Supramolecular organization of the subsarcolemmal cytoskeleton of adult skeletal muscle fibers. A review

Biology of the Cell

Volumn 89, Issue 7, 1997, Pages 413-434

  Berthier, Christine ^a   Blaineau, Sylvie ^b  

^a Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory ^*  (United States)

^b UMR 5578 CNRS Univ   (France)

Author keywords

Costameres; Dystrophin; Integrin; Neuromuscular and myotendinous junctions; Sarcolemma; Spectrin

Indexed keywords

ACTIN; ALPHA ACTININ; ANKYRIN; CYTOSKELETON PROTEIN; DESMIN; DYSTROPHIN; ERYTHROCYTE BAND 4.1 PROTEIN; INTEGRIN; ION CHANNEL; PAXILLIN; SPECTRIN; TALIN; UTROPHIN; VINCULIN;

ACTIN FILAMENT; CELL JUNCTION; CELL ULTRASTRUCTURE; CYTOSKELETON; EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX; MEMBRANE STABILIZATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SARCOLEMMA; SKELETAL MUSCLE;

EID: 0031252066     PISSN: 02484900     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0248-4900(97)89313-6     Document Type: Review

References (286)

1. Ahn A and Kunkel L (1995) Syntrophin binds to an alternatively spiced exon of dystrophin. J Cell Biol 128, 363-371
2. Ahn A, Freener C, Gussoni E, Yoshida M, Ozawa E and Kunkel L (1996) The three human syntrophin genes are expressed in diverse tissues and its relatives. J Biol Chem 271, 2724-2730
3. Anderson-Cedergren E (1959) Ultrastructure of the motor endplate and sarcoplasmic components of mouse skeletal muscle fiber as revealed by three-dimensional reconstructions from serial sections. J Ultrastruct Res 1, 1-11
4. Anderson R, Correas I, Mazzucco C, Castle J and Marchesi V (1988) Tissue-specific analogues of erythrocyte protein 4.1 retain functional domains. J Cell Biochem 37, 269-284
5. 2+-calmodulin binds to the carboxyl-terminal domain of dystrophin. J Biol Chem 271, 6605-6610
6. Andre B and Springael J (1994) WWP, a new amino acid motif present in single or multiple copies in various proteins including dystrophin and the SH3-binding Yes-associated protein YAP65. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 205, 1201-1205
7. + channels are located and immobilized to synapses of innervated muscle fibres. Nature (Lond) 321, 63-66
8. Apel E, Roberts S, Campbell K and Merlie JP (1995) Rapsyn may function as a link between the acetylcholine receptor and the agrin-binding dystrophin-associated glycoprotein complex. Neuron 15, 115-126
9. Arahata K, Ishiura S, Ishiguro T, Tsukahara T, Suhara Y, Eguchi C, Ishihara T, Nonaka I, Ozawa E and Sugita H (1988) Immunostaining of skeletal and cardiac muscle membrane with antibody against Duchenne muscular dystrophy peptide. Nature (Lond) 333, 861-863
10. 125 focal adhesion kinase (FAK) at the myotendinous junction. J Cell Sci 107, 1485-1497
11. Bar S, Barnea E, Levy Z, Neuman S, Yaffe D and Nudel U (1990) A novel product of the Duchenne muscular dystrophy gene which greatly differs from the known isoforms in its structure and tissue distribution. Biochem J 272, 557-560
12. Belkin A, Zhidkova N and Koteliansky V (1986) Localization of talin in skeletal and cardiac muscles. FEBS Lett 200, 32-36
13. Belkin A, Ornatsky O, Kabakov A, Gluckhova M and Koteliansky V (1988) Diversity of vinculin/meta-vinculin in human tissues and cultivated cells. J Biol Chem 263, 6631-6635
14. Belkin A and Burridge K (1994) Expression and localization of the phosphoglucomutase-related cytoskeletal protein, aciculin, in skeletal muscle. J Cell Sci 107, 1993-2003
15. Belkin A and Burridge K (1995a) Association of aciculin with dystrophin and utrophin J Biol Chem 270, 6328-6337
16. Belkin A and Burridge K (1995b) Localization of utrophin and aciculin at sites of cell-matrix and cell-cell adhesion in cultured cells. Exp Cell Res 221, 132-140
17. Belkin A, Zhidkova N, Balzac F, Altruda F, Tomatis D, Maier A, Tarone G, Koteliansky V and Burridge K (1996) β1D integrin displaces the β1A isoform in striated muscles: localization at junctional structures and signaling potential in nonmuscle cells. J Cell Biol 132, 211-226
18. Bennett V (1990) Spectrin-based membrane skeleton, a multi-potential adaptor membrane and cytoplasm. Physiol Rev 70, 1029-1054
19. Bennett V (1992) Ankyrins - Adaptators between diverse plasma membrane proteins and the cytoplasm. J Biol Chem, 267, 8703-8706
20. Bennett V and Gilligan D (1993) The spectrin-based membrane skeleton and micron-scale organization of the plasma membrane. Ann Rev Cell Biol 9, 27-66
21. Berthier C, Amsellem J and Blaineau S (1995) Visualization of the subsarcolemmal cytoskeleton network of mouse skeletal muscle cells by en face views and application to immunoelectron localization of dystrophin. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 16, 553-566
22. Bewick G, Nicholson L, Young C, Odonnell E and Slater C (1992) Different distributions of dystrophin and related proteins at nerve muscle junctions. Neuroreport 3, 857-860
23. Bewick G, Nicholson L, Young C and Slater C (1993) Relationship of a dystrophin-associated glycoprotein to junctional acetylcholine receptor clusters in rat skeletal muscle. Neuromuscular Disorders 3, 503-506
24. Blake D, Tinsley J and Davies K (1994) The emerging family of dystrophin-related protein. Trends Cell Biol 4, 19-23
25. Blake D, Nawrotzki R, Peters M, Froehner S and Davies K (1996) Isoforms diversity of dystrobrevin, the murine 87-kDa postsynaptic protein. J Biol Chem 271, 7802-7810
26. Bloch R and Hall Z (1983) Cytoskeletal components of the vertebrate neuromuscular junction, vinculin, α-actinin, and filamin. J Cell Biol 97, 217-223
27. Bloch R and Morrow J (1989) An unusual β-spectrin associated with clustered acetylcholine receptors. J Cell Biol 108, 481-493
28. Bockholt S, Otey C, Glenney J and Burridge K (1992) Localization of a 215-kDa tyrosine-phosphorylated protein that cross-reacts with tensin. Exp Cell Res 203, 39-46
29. Bockholt S and Burridge K (1993) Cell spreading on extracellular proteins induces tyrosine phosphorylation of tensin. J Biol Chem 268, 14565-14567
30. Bonet-Kerrache A, Fabbrizio E and Mornet D (1994) N-terminal domain of dystrophin. FEBS Lett 355, 49-53
31. Bonilla E, Samitt C, Miranda A, Hays A, Salviati G, Dimauro S, Kunkel L, Hoffman E and Rowland L (1988) Duchenne muscular dystrophy, deficiency of dystrophin at the muscle cell surface. Cell 54, 447-452
32. Bork P and Sudol M (1994) The WW domain: a signalling site in dystrophin? Trends Biochem Sci 19, 531-533
33. 125-α scorpion toxin. Sodium channel distribution on post-synapric membranes. J Neurosci 12, 454-466
34. Bowe M and Fallon J (1995) The role of agrin in synapse formation. Annu Rev Neurosci 18, 443-462
35. Bozycko D, Decker C, Muschler J and Horwitz A (1989) Integrin on developing and adult skeletal muscle. Exp Cell Res 183, 72-91
36. Brenman J, Chao D, Xia H, Aldape K and Bredt D (1995) Nitric oxide synthase complexed with dystrophin and absent from skeletal muscle sarcolemma in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Cell 82, 743-752
37. Brenman J, Chao D, Gee S, Mcgee A, Craven S, Santillano D, Wu Z, Huang F, Xia H, Peters M, Froehner S and Bredt D (1996) Interaction of nitric oxide synthase with the postsynaptic density protein PSD-95 and α 1-syntrophin mediated by PDZ domains. Cell 84, 757-767
38. Brown R Jr (1996) Dystrophin-associated proteins and the muscular dystrophies: a glossary. Brain Pathol 6, 19-24
39. Burridge K and Connell L (1983) A new protein of adhesion plaques and ruffling membrane J Cell Biol 97, 359-367
40. Burridge K and Mangeat P, (1984) An interaction between vinculin and talin. Nature (Lond) 308, 744-746
41. Byers T, Kunkel L and Watkins S (1991) The subcellular distribution of dystrophin in mouse skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle. J Cell Biol 115, 411-421
42. Byers T, Lidov H and Kunkel L (1993) An alternative dystrophin transcript specific to peripheral nerve. Nature Genet 4, 77-81
43. Calvert R, Bennett P and Gratzer W (1980) Properties and structural role of the subunits of human spectrin. Eur J Biochem 107, 355-361
44. Campanelli J, Roberds S, Campbell K and Scheller R(1994) Role for dystrophin-associated glycoproteins and utrophin in agrin-induced AChR clustering. Cell 77, 663-674
45. Campbell K (1995) Three muscular dystrophies. Loss of cytoskeleton extracellular matrix linkage. Cell 80, 675-679
46. Carbonetto S and Lindenbaum M (1995) The basement membrane at the neuromuscular junction: a synaptic mediatrix. Curr Opin Neurobiol 5, 596-605
47. Carpenter J, Karpati G, Zubrzycka-Gaarn E, Bulman D, Ray P and Worton R (1990) Dystrophin is localized to the plasma membrane of human skeletal muscle fibers by electron-microscopic cytochemical study. Muscle Nerve 13, 376-380
48. Cartaud J, Sobel A, Rousselet A, Devaux PF and Changeux JP (1981) Consequences of alkaline treatment for the ultrastructure of the acetylcholine-receptor-rich membranes from Torpedo marmorata electric organ. J Cell Biol 90, 418-426
49. Cartaud J and Changeux JP (1993) Post-transcriptional compartmentalization of acetylcholine receptor biosynthesis in the subneural domain of muscle and electrocyte junctions. Eur J Neurosci 5, 191-202
50. Castellani L, Reedy M, Airey J, Gallo R, Ciotty M, Falcone G and Alema S (1996) Remodeling of cytoskeleton and triads following activation of v-Src tyrosine kinase in quail myotube. J Cell Sci 109, 1335-1346
51. Castello A, Brocheriou V, Chafey P, Kahn A and Gilgenkrantz H (1996) Characterization of the dystrophin-syntrophin interaction using the two-hybrid system in yeast. FEBS Lett 383, 124-128
52. Chang WJ, Iannaccone S, Lau K, Masters BS, McCabe T, McMillan K, Padre R, Spencer M, Tidballl J and Stull J (1996) Neuronal nitric oxide synthase and dystrophin-deficient muscular dystrophy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93, 9142-9147
53. Clark E and Brugge J (1995) Integrins and signal transduction pathways, the road taken. Science 268, 233-239
54. Clerk A, Strong P and Sewry C (1992) Characterisation of dystrophin during development of human skeletal muscle. Development 114, 395-402
55. Clerk A, Morris G, Dubowitz V, Davies K and Sewry C (1993) Dystrophin-related protein, utrophin, in normal and dystrophic human fetal skeletal muscle. Histochem J. 25, 554-561
56. Couteaux R (1973) Motor end plate structure. In: The structure and function of muscle. 2nd edn (Bourne GE, ed) Academic Press, New York, 483-530
57. Covault J and Sanes J (1986) Distribution of N-CAM in synaptic and extrasynaptic portions of developing and adult skeletal muscle. J Cell Biol 102, 716-730
58. Craig S and Pardo J (1983) Gamma actin, spectrin and intermediate filament proteins colocalize with vinculin at costameres, myofibril-to-sarcolemma attachment sites Cell Motil 3, 449-462
59. Craig S and Johnson R (1996) Assembly of focal adhesion: progress, paradigm, and portents. Curr Opin Cell Biol 8, 74-85
60. Critchley D (1993) Apha-actinins. In: Guidebook to the cytoskeletal and motor proteins (Kreis T, Vale R, eds) Oxford University Press, Oxford, 22-23
61. Cullen M, Walsh J, Nicholson L and Harris J (1990) Ultrastructural localization of dystrophin in human muscle by using gold immunolabelling, Proc Royal Soc Lond (B) 240, 197-210
62. Cullen M, Walsh J, Nicholson L, Harris J, Zubrzycka-Gaarn E, Ray P and Worton R (1991) Immunogold labelling of dystrophin using an antibody to the last 17 amino-acid of the C-terminus. Neuromusc Disord 1, 113-119
63. Danowski B, Imanaka-Yoshida K, Sanger J and Sanger J (1992) Costameres are sites of force transmission to the substratum in adult rat cardiomyocytes. J Cell Biol 118, 1411-1420
64. Davis S, Lu M, Lo S, Lin W, Butler J, Drucker B, Roberts T, An Q and Chen L (1991) Presence of an SH2 domain in the actin-binding protein tensin. Science 252, 712-715
65. Dechiara T, Bowen D, Valenzuela D, Simmons M, Poueymirou W, Thomas S, Kinetz E, Crompton D, Rojas E, Park J, Smith C, DiStefano P, Glass D, Burden S and Yankopoulos G (1996) The receptor tyrosine kinase MuSK is required for neuromuscular junction formation in vivo. Cell 85, 501-512
66. Dedhar S and Hannigan G (1996) Integrin cytoplasmic interactions and bidirectional transmembrane signalling. Curr Opin Cell Biol 8, 657-669
67. Dhermy D (1991) The spectrin super-family. Biol Cell 71, 249-254
68. Dmytrenko G, Pumplin D and Bloch R (1993) Dystrophin is a membrane skeletal network - localization and comparison to other proteins. J Neurosci 13, 547-558
69. Duclerc A and Changeux JP (1995) Acetylcholine receptor gene expression at the developing neuromuscular junction. Physiol Rev 75, 339-368
70. Ebashi S and Ebashi F (1965) α-actinin, a new structural protein from striated muscle. I. Preparation and action on actomyosin-ATP interaction. J Biochem (Tokyo) 58, 7-12
71. Endo T and Masaki T (1984) Differential expression and distribution of chicken skeletal- and smooth-muscle-type α-actinins during myogenesis in culture, J Cell Biol 99, 2322-2332
72. Ervasti J, Olhendieck K, Kahl S, Gaver M and Campbell K (1990) Deficiency of a glycoprotein component of the dystrophin complex in dystrophic muscle. Nature (Lond) 345, 315-319
73. Ervasti J and Campbell K (1991) Membrane organization of the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex. Cell 66, 1121-1131
74. Ervasti J and Campbell K (1993) A role for the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex as a transmembrane linker between laminin and actin. J Cell Biol 122, 809-823
75. Fabbrizio E, Pons F, Robert A, Hugon G, Bonet-Kerrache A and Mornet D (1994) The dystrophin superfamily, variability and complexity. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 15, 595-606
76. Fabbrizio E, Bonet-Kerrache A, Limas F, Hugon G and Mornet D (1995) Dystrophin, the protein that promotes membrane resistance. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 213, 295-301
77. Fardeau M, Tomé F, Collin H, Augier N, Pons F, Léger J and Léger J (1990) Présence d'une protéine de type dystrophine au niveau de la jonction neuromusculaire dans la dystrophie musculaire de Duchenne et la souris mutante 'mdx'. CR Acad Sci Paris 311, serie III, 197-204
78. Ferns M, Deiner M and Hall Z (1996) Agrin-induced acetylcholine receptor clustering in mammalian muscle requires tyrosine phosphorylation. J Cell Biol 132, 937-944
79. 125I-labeled α-bungarotoxin binding at mouse motor endplates. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 71, 1376-1384
80. + channels and ankyrin in neuromuscutar junction is complementary to that of acetylcholine receptors and the 43 kD protein. Neuron 3, 163-175
81. 2 subunits of the dihydropyridine receptor and ankyrin in skeletal muscle triads. Neuron 5, 339-351
82. Froehner S (1991) The submembrane machinery for nicotinic acetylcholine receptor clustering. J Cell Biol 114, 1-7
83. Fuhrer C and Hall Z (1996) Functional interaction of Src family kinases with the acetylcholine receptor in C2 myotubes. J Biol Chem 271, 32474-32481
84. Fujimoto T (1993) Calcium pump of the plasma membrane is localized in caveolae. J Cell Biol 120, 1147-1157
85. Fujimoto T, Miyawaki A and Mikoshiba K (1995) Inositol 1, 4, 5-triphosphate receptor-like protein in plasmalemmal caveolae is linked to actin filaments. J Cell Sci 108, 7-15
86. Gee S, Blacher R, Douville P, Provost P, Yurchenco P and Carbonetto S (1993) Laminin-binding protein-120 from brain is closely related to the dystrophin-associated glycoprotein, dystroglycan, and binds with high affinity to the major heparin binding domain of laminin. J Biol Chem 268, 14972-14980
87. Gee S, Montanaro F, Lindenbaum M and Carbonetto S (1994) Dystroglycan-α, a dystrophin-associated glycoprotein, is a functional agrin receptor. Cell 77, 675-686
88. Geiger B, Tokuyasu K, Dutton A and Singer S (1980) Vinculin, an intracellular protein localized at specialized sites where microfilament bundles terminate at cell membranes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 77, 4127-4131
89. Geiger B (1982) Microheterogeneity of avian and mammalian vinculin. J Mol Biol 159, 685-701
90. Georgatos S, Weber N, Geisler N and Blobel G (1987) Binding of two desmin derivatives to the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope of avian erythrocytes: evidence for a conserved site-specificity in intermediate filament-membrane interactions. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84, 6780-6784
91. Glass D, Bowen D, Stitt T, Radziejewski C, Bruno J, Ryan T, Gies D, Shah S, Mattsson M, Burden S, DiStefano P, Valenzuela D, De Chiara T and Yankopoulos G (1996) Agrin acts via a MuSK receptor complex. Cell 85, 513-523
92. Goodhearl A, Yee A, Sandrock A, Corfas G and Fishbach G (1995) ARIA is concentrated in the synaptic basal lamina of the developing chick neuromuscular junction. J Cell Biol 130, 1423-1434
93. Gorecki D, Monaco A, Derry J, Walker A, Barnard A and Barnard P (1992) Expression of four alternative dystrophin transcripts in brain regions regulated by different promoters. Hum Mol Genet 1, 505-510
94. Granger B and Lazarides E (1978) The existence of an insoluble Z-disc scaffold in chicken skeletal muscle. Cell 15, 1253-1268.
95. Grinnel A (1995) Dynamics of nerve-muscle interaction in developing and mature neuromuscular junctions. Physiol Rev 75, 789-834
96. Hanks S and Polter T (1997) Signaling through adhesion kinase. BioEssays 19, 135-145
97. Hansen J, Skalak R, Chien S and Hoger A (1996) An elastic network model based on the structure of the red blood cell membrane skeleton. Biophys J 70, 146-166
98. Henry M and Campbell K (1996) Dystroglycan: an extracellular matrix receptor linked to the cytoskeleton. Curr Opin Cell Biol 8, 625-631
99. Hildebrand J, Schaller M and Parson J (1995) Paxillin, a tyrosine phosphorylated focal adhesion-associated protein binds to the carboxyl terminal domain of focal adhesion kinase. Mol Biol Cell 6, 637-647
100. Hoch W, Campanelli J and Scheller R (1994) Agrin-induced clustering of acetylcholine receptors: a cytoskeletal link. J Cell Biol 126, 1-4
101. Hoffman E, Brown R and Kunkel L (1987) Dystrophin, the protein product of the Duchenne muscular dystrophy locus, Cell 51, 919-928
102. Horwitz A, Duggan K, Buck C, Beckerle M and Burridge K (1986) Interactions of plasma membrane fibronectin receptor with talin - a transmembrane linkage. Nature (Lond) 320, 531-533
103. Hu R, Watanabe M and Bennet V (1992) Characterization of human brain cDNA encoding the general isoform of β-spectrin. J Biol Chem 267, 18715-18722
104. Humphries M (1996) Integrin activation: the link between ligand binding and signal transduction. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 8, 632-640
105. Ibraghimov-Beskrovnaya O, Ervasti J, Leveille C, Slaughter C, Sernett S and Campbell K (1992) Primary structure of dystrophin-associated glycoproteins linking dystrophin to the extracellular matrix. Nature (Lond) 355, 696-702
106. Ilic D, Damsky C and Yamamoto T (1997) Focal adhesion kinase: at the crossroads of signal transduction. J Cell Sci 110, 401-407
107. Imamura M, Endo T, Kuroda M, Tanaka T and Masaki T (1988) Substructure and higher structure of chicken smooth muscle α-actinin molecule. J Biol Chem 263, 7800-7805
108. Ingber D (1991) Integrins as mechanochemical transducers. Curr Op Cell Biol 3, 841-848
109. Isobe Y and Shimada Y (1986) Organization of filaments underneath the plasma membrane of developing chicken skeletal muscle cells in vitro revealed by the freeze-dry and rotary replica method. Cell Tissue Res 244, 47-56
110. James M, Man NT, Wise C, Jones G and Morris G (1996) Utrophin-dystroglycan complex in membranes of adherent cultured cells. Cell Motil Cytoskel 33, 163-174
111. Jasmin B, Cartaud A, Ludowsky Ma, Changeux JP and Cartaud J (1990) Assymetric distribution in developing and adult Torpedo marmorata electrocyte: evidence for its association with the acetylcholine receptor-rich membrane. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87, 3938-3941
112. Jo S, Marcnioni M and Burden S (1995) Neuregulins are concentrated at nerve-muscle synapses and activate Ach receptor gene expression. Nature (Lond) 373, 158-161
113. Jockusch B and Rüdiger M (1996) Crosstalk between cell adhesion molecules: vinculin as a paradigm for regulation by conformation. Trends Cell Biol 6, 311-315
114. Johnson R and Craig S (1995) F-actin binding site masked by the intramolecular association of vinculin head and tail domains. Nature (Lond) 373, 261-264
115. Jones P, Jackson P, Price G, Patet B, Ohanion V, Lear A and Critchley D (1989) Identification of a talin binding site in the cytoskeletal protein vinculin. J Cell Biol 109, 2917-2927
116. Jung D, Duclos F, Apostol B, Straub V, Lee J, Allamand V, Venzke D and Sunada Y (1996) Characterization of delta-sarcoglycan, a novel component of the oligomeric sarcoglycan complex involved in limb-girdle muscular dystrophy. J Biol Chem 271, 32321-32329
117. Karpati G, Carpenter S, Morris G, Davies K, Guerin C and Holland P (1993) Localization and quantitation of the chromosome 6-encoded dystrophin-related protein in normal and pathological human muscle. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 52, 119-128
118. Khurana T, Watkins S and Kunkel L (1992) The subcellular distribution of chromosome 6-encoded dystrophin-related protein in the brain. J Cell Biol 119, 357-366
119. Klietsch R, Ervasti J, Arnold W, Campbell K and Jorgensen A (1993) Dystrophin-glycoprotein complex and laminin colocalize to the sarcolemma and transverse tubules of cardiac muscle cells. Circ Res 72, 349-360
120. Knudsen K (1990) Cell adhesion molecules in myogenesis. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2, 902-906
121. Kobayashi T, Ohno S, Park-matsumoto Y, Kameda N and Baba T (1995) Developmental studies of dystrophin and other cytoskeletal proteins in cultured muscle cells. Microsc Res Tech 30, 437-457
122. Kobzik L, Reid M, Bredt D and Stamler J (1994) Nitric oxide in skeletal muscle. Nature (Lond) 372, 546-548
123. Koenig M, Hoffman E, Bertelson C, Monaco A, Feener C and Kunkel L (1987) Complete cloning of the Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) cDNA and preliminary genomic organization of the DMD gene in normal and affected individuals. Cell 50, 509-517
124. Koenig M, Monaco A and Kunkel L (1988) The complete sequence of dystrophin predicts a rod-shaped cytoskeletal protein. Cell 53, 219-228
125. Koenig M and Kunkel L (1990) Detailed analysis of the repeat domain of dystrophin reveals four potential hinge segments that may confer flexibility. J Biol Chem 265, 4560-4566
126. th Coll Maladies Neuromusculaires AFM, p 197
127. Kramarcy N, Vidal A, Froehner S and Sealock R (1994) Association of utrophin and multiple dystrophin short forms with the mammalian-m(r) 58, 000 dystrophin-associated protein (syntrophin). J Biol Chem 269, 2870-2876
128. Kusumi A and Sako Y (1996) Cell surface organization by the membrane skeleton. Curr Opin Cell Biol 8, 566-574
129. Lafrenie R and Yamada K (1996) Integrin-dependent signal transduction. J Cell Biochem 61, 543-553
130. Lazarides E (1980) Intermediate filaments as mechanical integrators of cellular space. Nature (Lond) 283, 249-256
131. Lazarides E and Granger B (1983) Transcytoplasmic integration in avian erythrocytes and striated muscle, the role of intermediate filaments. Modern Cell Biol 2, 143-162
132. Li Z, Mericskay M, Agbulut O, Butler-Browne G, Carlsson L., Thornell LE, Babinet C and Paulin D (1997) Desmin is essential for the tensile strength and integrity of myofibrils but not for myogenic commitment, differentiation, and fusion of skeletal muscle. J Cell Biol 139, 129-144
133. Litman D, Hsu C and Marchesi V (1980) Evidence that spectrin binds to macromolecular complexes on the inner surface of the red cell membrane. J Cell Sci 42, 1-22
134. Liu S, Derick L and Palek J (1987) Visualization of the hexagonal lattice in the erythrocyte membrane skeleton. J Cell Biol 104, 527-536
135. Liu S and Derick L (1992) Molecular anatomy of the red blood cell membrane skeleton, structure-function relationships. Semin Hematol 29, 231-243
136. Lo S, Weisberg E and Chen L (1994a) Tensin, a potential link between the cytoskeleton and signal transduction. BioEssays 16, 817-823
137. Lo S, Janmey P, Hartwig J and Chen L (1994b) Interactions of tensin with actin and identification of its three distinct actin-binding domains. J Cell Biol 125, 1067-1075
138. Love D, Hill D, Dickson G, Spurr N, Byth B, Marsden R, Walsh F, Edwards Y and Davies K (1989) An autosomal transcript in skeletal muscle with homology with dystrophin. Nature (Lond) 339, 55-58
139. Love D, Morris G, Ellis J, Fairbrother U, Marsden R, Bloomfield J, Edwards Y, Slater C, Parry DJ and Davies KE (1991) Tissue distribution of the dystrophin-related gene product and expression in the mdx and dy mouse. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88, 3243-3247
140. Luna E and Hitt A (1992) Cytoskeleton-plasma membrane interactions. Science 258, 955-963
141. Lupa M and Caldwell J (1991) Effect of agrin on the distribution of acetylcholine receptors and sodium channels on adult skeletal muscle fibers in culture. J Cell Biol 115, 765-778
142. Lupa M, Krzemien D, Schaller K and Caldwell J (1993) Aggregation of sodium channels during development and maturation of the neuromuscular junction. J Neurosci 13, 1326-1336
143. Madhavan R and Jarrett H (1995) Interactions between dystrophin glycoprotein complex proteins. Biochemistry 34, 12204-12209
144. Man NT, Ellis J, Love D, Davies K, Gatter K, Dickson G and Morris G (1991) Localization of the DMDL gene-encoded dystrophin-related protein using a panel of 19 monoclonal antibodies. Presence at neuromuscular junctions, in the sarcolemma of dystrophic skeletal muscle, in vascular and other smooth muscles, and in proliferating brain cell lines. J Cell Biol 115, 1695-1700
145. Man NT, Helliwell T, Simmons C, Winder S, Kendrick-Jones J, Davies K and Morris G (1995) Full-length and short forms of utrophin, the dystrophin-related protein. FEBS Lett 358, 262-266
146. Mangeat PH (1988) Interaction of biological membranes with the cytoskeletal framework of living cells. Biol Cell 64, 261-281
147. Marchesi V and Steers E Jr (1968) Selective solubilization of a protein component of the red cell membrane. Science 159, 203-205
148. Martin P, Kaufman S, Kramer R and Sanes J (1996) Synaptic integrins in developing, adult, and mutant muscle. Selective association of α 1, α 7A, and α TB integrins with the neuromuscular junction. Dev Biol 174, 125-139
149. Massa R, Silvestri G, Sancesario G and Bernardi G (1995) Immunocytochemical localization of vinculin in muscle and nerve. Muscle Nerve 18, 1277-1284
150. Masuda T, Fujimaki N, Ozawa E and Ishikawa H (1992) Confocal laser microscopy of dystrophin localization in guinea pig skeletal muscle fibers. J Cell Biol 119, 543-548
151. Matsumura K, Ervasti J, Ohlendieck K, Kahl S and Campbell K (1992a) Association of dystrophin-related protein with dystrophin-associated proteins in mdx mouse muscle. Nature (Lond) 360, 588-591
152. Matsumura K, Tome F, Collin H, Azibi K, Chouch M, Kaplan JC, Fardeau M and Campbell K (1992b) Deficiency of the 50K dystrophin-associated glycoprotein in severe childhood autosomal recessive muscular dystrophy. Nature (Lond) 359, 320-322
153. Matsumura K, Shasby D and Campbell K (1993a) Purification of dystrophin-related protein (utrophin) from lung and its identification in pulmonary artery endothelial cells. FEBS Lett 326, 289-293
154. Matsumura K, Yamada H, Shimizu T and Campbell K (1993b) Differential expression of dystrophin, utrophin and dystrophin- associated proteins in peripheral nerve. FEBS Lett 334, 281-285
155. Mayor S, Rothberg K and Mikoshiba K (1994) Sequestration of GPI-anchored proteins in caveolae triggered by cross-linking. Science 264, 1948-1951
156. McDonald K, Lakonishok M and Horwitz A (1995) α-v and α-3 integrin subunits are associated with myofibrils during myofibrillogenesis. J Cell Sci 108, 975-983
157. McGregor A, Blanchard A, Rowe A and Critchley D (1994) Identification of the vinculin-binding site in the cytoskeletal protein α-actinin. Biochem J 301, 225-233
158. Mejean C, Lebart M, Roustan C and Benyamin Y (1995) Inhibition of actin-dystrophin interaction by inositide phosphate. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 210, 152-158
159. Meng H, Leddy J, Frank J, Holland P and Tuana B (1996) The association of cardiac dystrophin with myofibrils/Z disc regions in cardiac muscle suggest a novel role in the contractile apparatus. J Biol Chem 271, 12364-12371
160. Menke A and Jockusch H (1991) Decreased osmotic stability of dystrophin-less muscle cells from the mdx mouse. Nature (Lond) 349, 69-71
161. Menke A and Jockusch H (1995) Extend of shock-induced membrane leakage in human and mouse myotubes depends on dystrophin. J Cell Sci 108, 727-733
162. Michalak M, Fu S, Milner R, Busaan J and Hance J (1996) Phosphorylation of the carboxyl-terminal region of dystrophin. Biochem Cell Biol 109, 1335-1346
163. Miike T, Miyatake M, Zhao J, Yoshioda M and Uchino M (1989) Immunohistochemical dystrophin reaction in synaptic regions. Brain Dev 11, 344-346
164. Milam L (1985) Electron microscopy of rotary shadowed vinculin and vinculin complexes. J Mol Biol 184, 543-545
165. Milner R, Busaan J and Michalak M (1992) Isolation and characterization of different C-terminal fragments of dystrophin expressed in Escherichia coli. Biochem J 288, 1037-1044
166. Milner D, Weitzer G, Tran D, Bradley A and Capetanaki Y (1996) Disruption of muscle architecture and myocardial degeneration in mice lacking desmin. J Cell Biol 134, 1255-1270
167. Miyamoto S, Teramoto H, Coso O, Gutkind S, Burbelo P, Akiyama S and Yamada K (1995) Integrin function: molecular hierarchies of cytoskeletal and signaling molecules. J Cell Biol 131, 791-805
168. Molony LM (1985) Molecular shape and self association of vinculin and metavinculin. J Cell Biochem 29, 31-36
169. Molony L, McCaslin D, Abernethy J, Paschal B and Burridge K (1987) Properties of talin from chicken gizzard smooth muscle. J Biol Chem 262, 7790-7795
170. Morrow J, Speicher D, Knowles W, Hsu C and Marchesi V (1980) Identification of functional domains of human erythrocyte spectrin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 77, 6592-6596
171. Mugumura M, Matsumara S and Fukazawa T (1990) Direct interactions between talin and actin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 171, 1217-1223
172. Mugumura M, Nishimuta S, Tomisaka Y, Ito T and Matsumura S (1995) Organization of the functional domains in membrane cytoskeletal protein talin. J Biochem 117, 1036-1042
173. Nakane M, Schmidt H, Pollock J, Forstermann U and Murad F (1993) Cloned human brain nitric oxide synthase is highly expressed in skeletal muscle. FEBS Lett 316, 175-180
174. 1-integrin-mediated calcium signaling in a hepatocyte cell line. Exp Cell Res 218, 479-484
175. Nelson W and Lazarides E (1983) Expression of the β-subunit of spectrin in nonerythroid cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 80, 363-367
176. Nelson W and Lazarides E (1984) Globin (ankyrin) in striated muscle; identification of the potential membrane receptor for erythroid spectrin in muscle cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 81, 3292-3296
177. Nigro V, Piluso G, Belsito A, Politano L, Puca A, Papparella S, Rossi E, Viglietto G, Esposito M, Abbondanza C, Medici N, Molinari A, Nigro G and Puca G (1996) Identification of a novel sarcoglycan gene at 5q33 encoding a sarcolemmal 35 kDa glycoprotein. Hum Mol Genet 5, 1179-1186
178. North A, Galzkiewicz B, Byers T, Glenney J and Small V (1993) Complementary distributions of vinculin and dystrophin define two distinct sarcolemma domains in smooth muscle. J Cell Biol 120, 1159-1167
179. Ohanian V, Wolfe L, John K, Pinder J, Lux S and Gratzer W (1984) Analysis of the ternary interaction of the red cell membrane skeletal proteins spectrin, actin and 4.1. Biochemistry 23, 4416-4420
180. Ohlendieck K and Campbell K (1991) Dystrophin-associated proteins are greatly reduced in skeletal muscle from mdx mice. J Cell Biol 115, 1685-1694
181. Ohlendieck K, Ervasti J, Matsumura K, Kahl S, Leveille C and Campbell K (1991) Dystrophin-related protein is localized to neuromuscular junctions of adult skeletal muscle. Neuron 7, 499-508
182. Ohlendieck K (1996) Toward an understanding of the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex: linkage between the extracellular matrix and the membrane cytoskeleton in muscle fibers. Eur J Cell Biol 69, 1-10
183. Otey C, Kalnoski M and Bulinski J (1988) Immunolocalization of muscle and nonmuscle isoforms of actin in myogenic cells and adult skeletal muscle. Cell Motil Cytoskel 9, 337-348
184. 1 integrin subunit in vitro. J Cell Biol 111, 721-729
185. FAK in the focal adhesion, Int Rev Cytol 167, 161-183
186. Palade G and Palay S (1954) Electron microscopic observations of interneuronal and neuromuscular synapses (Abstract). Anat Rec 118, 346-356
187. Pardo J, Pittenger M and Craig S (1983a) Subcellular sorting of isoactins, selective association of γ-actin with skeletal muscle mitochondria. Cell 32, 1093-1103
188. Pardo J, Siliciano J and Craig S (1983b) A vinculin-containing cortical lattice in skeletal muscle. Transverse lattice elements ('costameres') mark sites of attachment between myofibrils and the sarcolemma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 80, 1008-1012
189. Pardo J, Siliciano D and Craig S (1983c) Vinculin is a component of an extensive network of myofibril-sarcolemma attachment regions in cardiac muscle fibers. J Cell Biol 97, 1081-1088
190. Parsons J (1996) Integrin-mediated signalling: regulation by protein tyrosine kinases and small GTP-binding proteins. Curr Opin Cell Biol 8, 146-152
191. Pasternak C, Wong S and Elson E (1995) Mechanical function of dystrophin in muscle cells. J Cell Biol 128, 355-361
192. Pavalko F, Otey C, Simon K and Burridge K (1991) α-actimn: a direct link between actin and integrins. Biochem Soc Trans 19, 1065-1069
193. Peters M, Kramarcy N, Sealock R and Froehner S (1994) β 2-syntrophin, localization at the neuromuscular junction in skeletal muscle. Neuroreport 5, 1577-1580
194. Peters L, John K, Lu F, Eicher E, Higgins A, Yialamas M, Turtzo C, Otsuka A and Lux S (1995) Ank3 (epithelial ankyrin), a widely distributed new member of the ankyrin gene family and the major ankyrin in kidney, is expressed in alternatively spliced forms, including forms that lack the repeat domain. J Cell Biol 130, 313-330
195. Petrof B, Shrager J, Stedman H, Kelly A and Sweeney H (1993) Dystrophin protects the sarcolemma from stresses developed during muscle contraction. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90, 3710-3714
196. Philips W, Noakes P, Roberds S, Campbell K and Merlie J (1993) Clustering and immobilization of acetylcholine receptors by the 43-kD protein: a possible role for dystrophin-related protein. J Cell Biol 123, 729-740
197. Pierobon-Bormioli S (1981) Transverse sarcomere filamentous system: 'Z and M cables'. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2, 401-413
198. Pons F, Augier N, Heilig R, Leger J, Mornet D and Leger J (1990) Isolated dystrophin molecules as seen by electron microscopy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87, 7851-7855
199. Pons F, Robert A, Fabbrizio E, Hugon G, Califano J, Martinez J and Mornet D (1994a) Utrophin localization in normal and dystrophin-deficient heart. Circulation 90, 369-374
200. Pons F, Robert A, Marini JF and Leger J (1994b) Does utrophin expression in muscles of mdx mice during postnatal development functionally compensate for dystrophin deficiency? J Neurol Sci 122, 162-170
201. Ponting C, Blake D, Davies K, Kendrick-Jones J and Winder S (1996) ZZ and TAZ: new putative zinc finger in dystrophin and other proteins. Trends Biochem Sci 21, 11-13
202. Porter G, Dmytrenko G, Winkelmann J and Bloch R (1992) Dystrophin colocalizes with β-spectrin in distinct subsarcolemmal domains in mammalian skeletal muscle. J Cell Biol 117, 997-1005
203. Probstmeier R, Kuhn K and Schachner M (1989) Binding properties of the neural cell adhesion molecule to different components of the extracellular matrix. J Neurochem 53, 1794-1801
204. Pumplin D (1995). The membrane skeleton of acetylcholine receptor domains in rat myotubes contains antiparallel homodimers of β spectrin in filaments quantitatively resembling those of erythrocytes. J Cell Sci 108, 3145-3154
205. Rapaport D, Greenberg D, Tal M, Yaffe D and Nudel U (1993) Dp71, the nonmuscle product of the Duchenne muscular dystrophy gene is associated with the cell membrane. FEBS Lett 328, 197-202
206. Rees D, Ades S, Singer S and Hynes R (1990) Sequence and domain structure of talin. Nature (Lond) 347, 685-689
207. Reid M (1996) Reactive oxygen and nitric oxide in skeletal muscle. News Physiol Sci 11, 114-119
208. Reist N, Werle M and McMahan U (1992) Agrin released by motor neurons induces the aggregation of acetylcholine receptors at neuromuscular junctions. Neuron 8, 865-868
209. Repasky E, Granger B and Lazarides E (1982) Widespread occurence of avian spectrin in nonerythroid cells. Cell 29, 821-833
210. Rieger F, Grumet M and Edelman G (1985) N-CAM at the vertebrate neuromuscular junction, J Cell Biol 107, 1139-1145
211. Roberds S, Anderson R, Ibraghimov-Beskrovnaya O and Campbell K (1993) Primary structure and muscle-specific expression of the 50-kDa dystrophin-associated glycoprotein (adhalin). Eur J Biochem 268, 23739-23742
212. Rybakova I, Amann K and Ervasti J (1996) A new model for the interaction of dystrophin with F-actin. J Cell Biol 135, 661-672
213. Sadoulet-Puccio H, Khurana T, Cohen J and Kunkel L (1996) Cloning and characterization of the human homologue of a dystrophin related phosphoprotein found at the Torpedo electric organ post-synaptic membrane. Hum Mol Genet 5, 489-496
214. Samit C and Bonilla E (1990) Immunochemical study of dystrophin at the myotendinous junction. Muscle Nerve 13, 493-500
215. Sanes J (1995) The synaptic cleft of the neuromuscular junction. Dev Biol 6, 163-173
216. Sastry S, Lakonishok M, Thomas D, Muschler J and Horwitz (1996) Integrin α subunit ratios, cytoplasmic domains, and growth factor synergy regulate proliferation and differentiation. J Cell Biol 133, 169-184
217. Sato O, Nonomura Y, Kimura S and Maruyama K (1992) Molecular shape of dystrophin. J Biochem 112, 631-636
218. 125 FAK-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation of paxillin creates a high-affinity binding site for Crk, Mol Cell Biol 15, 2635-2645
219. v integrins mediate the rise in intracellular calcium in endothelial cells on fibronectin even though they play a minor role in adhesion. J Biol Chem 269, 11133-11137
220. Schwatz M, Schaller M and Ginsberg M (1995) Integrins: emerging paradigm of signal transduction. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 1, 549-599
221. Sealock R, Paschal B, Beckerle M and Burridge K (1986) Talin is a post-synaptic component of the rat neuromuscular junction. Exp Cell Res 163, 143-150
222. Sealock R, Butler M, Kramarcy N, Gao K, Murnane A, Douville K and Froehner S (1991) Localization of dystrophin relative to acetylcholine receptor domains in electric tissue and adult and cultured skeletal muscle. J Cell Biol 113, 1133-1144
223. Sealock R and Froehner S (1994) Dystrophin-associated proteins and synapse formation: is α-dystroglycan the agrin receptor? Cell 77, 617-619
224. Senter L, Luise M, Presotto C, Betto R, Teresi A, Ceoldo S and Salviati G (1993) Interaction of dystrophin with cytoskeletal proteins - binding to talin and actin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 192, 899-904
225. Senter L, Ceoldo S, Petrusa M and Salviati G (1995) Phosphorylation of dystrophin, effects on actin binding. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 206, 57-63
226. Sewry C, Matsumura K, Campbell K and Dubowitz V (1994) Expression of dystrophin-associated glycoproteins and utrophin in carriers of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Neuromusc Disord 4, 401-409
227. Shear C and Bloch R (1985) Vinculin in subsarcolemmal densities in chicken skeletal muscle. Localization and relationship to intracellular and extracellular structures. J Cell Biol 101, 240-256
228. Shemanko C, Sanghera J, Milner R, Pelech S and Michalak M (1995) Phosphorylation of the carboxyl terminal region of dystrophin by mitogen activated protein (map) kinase. Mol Cell Biochem 152, 63-70
229. Shotton D, Burke B and Branton D (1979a) The molecular structure of human erythrocyte spectrin. Biophysical and electron microscopic studies. J Mol Biol 131, 303-329
230. Shotton D, Heuser J and Reese B (1979b) Postsynaptic membrane folds at the frog neuromuscular junction vizualized by scanning electron microscopy. Neuroscience 4, 427-439
231. Sjaastad M and Nelson J (1997) Integrin-mediated calcium signaling and regulation of cell adhesion by intracellular calcium. BioEssays 19, 47-55
232. Small J, Furst D and Thornell L (1992) The cytoskeletal lattice of muscle cells. Eur J Biochem 208, 559-572
233. Song K, Scherer P, Tang Z, Okamoto T, Li S, Chafel M, Chu C, Kotz D and Lisanti M (1996) Expression of caveolin-3 in skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle cells. Caveolin-3 is a component of the sarcolemma and co-fractionates with dystrophin and dystrophin-associated glycoproteins. J Biol Chem 271, 15160-15165
234. Squarzoni S, Sabatelli P, Maltarello M, Cataldi A, Di Primio R and Maraldi N (1992) Localization of dystrophin COOH-terminal domain by the fracture-label technique, J Cell Biol 118, 1401-1409
235. Srinivasan Y, Elmer L and Davis J (1988) Ankyrin and spectrin associate with the voltage-dependant sodium channel from brain. Nature (Lond) 333, 177-180
236. Street S (1983) Lateral transmission of tension in frog myofibers, a myofibrillar network and transverse cytoskeletal connections are possible transmitters. J Cell Physiol 114, 346-364
237. Sugiyama J Bowen D and Hell Z (1994) Dystroglycan binds nerve and muscle agrin. Neuron 13, 103-115
238. Sunada Y, Bernier S, Kozak C, Yamada Y and Campbell K (1994) Deficiency of merosin in dystrophic dy mice and genetic linkage of laminin m chain gene to dy locus. J Biol Chem 269, 13729-13732
239. Suzuki A, Yoshida M, Hayashi K, Mizuno Y, Hagiwara Y and Ozawa E (1994) Molecular organization at the glycoprotein-complex- binding site of dystrophin - three dystrophin-associated proteins bind directly to the carboxyterminal portion of dystrophin. Eur J Biochem 220, 283-292
240. 1-syntrophin bind to the alternative splice-prone region of the dystrophin COOH terminus. J Cell Biol 128, 373-381
241. Takeuchi K, Kawashima A, Nagafuchi and Tsukita S (1994) Structural diversity of band 4.1 superfamily members. J Cell Sci 107, 1921-1928
242. Terracio L, Simpson D, Hilenski L, Carver W, Decker R, Vinson N and Borg T (1990) Distribution of vinculin in the Z-disc of striated muscle, analysis by laser scanning confocal microscopy. J Cell Physiol 145, 78-87
243. Tidball J and Daniel T (1986a) Myotendinous junctions of tonic muscle cells: structure and loading. Cell Tissue Res 245, 315-322
244. Tidball J, O'Halloran T and Burridge K (1986b) Talin at myotendinous junctions. J Cell Biol 103, 1465-1472
245. Tidball J (1987) Alpha-actinin is absent from the terminal segments of myofibrils and from subsarcolemmal densities in frog skeletal muscle. Exp Cell Res 170, 469-482
246. Tidball J and Law D (1991) Dystrophin is required for normal thin filament-membrane associations at myotendinous junctions. Am J Pathol 138, 17-21
247. Tidball J (1992) Desmin at myotendinous junctions. Exp Cell Res 199, 206-212
248. Tilney L and Detmers P (1975) Actin in erythrocyte ghosts and its association with spectrin. J Cell Biol 66, 508-520
249. Tinsley J, Blake D, Roche A, Fairbrother U, Riss J, Byth B, Knight A, Kendrickjones J, Suthers G, Love D, Edwards Y and Davies K (1992) Primary structure of dystrophin-related protein. Nature (Lond) 360, 591-593
250. Tinsley J, Blake D, Zuellig R and Davies K (1994) Increasing complexity of the dystrophin-associated protein complex. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91, 8307-8313
251. Tinsley J, Potter A, Phelps S, Fisher R, Trickett J and Davies K (1996) Amelioration of the dystrophic phenotype of mdx mice using a truncated utrophin transgene. Nature (Lond) 384, 349-352
252. Tokuyasu K, Dutton A and Singer S (1983) Immunoelectron microscopic studies of desmin (skeletin) localization and intermediate filament organization in chicken skeletal muscle. J Cell Biol 96, 1727-1735
253. Trotter J, Hsi K, Samora A and Wofsy C (1985) A morphometric analysis of the muscle-tendon junction. Anat Record 213, 26-32
254. Turner C, Gleynney J and Burridge K (1990) Paxillin: a new vinculin binding protein present in focal adhesion. J Cell Biol 111, 1059-1068
255. Turner C, Kramarcy N, Sealock R and Burridge K (1991) Localization of paxillin, a focal adhesion protein, to smooth muscle dense plaques, and the myotendinous and neuromuscular junctions of skeletal muscle. Exp Cell Res 192, 651-655
256. Turner C (1994) Paxillin: a cytoskeletal target for tyrosine kinases. BioEssays 16, 47-52
257. Valenzuela D, Stitt T, DiStefano P, Rojas E, Mattsson K, Crompton D, Nunez L, Park J, Stark J, Gies D, Thomas S, Le Beau M, Fernard A, Copeland N, Jenkins N, Burden S, Glass D and Yankopoulos G (1995) Receptor tyrosine kinase specific for the skeletal muscle lineage: expression in embryonic muscle at the neuromuscular junction and after injury. Neuron 15, 573-584
258. 1 integrin isoform produced by alternative splicing: unique expression in cardiac and skeletal muscle. FEBS Lett 369, 340-344
259. Viel A and Branton D (1996) Spectrin: on the path from structure to function. Curr Opin Cell Biol 8, 49-55
260. Volk T, Fessier L and Fessier J (1990) A role for integrin in the formation of cytoarchitecture. Cell 63, 525-536
261. Vybiral T, Winkelmann J, Joe E, Casey D, Williams J and Epstein H (1992) Human cardiac and skeletal muscle spectrins, differential expression and localization. Cell Motil Cytoskel 21, 293-304
262. Wakayama Y and Shibuya S (1991a) Antibody-decorated dystrophin molecule of murine skeletal myofiber as seen by freeze-etching electron microscopy. J Electron Microsc 40, 143-145
263. Wakayama Y and Shibuya S. (1991b) Gold-labelled dystrophin molecule in muscle plasmalemma of mdx control mice as seen by electron microscopy of deep etching replica. Acta Neuropathol 82, 178-184
264. Wakayama Y, Shibuya S, Jimi T, Takeda A and Oniki H (1993) Size and localization of dystrophin molecule - immunoelectron microscopic and freeze etching studies of muscle plasma membranes of murine skeletal myofibers. Acta Neuropathol 86, 567-577
265. Wallace BG (1995) Regulation of the interaction of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors with the cytoskeleton by agrin-activated protein tyrosine-kinase. J Cell Biol 128, 1121-1129
266. Wang N, Butler J and Ingber D (1993) Mechanotransduction accross the cell surface and through the cytoskelefon. Science 260, 1124-1127
267. Wang T, Xie Z and Lu B (1995) Nitric oxide mediates activity-dependant synaptic suppression at developing neuromuscular synapses. Nature (Lond) 374, 262-266
268. Watkins S, Huffman E, Slayter H and Kunkel L (1988) Immunoelectron microscopic localization of dystrophin in myofibres. Nature (Lond) 333, 863-866
269. Wessels A, Ginjaar I, Moorman A and Van Ommen G (1991) Different localization of dystrophin in developing and adult human skeletal muscle. Muscle Nerve 14, 1-7
270. Wilkins J and Lin S (1986) A re-examination of the interaction of vinculin with actin. J Cell Biol 102, 1085-1092
271. Winder S, Gibson T and Kendrick-Jones J (1995a) Dystrophin and utrophin, the missing links! FEBS Lett 369, 27-33
272. Winder S, Hemmings L, Maciver S, Bolton S, Tinsley J, Davies K, Critchley D and Kendrick-Jones J (1995b) Utrophin actin binding domain-Analysis of actin binding and cellular targeting. J Cell Sci 108, 63-71
273. Winder S (1996) Structure-function relationships in dystrophin and utrophin. Biochem Soc Trans 24, 497-501
274. Winkelmann J, Costa F, Linzie B and Forget B (1990) Beta-spectrin in human skeletal muscle, tissue-specific differential expression of 3′ β-spectrin pre-mRNA generates a β-spectrin isoform with a unique carboxyl terminus. J Biol Chem 265, 20449-20454
275. Yamada K and Miyamoto S (1995) Integrin transmembrane signaling and cytoskeletal control. Curr Op Cell Biol 7, 681-689
276. Yamada K and Geiger B (1997) Molecular interactions in cell adhesion complexes. Curr Opin Cell Biol 9, 76-85
277. Yang B, Jung D, Motto D, Meyer J, Koretzky G and Campbell K (1995a) SH3 domain-mediated interaction of dystroglycan and Grb2. J Biol Chem 270, 11711-11714
278. Yang B, Jung D, Rafael J, Chamberlain J and Campbell K (1995b) Identification of α syntrophin binding to syntrophin triplet, dystrophin, and utrophin. J Biol Chem 270, 4975-4978
279. Yeadon J, Lin H, Dyer S and Burden S (1991) Dystrophin is a component of the subsynaptic membrane. J Cell Biol 115, 1069-1076
280. Yoshida M and Ozawa E (1990) Glycoprotein complex anchoring dystrophin to sarcolemma. J Biol Chem 108, 748-752
281. Yoshida M, Suzuki A, Yamamoto H, Nogushi S, Mizuno Y and Ozawa E (1994) Dissociation of the complex of dystrophin and its associated proteins into several unique groups by n-octyl β-d-glucoside. Eur J Biochem 222, 1055-1061
282. Yoshida M, Yamamoto H, Nogushi S, Mizuno Y, Hagiwara Y and Ozawa E (1995) Dystrophin-associated protein AO is a homologue of the Torpedo 87K protein. FEBS Lett 367, 311-314
283. Yoshida M, Noguchi S, Wakabayashi E, Piluso G, Betsito A, Nigro G and Ozawa E (1997) The fourth component of the sarcoglycan complex. FEBS Lett 403, 143-148
284. Zhou D, Birkenmeier C, Williams M, Sharp J and Barker J (1997) Small, membrane-bound, alternatively spliced forms of ankyrin 1 associated with the sarcoplasmic reticulum of mammalian skeletal muscle. J Cell Biol 136, 621-631
285. Zhu X, Lai C, Thomas S and Burden S (1995) Neuregulin receptors, erbB3 and erbB4, are localized at neuromuscular synapses. EMBO J 14, 5842-5848
286. Zubrzycka-Gaarn E, Bulman D, Karpati G, Burghes A, Belfall B, Klamut H, Talbot J, Hodges R, Ray P and Worton R (1988) The Duchenne muscular dystrophy gene product is localized in sarcolemma of human skeletal muscle. Nature (Lond) 333, 466-469