Pattern generation

Current Opinion in Neurobiology

Volumn 7, Issue 6, 1997, Pages 781-789

  Arshavsky, Yuri I ^a,b   Deliagina, Tatiana G ^c,d   Orlovsky, Grigori N ^c,d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b INSTITUTE FOR INFORMATION TRANSMISSION PROBLEMS   (Russian Federation)

^c KAROLINSKA INSTITUTE   (Sweden)

^d MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY   (Russian Federation)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BREATHING; ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY; HUMAN; LOCOMOTION; MOTOR CONTROL; NEUROBIOLOGY; PATTERN GENERATOR; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RELIABILITY; REVIEW; SWALLOWING;

EID: 0031449237     PISSN: 09594388     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0959-4388(97)80136-5     Document Type: Article

References (89)

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36. - channels. Respiratory motor output continued unabated when this reciprocal inhibition was blocked by strychnine application. The authors concluded that reciprocal inhibition is not required for respiratory rhythm generation.
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38. Stein PSG, Victor JC, Field EC, Currie SN: Bilateral control of hindlimb scratching in the spinal turtle: contralateral spinal circuitry contributes to the normal ipsilateral motor pattern of fictive rostral scratching. J Neurosci 1995, 15:4343-4355. In the turtle, the scratching central pattern generator (CPG) consists of two mutually inhibitory modules (half-centers) responsible for the flexor and extensor phases of the cycle. In experiments removing the longitudinal half of the hindlimb enlargement, it was found that each module could generate rhythmic activity in the absence of activity in the antagonistic module. As in control experiments on turtles with the intact spinal cord, the 'flexor module' generated periodical prolonged bursts, whereas the 'extensor module' generated short bursts. These results suggest that each module is capable of endogenous rhythmic activity with a temporal pattern appropriate to a given phase of the cycle. Mutual inhibitory interaction between the modules determines their alternating activity and contributes to stabilizing the motor output.
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41. Panchin YV, Arshavsky YI, Deliagina TG, Orlovsky GN, Popova LB, Selverston AI: Control of locomotion in the marine mollusk Clione limacina. 11. Effects of serotonin. Exp Brain Res 1996, 109:361-365. The interneurons of groups 7 and 8 play a decisive role in Clione swimming rhythm generation [12,39] (Figure 1). Many of these interneurons were rhythmically active after isolation (Figure 2: A1). However, some of them did not exhibit any rhythmic activity, and rhythmic activity could not be elicited by injection of depolarizing current (Figure 2: A2). In these interneurons, rhythmic activity was initiated by serotonin, a transmitter used by cerebropedal command neurons (Figure 2: A3). In Clione, which swims almost continuously, the dependence of neuron pacemaker activity on the conditional factor (serotonin) is not as strong as in most other central pattern generators (CPGs). Rhythmic activity initiated by serotonin persisted for several hours after serotonin had been washed out.
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45. 2+ solution. The rhythm frequency increased at low pH. The relation between these INs and pacemaker-like INs located in the pre-Bötzinger complex is unknown. It is possible that, like the spinal locomotor central pattern generator (CPG) [3,4,6,10••,16], the respiratory CPG is not concentrated in one locus, but distributed.
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49. Kiehn O, Johnson BR, Raastad M: Plateau properties in mammalian interneurons during transmitter-induced locomotor activity. Neuroscience 1996, 75:263-273. The authors demonstrate plateau and bursting mechanisms in mammalian spinal interneurons showing locomotor-related activity. Localization of these interneurons (ventrolateral to the central canal) coincide with localization of the locomotor central pattern generator (CPG) [3,16]. At least some locomotor-related interneurons express tetrodotoxin (TTX)-resistant, NMDA-induced slow-voltage oscillations (see also JN MacLean, KS Cowley, BJ Schmidt, Soc Neurosci Abstr 1996, 26:1844). Bursting and plateau properties are correlated with a negative slope region in the current/voltage curve.
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