Chemokines and atherosclerosis

Current Opinion in Lipidology

Volumn 9, Issue 5, 1998, Pages 397-405

  Terkeltaub, Robert ^a,c   Boisvert, William A ^b   Curtiss, Linda K ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SAN DIEGO   (United States)

^b SCRIPPS RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

^c VA SAN DIEGO HEALTHCARE SYSTEM   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CHEMOKINE; GLYCOPROTEIN GP 39; INTERLEUKIN 8; MONOCYTE CHEMOTACTIC PROTEIN 1;

ATHEROGENESIS; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CELL ACTIVATION; CELL GROWTH; CELL MIGRATION; INFLAMMATION; LEUKOCYTE; LYMPHOCYTE; MACROPHAGE; MONOCYTE; ONCOGENE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SMOOTH MUSCLE FIBER;

ARTERIOSCLEROSIS; CD40 LIGAND; CHEMOKINES; CHEMOKINES, CXC; MEMBRANE GLYCOPROTEINS; NEUTROPHILS; RECEPTORS, CHEMOKINE; RECEPTORS, INTERLEUKIN; RECEPTORS, INTERLEUKIN-8B;

EID: 0031732170     PISSN: 09579672     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00041433-199810000-00003     Document Type: Review

References (114)

1. Baggiolini M, Dewald B, Moser B. Human chemokines: an update. Annu Rev Immunol 1997; 15:675-705.
2. Adams DH, Lloyd AR. Chemokines: leucocyte recruitment and activation cytokines. Lancet 1997; 349:490-495.
3. Maghazachi AA, Skalhegg BS, Rolstad B, Al-Aoukaty A. Interferon-inducible protein-10 and lymphotactin induce the chemotaxis and mobilization of intracellular calcium in natural killer cells through pertussis toxin-sensitive and - insensitive heterotrimeric G-proteins. Faseb J 1997; 11:765-774.
4. Schall T. Fractalkine - a strange attractor in the chemokine landscape. Immunol Today 1997; 18:147.
5. Imai T, Hieshima K, Haskell C, Baba M, Nagira M, Nishimura M, et al. Identification and molecular characterization of fractalkine receptor CX3CR1, which mediates both leukocyte migration and adhesion. Cell 1997; 91:521-530.
6. Ross R. The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis: perspective for the 1990s. Nature 1993; 362:801-809.
7. Navab M, Berliner JA, Watson AD, Hama S, Territo MC, Lusis AJ, et al. The yin and yang of oxidation in the development of the fatty streak. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1996; 16:831-842.
8. Watanabe T, Haraoka S, Shimokama T. Inflammatory and immunological nature of atherosclerosis. Int J Cardiol 1996; 54 (Suppl):S51-S60.
9. Masrkowitz SD. Atherosclerosis, just another cancer? J Clin Invest 1997; 100:2143-2145.
10. Qiao J-H, Tripathi J, Mishra NK, Cai Y, Tripathi S, Wang X-P, et al. Role of macrophage colony-stimulating factor in atherosclerosis. Am J Pathol 1997; 150:1687-1699.
11. Navab M, Imes SS, Hama SY, Hough GP, Ross LA, Bork RW. et al. Monocyte transmigration induced by modification of low density lipoprotein in cocultures of human aortic wall cells is due to induction of monocyte chemotactic protein 1 synthesis and is abolished by high density lipoprotein. J Clin Invest 1991; 88:2039-2046.
12. Yla-Herttula S, Lipton BA, Rosenfeld ME, Sarkioja T, Yoshimura T, Leonard EJ, et al. Expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 in macrophage-rich areas of human and rabbit atherosclerotic lesions. PNAS 1991; 88:5252-5256.
13. Weber C, Alon R, Moser B, Springer TA. Sequantial regulation of α4β1 and α5β1 integrin avidity by CC chemokines in monocytes: implications for transendothelial chemotaxis. J Cell Biol 1996; 134:1063-1073.
14. •].
15. •] establishes the biological role of the MCP-1 receptor CCR2 in monocyte adhesion and extravasation in knockout mice.
16. Watson AD, Leitinger N, Navab M, Faull KF, Horkko S, Witztum JL, et al. Structural identification by mass spectrometry of oxidized phospholipids in minimally oxidized low density lipoprotein that induce monocyte/endothelial interactions and evidence for their presence in vivo. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:13597-13607.
17. Frostegard J, Huang YH, Ronnelid J, Schafer-Elinder L. Platelet-activating factor and oxidized LDL induce immune activation by a common mechanism. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1997; 17:963-968.
18. Prescott SM, McIntyre TM, Zimmerman GA, Stafforini DM. Inflammation as an early component of atherosclerosis and vascular damage - a role for P-selection and platelet-activating factor. Jap Circ J 1996; 60:137-141.
19. Marumo T, Schini-Kerth VB, Fisslthaler B, Busse R. Platelet-derived growth factor-stimulated superoxide anion production modulates activation of transcription factor NF-kappaB and expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 in human aortic smooth muscle cells. Circulation 1997; 96:2361-1267.
20. Wempe F, Volkhard L, Hellmut G, Augustin. Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) regulates the expression of the CC chemokine monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) in autocrine-activated endothelial cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1997; 17:2471-2477.
21. Jordan NJ, Watson ML, Williams RJ, Roach AG, Yoshimura T, Westwick J, et al. Chemokine production by human vascular smooth muscle cells: modulation by IL-13. Br J Pharmacol 1997; 122:749-757.
22. Capers Q 4th, Alexander RW, Lou P, De Leon H, Wilcox JN, Ishizaka N, et al. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 expression in aortic tissues of hypertensive rats. Hypertension 1997; 30:1397-1402. The authors suggest how chemokine-mediated inflammatory mechanisms may mediate atherosclerosis in hypertension.
23. Landry DB, Couper LL, Bryant SR, Lindner V. Activation of the NF-Kappa B and I kappa B system in smooth muscle cells after rat arterial injury. Introduction of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. Am J Pathol 1997; 151:1085-1095.
24. Kitamura M. Identification of an inhibitor targeting macrophage production of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 as TGF-beta 1. J Immunol 1997; 159:1404-1411.
25. Mojcik CF, Shevach EM. Adhesion molecules. A rheumatologic perspective. Arthritis Rheum 1997; 40:991-1004.
26. Gyetko MR, Todd RF 3rd, Wilkinson CC, Sitrin RG. The urokinase receptor is required for monocyte chemotaxis in vitro. J Clin Invest 1994; 93:1380-1387.
27. Faull RJ, Ginsberg MH. Inside-out signaling through integrins. J Am Soc Nephrol 1996; 7:1-8.
28. Shattil SJ, Ginsberg MH. Integrin signaling in vascular biology. J Clin Invest 1997; 100:1-5.
29. Jiang Y, Zhu J-F, Luscinskas FW, Graves DT. MCP-1-stimulated monocyte attachment to laminin is mediated by β2-integrins. Am J Physiol 1994; 36:C1112-C1118.
30. Faull RJ, Ginsberg MH. Inside-out signaling through integrins. J Am Soc Nephrol 1996; 7:1091-1097.
31. Shattil SJ, Ginsberg MH. Perspectives series: cell adhesion in vascular biology. J Clin Invest 1997; 100:1-5.
32. Suzuki H, Kurihara Y, Takeya M, Kamada N, Kataoka M, Jishage K, et al. A rol for macrophage scavenger receptors in atherosclerosis and susceptibility to infection. Nature 1997; 386:292-296.
33. Schecter AD, Rollins BJ, Zhang YJ, Charo IF, Fallon JT, Rossikhina M, et al. Tissue factor is induced by monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in human aortic smooth muscle and THP-1 cells. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:28568-28573. The paper suggests a direct link between inflammatory MCP-1 expression and the predisposition to thrombotic events in atherosclerosis.
34. Wysocki SJ, Zheng MH, Smith A, Lamawansa MD, Iacopetta BJ, Robertson TA, et al. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 gene expression in injured pig artery coincides with early appearance of infiltrating monocyte/macrophages. J Cell Biochem 1996; 62:303-313.
35. Vestergaard C, Gesser B, Lohse N, Jensen SL, Sindet-Pedersen S, Thestrup-Pedersen K, et al. Monocyte chemotactic and activating effect in monocytes, a process regulated by 11-10. J Dermatol Sci 1997; 15:14-22.
36. Berkhout TA, Sarau HM, Moores K, White JR. Elshourbagy N, Appelbaum E, et al. Cloning in vitro expression, and functional characterization of a novel human CC chemokine of the monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP) family (MCP-4) that binds and signals through the CC chemokine receptor 2B. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:16404-16413.
37. DiPietro LA, Burdick M, Low QE, Kunkel SL, Strieter RM. MIP-1alpha as a critical macrophage chemoattractant in murine wound repair. J Clin Invest 1998; 101:1693-1698.
38. Pattison JM, Nelson PJ, Huie P, Sibley RK, Krensky AM. RANTES chemokine expression in transplant-associated accelerated atherosclerosis. J Heart Lung Transplant 1996; 15:1194-1199.
39. Hoch RC, Schraufstatter IU, Cochrane CG. In vivo, in vitro, and molecular aspects of interleukin-8 and the interleukin-8 receptors. J Lab Clin Med 1996; 128:134-145.
40. Ahuja SK, Murphy PM. The CXC chemokines growth-regulated oncogene (GRO) alpha, GRObeta, GROgamma, neutrophil-activating peptide-2, and epithelial cell-derived neutrophil-activating peptide-78 are potent agonists for the type B, but not the type A, human interleukin-8 receptor. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:20545-20550.
41. Lee J, Cacalano G, Camerato T, Toy K, Moore MW, Wood WI. Chemokine binding and activities mediated by the mouse IL-8 receptor. J Immunol 1995; 155:2158-2164.
42. Dunstan CAN, Salafranca MN, Adhikari S, Xia Y, Feng L, Harrison JK. Identification of two rat genes orthologous to the human interleukin-8 receptors. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:32770-32776.
43. Terkeltaub R, Baird S, Sears P, Santiago R, Boisvert W. The murine homolog ot the interleukin-8 receptor CXCR-2 is essential for the occurrence of neutrophilic inflammation in the air pouch model of acute urate crystal-induced gouty synovitis. Arthritis Rheum 1998; 41:900-909.
44. Koch AE, Polverini PJ, Kunkel SL, Harlow LA, DiPietro LA, Einer VM, et al. Interleukin-8 as a macrophage-derived mediator of angiogenesis. Science 1992; 258:17998-18001.
45. Nanney LB, Mueller SG, Bueno R, Peiper SC, Richmond A. Distributions of melanoma growth stimulatory activity of growth-regulated gene and the interleukin-8 receptor B in human wound repair. Am J Pathol 1995; 147:1248-1260.
46. Yue T-L, McKenna PJ, Gu J-L, Feurstein GZ. Interleukin-8 is chemotactic for vascular smooth muscle cells. Eur J Pharm 1993; 240:81-84.
47. Dansky HM, Charlton SA, Harper MM, Smith JD. T and B lymphocytes play a minor role in atherosclerotic plaque formation in the apolipoprotein E-deficient mouse. PNAS 1997; 94:4642-4646.
48. Daugherty AE, Pure D, Delfel-Butteiger S, Chen J, Leferovich J, Roselaar SE, Rader DJ. The effects of total lymphocyte deficiency on the extent of atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-/-mice. J Clin Invest 1997; 100:1575-1580.
49. Xu L, Kelvin DJ, Ye GQ A. Ben-Baruch DD, Oppenheim J, Wang JM. Modulation of IL-8 receptor expression on purified human lymphocytes is associated with changed chemotactic responses to IL-8. J Leuk Biol 1995; 57:335-342.
50. Jinquan T, Frydenberg J, Mukaida N, Bonde J, Larsen CG, Matsushima K, Thestrup-Pedersen K. Recombinant human growth-regulated oncogene-alpha induces T lymphocyte chemotaxis. A process regulated via IL-8 receptors by IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, IL-4, IL-10, and IL-13. J Immunol 1995; 155:5359-5368.
51. Santamaria Babi LF, Moser B, Perez Soler MT, Moser R, Loetscher P, Villiger B, et al. The interleukin-8 receptor B and CXC chemokines can mediate transendothelial migration of human skin homing T cells. Eur J Immunol 1996; 26:2056-2061.
52. Lloyd AR, Oppenheim JJ, Kelvin DJ, Taub DD. Chemokines regulate T cell adherence to recombinant adhesion molecules and extracellular matrix proteins. J Immunol 1996; 156:932-938.
53. Quin S, LaRosa G, Campbell JJ, Smith-Heath H, Kassam N, Shi X, Zeng L, et al. Expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and interleukin-8 receptors on subsets of T cells: correlation with transendothelial chemotactic potential. Eur J Immunol 1996; 26:640-647.
54. Wuyts A, Haelens A, Proost P, Lanaerts J-P, Conings R, Opdenakker G, van Damme J. Identification of mouse granulocyte chemotactic protein-2 from fibroblasts and epithelial cells. Functional comparison with natural KC and macrophage inflammatory protein-2. J Immunol 1996; 157:1736-1743.
55. Van Damme J, Wuyts A, Froyen G, Van Coillie E, Struyf S, Billiau A, et al. Granulocyte chemotactic protein-2 and related CXC chemokines: from gene regulation to receptor usage. J Leuk Biol 1997; 62:563-569.
56. Schwartz DA, Andalibi L, Chaverri-Almada JA, Berliner T, Kirchgessner ZT, Fang P, et al. Role of the GRO family of chemokines in monocyte adhesion to MM-LDL-stimulated endothelium. J Clin Invest 1994; 94:1968-1973.
57. Lukacs NW, Strieter RM, Einer V, Evanoff HL, Burdick MD, Kunkel SL. Production of chemokines, interleukin-8 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. during monocyte: endothelial cell interactions. Blood 1995; 2767-2773.
58. Lundahl J, Skold CM, Hallden G, Hallgren M, Eklund A. Monocyte and neutrophil adhesion to matrix proteins is selectively enhanced in the presence of inflammatory mediators. Scand J Immunol 1996; 44:143-149.
59. Chuntharapai A, Lee J, Hebert CA, Kim KJ. Monoclonal antibodies detect different distribution patterns of IL-8 receptor A and IL-8 receptor B on human peripheral blood leukocytes. J Immunol 1994; 153:5682-5688.
60. Zahn S, Jorj Z, Spanger H-P, Gotze O. Chemoattractant receptors for interleukin-8 and C5a: expression on peripheral blood leukocytes and differential regulation on HL-60 and AML-193 cells by vitamin D3 and all-trans retinoic acid. Eur J Immunol 1997; 27:935-940.
61. Wang J, Zhang Y, Kasahara T, Harada A, Matsushima K, Mukaida N, et al. Detection of mouse 8 receptor homologue expression on peripheral blood leukocytes and mature myeloid lineage cells in bone marrow. J Leuk Biol 1996; 60:372-381.
62. Morohashi H, Miyawaki T, Nomura H, Kuno K, Murakami S, Matsushima K, Mukaida N. Expression of both types of human interleukin-8 receptors on mature neutrophils, monocytes, and natural killer cells. J Leuk Biol 1995; 57:180-187.
63. Boisvert WA, Santiago R, Curtiss LK, Terkeltaub R. A leukocyte homologue of the IL-8 receptor CXCR2 mediates the accumulation of macrophages in atherosclerotic lesions of LDL receptor-deficient mice. J Clin Invest 1998; 101:353-363. This paper establishes a major role for chemokine ligands of CXCR2, including intimai GROα in both lesional macrophage accumulation and disease progression in atherosclerosis.
64. Wang N, Tabas I, Winchester R, Ravalli S, Rabbani LE, Tall A. Interleukin 8 is induced by cholesterol loading of macrophages and expressed by macrophage foam cells in human atheroma. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:8837-8842.
65. Apostolopoulos J, Davenport P, Tipping PG. Interleukin-8 production by macrophages from atheromatous plaques. ArteriosclerThromb Vasc Biol 1996; 16:1007-1012.
66. Rus HG, Vlaicu R, Niculescu F. Interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 protein and gene expression in human arterial atherosclerotic wall. Atherosclerosis 1996; 127:263-271.
67. Liu Y, Hultén M, Wiklund O. Macrophages isolated from human atherosclerotic plaques produce IL-8, and oxysterols may have a regulatory function for IL-8 production. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1997; 17:317-323. The paper quantifies IL-8 expression in macrophage-derived foam cells and establishes that 25-hydroxycholesterol is a potent inducer of IL-8 in macrophages.
68. Loppnow H, Bil R, Hirt S, Schonbeck U, Herzberg M, Werdan K, et al. Platelet-derived interleukin-1 induces cytokine production, but not proliferation of human vascular smooth muscle cells. Blood 1998; 91:134-141.
69. Torzewski J, Bowyer DE, Waltenberger J, Fitzsimmons C, Hombach V, Gabbert HE, et al. Immunohistochemical colocalization of the terminal complex of human complement and smooth muscle cell alpha-actin in early atherosclerotic lesions. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1997; 17:2448-2452.
70. Murakami K, Ueno A, Yamanouchi K, Kondo T. Thrombin induces GRO alpha/MGSA production in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Thromb Res 1995; 79:387-394.
71. Terkeltaub R, Banka C, Solan J, Santoro D, Brand K, Curtiss LK. Oxidized LDL induces the expression by monocytic cells of IL-8, a chemokine with T lymphocyte chemotactic activity. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1994; 14:47-53.
72. Brand K, Eisele T, Kreusel U, Page M, Page S, Haas M, et al. Dysregulation of monocytic nuclear factor-kappa B by oxidized low-density lipoprotein. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1997; 17:1901-1909. The authors suggest a central mechanism by which IL-8 is likely induced in atherosclerotic lesions.
73. Molestina RE, Dean D, Miller RD, Ramirez JA, Summersgill JT. Characterization of a strain of Chlamydia pneumoniae isolated from a coronary atheroma by analysis of the omp 1 gene and biological activity in human endothelial cells. Infect Immun 1998; 66:1370-1376.
74. Temaru R, Urakaze M, Satou A, Yamazaki K, Nakamura N, Kobayashi M. High glucose enhances the gene expression of interleukin-8 in human endothelial cells, but not in smooth muscle cells: possible role of interleukin-8 in diabetic macroangiopathy. Diabetologia 1997; 40:610-613. The authors suggest a novel mechanism by which hyperglycemia-induced endothelial IL-8 expression could promote atherosclerosis.
75. Urakaze M, Temaru R, Satou A, Yamazaki K, Hamazaki T, Kobayashi M. The IL-8 production in endothelial cells is stimulated by high glucose. Horm Metab Res 1996; 28:400-401.
76. van Furth R. Development and distribution of mononuclear phagocytes. In: Inflammation: basic principles and clinical correlates, 2nd edn., Gallin Jl, Goldstein IM, Snyderman R (editors). New York: Raven Press; 1992. pp. 325-339.
77. Pike M. Structure and function of monocytes and macrophages. In: Arthritis and allied conditions. 13th ed. Koopman WJ (editor); 1996. pp. 339-354.
78. Koch AE, Kunkel SL, Pearce WH, Sha MR, Parikh D, Evanoff HL, et al. Enhanced production of the chemotactic cytokines interleukin-8 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in human abdominal aortic aneurysms. Am J Pathol 1993; 142:1423-1431.
79. 2+ changes and respiratory burst in human neutrophils and monocytes induced by NAP-1/Interleukin-8 , NAP-2, and gro/MGSA. J Leuk Biol 1991; 50:279-286.
80. Natarajan R, Rosdahl J, Gonzales N, Bai W. Regulation of 12-lipoxygenase by cytokines in vascular smooth muscle cells. Hypertension 1997; 30:873-879.
81. Tenaglia AN, Buda AJ, Wilkins RG, Barron MK, Jeffords PR, Vo K, et al. Levels of expression of P-selectin. E-selectin, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in coronary atherectomy specimens from patients with stable and unstable angina pectoris. Am J Cardiol 1997; 79:742-747.
82. Luster AD, Greenberg SM, Leder P. The IP-10 chemokine binds to a specific cell surface heparan sulfate site shared with platelet factor-4 and inhibits endothelial cell proliferation. J Exp Med 1995; 182:219-231.
83. Plali L, Weber C, LaRosa G, Mackay CR, Springer TA, Clark-Lewis I, Moser B. The chemokine receptor CXCR3 mediates rapid and shear-resistant adhesion-induction of effector T lymphocytes by the chemokines IP10 and Mig. Eur J Immunol 1998; 28:961-972.
84. Heiss G, Gdhaddar HB, Cortes J, Salomaa V, Kark JD, Davis CE, et al. Correlation of specific platelet activation markers with carotid arterial wall thickness. Thromb Haemost 1995; 74:943-948.
85. Gresele P, Catalano M, Giammarresi C, Volpato R, Termini R, Ciabattoni G, et al. Platelet activation markers in patients with peripheral arterial disease - a prospective comparison of different platelet function tests. Thromb Haemost 1997; 78:1434-1437.
86. Hansell P, Maione TE, Borgstrom P. Selective binding of platelet factor-4 to regions of active angiogenesis in vivo. Am J Physiol 1995; 269:H829-H836.
87. Klein-Soyer C, Duhamel-Clerin E, Ravanat C, Orvain C, Lanza F, Cazenave JP. PF-4 inhibits thrombin-stimulated MMP-1 and MMP-3 metalloproteinase expression in human vascular endothelial cells. Comptes Rendus de L' Académie des Sciences Serie III, Sciences de la Vie 1997; 320:857-868.
88. Gengrinovitch S, Greenburg SM, Cohen T, Gitay-Goren H, Rockwell P, Malone TE, et al. Platelet factor-4 inhibits the mitogenic activity of VEGF121 and VEGF164 using several concurrent mechanisms. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:15059-15065.
89. Wang X, Yue TL, Ohlstein EH, Sung CP, Feuerstein GZ, Interferon-inducible protein-10 involves vascular smooth muscle cell migration, proliferation, and inflammatory response. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:24286-24293.
90. Loetscher M, Gerber B, Loetscher P, Jones SA, Plali L, Clark-Lewis I, et al. Chemokine receptor specific for IP10 and mig: structure, function, and expression in activated T-lymphocytes. J Exp Med 1996; 184:963-969.
91. Stemme S, Faber B, Holm J, Wiklund O, Witztum JL, Hansson GK. T lymphocytes from human atherosclerotic plaques recognize oxidized low density lipoprotein. PNAS 1995; 2:3893-3897.
92. Lei XF, Ohkawara Y, Stampfli MR, Mastruzzo C, Marr RA, Snider D, et al. Description of antigen-induced inflammatory responses in CD40 ligand knockout mice. J Clin Invest 1998; 101:1342-1353. This study establishes a CD40L knockout mouse model that may be valuable in studies of atherogenesis.
93. Dechanet J, Grosset C, Taupin JL, Merville P, Banchereau J, Ripoche J, Moreau JF. CD40 ligand stimulates proinflammatory cytokine production by human endothelial cells. J Immunol 1997; 11:5640-5647. The authors suggest a mechanism by which CD40L can induce chemokine expression by endothelial cells.
94. Mach F, Schonbeck U, Bonnefoy JY, Pober JS, Libby P. Activation of monocyte/macrophage functions related to acute atheroma complication by ligation of CD40: induction of collagenase, stromelysin, and tissue factor. Circulation 1997; 96:396-399.
95. Mach F, Schonbeck U, Sukhova GK, Bourcier T, Bonnefoy JY, Pober JS, Libby P. Functional CD40 ligand is expressed on human vascular endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells and macrophages: implications for CD40-CD40 ligand signaling in atherosclerosis. PNAS 1997; 94:1931-1936. This study reveals the range of cells that can express CD40L in atherosclerotic lesions.
96. Schonbeck U, Mach F, Sukhova GK, Murphy C, Bonnefoy JY, Fabunmi RP, Libby P. Regulation of matrix metalloproteinase expression in human vascular smooth muscle cells by T lymphocytes: a role for CD40 signaling in plaque rupture? Circ Res 1997; 81:448-454.
97. Schonbeck U, Mach F, Bonnefoy JY, Loppnow H, Flad HD, Libby P, et al. Ligation of CD40 activates interleukin 1beta-converting enzyme (cas-pase-1) activity in vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells and promotes elaboration of active interleukin 1beta. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:19569-19574.
98. Kornbluth RS, Kee K, Richman DD. CD40 ligand (CD154) stimulation of macrophages to produce HIV-1-suppressive beta-chemokines. PNAS 1998; 95:5205-5210. This study reveals the potent stimulatory effects of cell-contact via CD40-CD40L on macrophage expression of MCP-1 and certain other C-C chemokines.
99. Henn V, Slupsky JR, Graefe M, Anagnoslopoulos I, Foerster R, Muller-Berghaus G, Kroczek RA. CD40 ligand on activated platelets triggers an inflammatory reaction of endothelial cells. Nature 1998; 391:591-594. This study reveals that platelets display CD40L on their surfaces rapidly after activation or during thrombus formation, and that platelet CD40L can induce MCP-1 and IL-8 expression by endothelial cells.
100. Cacalano G, Lee J, Kikly K, Ryan AM, Pitts-Meek S, Hutgren B, et al. Neutrophil and B cell expansion in mice that lack the murine IL-8 receptor homolog. Science 1994; 265:682-684.
101. Broxmeyer HE, Cooper S, Cacalano G, Hague NL, Bailish E, Moore MW. Involvement of interleukin (IL) 8 receptor in negative regulation of myeloid progenitor cells in vivo: evidence from mice lacking the murine IL-8 receptor homologue. J Exp Med 1996; 184:1825-1832.
102. Rovin BH, Dickerson JA, Tan LC, Fassler J. Modulation of IL-1-induced chemokine expression in human mesangial cells through alterations in redox status. Cytokine 1997; 9:178-186.
103. Nishio Y, Kashiwagi A, Takahara N, Hidaka H, Kikkawa R. Cilostazol, a cAMP phosphodiesterase inhibitor, attenuates the production of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in response to tumor necrosis factor-alpha in vascular endothelial cells. Horm Metab Res 1997; 29:491-495.
104. Seitz M, Loetscher P, Dewald B, Towbin H, Baggiolini M. In vitro modulation of cylokine, cytokine inhibitor, and prostaglandin E release from blood mononuclear cells and synovial fibroblasts by antirheumatic drugs. J Rheumatol 1997; 24:1471-1476.
105. Terkeltaub R, Barry M, Solan J, Santoro D, Bokoch G. Role of the mevalonate pathway of isoprenoid synthesis in IL-8 generation by activated monocytic cells. J Leuk Biol 1994; 55;749-755.
106. ••].
107. ••] reveals the potent anti-inflammatory effects on monocyte and macrophage activation of agonists of PPAR-γ.
108. Jones SA, Dewald B, Clark-Lewis I, Baggiolini M. Chemokine antagonists that discriminate between interleukin-8 receptors. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:16166-16169.
109. Moser B, Dewald B, Barella L, Shumacher C, Baggiolini M, Clark-Lewis I. Interleukin-8 antagonists generated by N-terminal modification. J Biol Chem 1993; 268:7125-7128.
110. Baggiolini M, Moser B. Blocking chemokine receptors. J Exp Med 1997; 186:1189-1191. This important review elucidates strategic approaches to specifically blocking the inflammatory activities of chemokines.
111. Struyf S, DeMeester I, Sharpe S, Lenaerts JP, Menten P, Wang, et al. Natural truncation of RANTES abolishes signaling through CC chemokine receptors CCR1 and CCR3, impairs its chemotactic potency and generates a CC chemokine inhibitor. Eur J Immunol 1998; 28:1262-1271.
112. Proost P, Struyf S, Couvreur M, Lenaerts JP, Corings R, Menten P, et al. Posttranslational modifications affect the activity of the human monocyte chemotactic MCP-1 and MCP-2; identification of MCP-2 (6-76) as a natural chemokine inhibitor. J Immunol 1998; 160:4034-4041.
113. Proost P, DeMeester I, Schols D, Struyf S, Lambeir AM, Wuyts A, et al. Amino-terminal truncation of chemokines by CD26/dipeptidylpeptidase IV. Conversion of RANTES into a potent inhibitor of monocyte chemotaxis and HIV-I-infection. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:7222-7227.
114. McFadden G, Kelvin D. New strategies for chemokine inhibitors and modulation: you take the high road and I'll take the low road. Biochem Pharmacol 1997; 54:1271-1280. This valuable review discusses how understanding of the receptor-binding domain structures of chemokines can be useful in designing chemokine inhibitors.