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Smith JC, Funk GD, Johnson SM, Feldman JL: Cellular and synaptic mechanisms generating respiratory rhythm: insights from in vitro and computational studies. In Ventral Brainstem Mechanisms and Control of Respiration and Blood Pressure. Edited by Trouth CO, Willis R, Kiwull-Schone H, Schlaefke M. New York: Marcel Dekker; 1995:463-496. A detailed description of the hybrid pacemaker network model. A particularly important role in rhythm generation is attributed to pacemaker neurons, which together with synaptic inputs ('hybrid network') lead to the generation of the respiratory rhythm.
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Ventral Brainstem Mechanisms and Control of Respiration and Blood Pressure
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Bonham AC: Neurotransmitters in the CMS control of breathing. Respir Physiol 1996, 101:219-230. Gives an overview of the known neurotransmitters and modulators that are involved in generating the respiratory rhythm.
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Bianchi AL, Denavit-Saubie M, Champagnat J: Central control of breathing in mammals: neuronal circuitry, membrane properties, and neurotransmitters. Physiol Rev 1995, 75:1-45. A very detailed description of the known synaptic and intrinsic membrane properties that lead to the generation of the respiratory rhythm. Particular emphasis is given to the modulation of the respiratory rhythm.
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Richter DW: Neural regulation of respiration: rhythmogenesis and afferent control. In Comprehensive Human Physiology, vol 2. Edited by Greger R, Windhorst U. Berlin: Springer Verlag; 1996:2079-2095. This book chapter reviews in great detail the central mechanisms of respiratory rhythm generation, and it also describes the modulation of the respiratory network by afferent input.
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Richter DW, Ballanyi K, Ramirez JM: Respiratory rhythm generation. In Neural Control of the Respiratory Muscles. Edited by Miller AD, Bianchi AL, Bishop BP. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 1996:119-131. This review focusses on the central mechanisms of respiratory rhythm generation. Special reference is given to the complex interaction between synaptic and intrinsic membrane properties.
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Richter, D.W.1
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Ommaru H: Studies of the respiratory center using isolated brainstem-spinal cord preparations. Neurose/ Res 1995, 21:183-190. A review focussing on respiratory rhythm generation, with a particular emphasis on the role of pre-inspiratory neurons.
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Simon PM, Leevers AM, Murty JL, Skatrud JB, Dempsey JA: Neuromechanical regulation of respiratory motor output in ventilator-dependent C1-C3 quadriplegics. J Appl Physiol 1995, 79:312-322. Demonstrates that in humans, afferent feedback from the chest wall is involved in a volume- and frequency-dependent modulation of inspiratory muscle activity.
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