only membrane-bound CD95L either killed fresh peripheral blood T cells or killed umbilical cord T cells activated by cytokine/anti-CD28; furthermore, soluble CD95L could inhibit the function of membrane-bound CD95L. These studies thus indicate that the most potent form of CD95L for apoptosis induction is membrane-bound (see also [33] and [34]) but that this function must also take into account the type of target cell.
    • Suda T, Hashimoto H, Tanaka M, Ochi T, Nagata S. Membrane Fas ligand kills human peripheral blood T lymphocytes, and soluble Fas ligand blocks the killing. of outstanding interest J Exp Med. 186:1997;2045-2050 In this report, soluble or membrane-bound human CD95 ligand (CD95L, Fas ligand) demonstrated cytotoxic function that differed according to the T-cell target tested. Both forms of CD95L could kill peripheral blood T cells activated by concanavalin A; however, only membrane-bound CD95L either killed fresh peripheral blood T cells or killed umbilical cord T cells activated by cytokine/anti-CD28; furthermore, soluble CD95L could inhibit the function of membrane-bound CD95L. These studies thus indicate that the most potent form of CD95L for apoptosis induction is membrane-bound (see also [33] and [34]) but that this function must also take into account the type of target cell.
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    • of outstanding interest. In this parallel study to [32], a preferential cytotoxic activity was found for membrane-bound Fas ligand (CD95 ligand or CD95L) compared with soluble CD95L. A cleavage site in the CD95L sequence was identified and subsequent transfections with CD95L-deletion mutants allowed the generation of cells expressing high levels of CD95L at the surface, without releasing CD95L into the supernatant. Cytotoxicity of cells expressing normal or noncleavable CD95 ligand was similar for W4 targets overexpressing CD95, but Jurkat cells and mouse hepatocytes were only killed efficiently by cells expressing noncleavable CD95L. The cytotoxicity of transfectants expressing normal CD95L could be enhanced by the addition of metalloproteinase inhibitors. As in [32], soluble CD95L could inhibit the cytotoxic function of membrane-bound CD95L; this is suggested to be a means of regulating cytoxicity in vivo.
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    • of outstanding interest. In this independent study to [32] and [33], there is a further demonstration of higher cytotoxic activity of membrane-bound CD95 ligand (CD95L) compared to the soluble version. Cross-linking of soluble CD95L elicited a highly cytotoxic effect, probably not by increasing binding efficiency to CD95 but rather by creating large aggregates of CD95 - leading to efficient death-signal transduction. A cleavage site of CD95L was determined, which was not the same as that defined in [33] - perhaps reflecting different metalloproteinases present in the host cells used for transfection. Finally, another functionally active form of CD95L was defined that was unprocessed, membrane-bound and associated with vesicles or membrane fragments rather than whole cells. Such CD95L was released from transfected Neuro-2a cells, thought to have low protease-processing activity. The status of other tumor cell lines transfected with CD95L for in vivo studies clearly deserves
    • Schneider P, Holler N, Bodmer JL, Hahne M, Frei K, Fontana A, Tschopp J. Conversion of membrane-bound Fas (CD95) ligand to its soluble form is associated with downregulation of its proapoptotic activity and loss of liver toxicity. of outstanding interest J Exp Med. 187:1998;1205-1213 In this independent study to [32] and [33], there is a further demonstration of higher cytotoxic activity of membrane-bound CD95 ligand (CD95L) compared to the soluble version. Cross-linking of soluble CD95L elicited a highly cytotoxic effect, probably not by increasing binding efficiency to CD95 but rather by creating large aggregates of CD95 - leading to efficient death-signal transduction. A cleavage site of CD95L was determined, which was not the same as that defined in [33] - perhaps reflecting different metalloproteinases present in the host cells used for transfection. Finally, another functionally active form of CD95L was defined that was unprocessed, membrane-bound and associated with vesicles or membrane fragments rather than whole cells. Such CD95L was released from transfected Neuro-2a cells, thought to have low protease-processing activity. The status of other tumor cell lines transfected with CD95L for in vivo studies clearly deserves investigation.
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    • of special interest. This paper showed that the major pool of Fas ligand (CD95 ligand) expressed by monocytic cells (an acute monocytic leukemia cell line as well as normal peripheral monocytes) was intracellular rather than at the cell surface, but it could be rapidly mobilized after cell activation. In addition to conceptual implications, these findings evidently have practical significance for the detection of CD95 ligand protein.
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    • of special interest. of special interest. This paper examined the possible role of CD95 ligand (CD95L) in the context of two different consequences of exposure of skin to UV light. In the case of sunlight-induced basal cell carcinoma there was CD95L expression (also see [57]), but no functional tests were performed. For UV-B irradiated nontumoral psoriatic skin there was an upregulation of CD95L expression by keratinocytes, correlated with elimination of intraepidermal T cells and disease remission. In vitro, UV-B-treated normal cultured keratinocytes acquired the ability to kill CD95-transfected lymphoma cells.
    • of special interest Gutierrez-Steil C, Wrone-Smith T, Sun X, Krueger JG, Coven T, Nickoloff BJ. Sunlight-induced basal cell carcinoma tumor cells and ultraviolet-B-irradiated psoriatic plaques express Fas ligand (CD95L). of special interest J Clin Invest. 101:1998;33-39 This paper examined the possible role of CD95 ligand (CD95L) in the context of two different consequences of exposure of skin to UV light. In the case of sunlight-induced basal cell carcinoma there was CD95L expression (also see [57]), but no functional tests were performed. For UV-B irradiated nontumoral psoriatic skin there was an upregulation of CD95L expression by keratinocytes, correlated with elimination of intraepidermal T cells and disease remission. In vitro, UV-B-treated normal cultured keratinocytes acquired the ability to kill CD95-transfected lymphoma cells.
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    • As in [56], CD95 ligand expression was demonstrated on basal cell carcinoma cells but, here, functional activity is also shown. After intralesional IFN-α treatment, CD95 expression was induced on tumor cells; it was correlated with apoptosis and tumor regression. Autocrine or fratricidal interactions between CD95 and CD95L were proposed as the mechanism.
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    • Human lung carcinomas express Fas ligand
    • of special interest. This demonstrated that the majority of human lung carcinoma biopsies and cell lines expressed Fas ligand (CD95 ligand) and that two non-small cell lung carcinoma cell lines killed Jurkat targets in a manner dependent on CD95 ligand.
    • Niehans GA, Brunner T, Frizelle SP, Liston JC, Salerno CT, Knapp DJ, Green DR, Kratzke RA. Human lung carcinomas express Fas ligand. of special interest Cancer Res. 57:1997;1007-1012 This demonstrated that the majority of human lung carcinoma biopsies and cell lines expressed Fas ligand (CD95 ligand) and that two non-small cell lung carcinoma cell lines killed Jurkat targets in a manner dependent on CD95 ligand.
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    • of special interest. This represents a particularly thorough characterization of CD95 ligand expression in pancreatic adenocarcinoma, using a wide spectrum of antibodies and techniques (reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry, western blotting, flow cytometry and functional tests). Despite CD95 expression, pancreatic tumor cells were largely resistant to soluble CD95 ligand or anti-CD95 agonistic antibody; this was associated with high levels of a Fas-associated phosphatase 1 (FAP-1).
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