Factors controlling growth and matrix production in vascular smooth muscle and glomerular mesangial cells

Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension

Volumn 6, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 88-105

  Dubey, Raghvendra K ^a,c   Jackson, Edwin K ^a   Rupprecht, Harald D ^b   Bernd Sterzel, R ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ERLANGEN NUREMBERG   (Germany)

^c UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CONTROL SYSTEM; EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX; HUMAN; MESANGIUM CELL; MUSCLE GROWTH; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE;

ANGIOTENSIN II; ANIMALS; EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX; GLOMERULAR MESANGIUM; GROWTH SUBSTANCES; HUMANS; MUSCLE DEVELOPMENT; MUSCLE, SMOOTH, VASCULAR;

EID: 0031053170     PISSN: 10624821     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00041552-199701000-00016     Document Type: Review

References (170)

1. Schwartz SM, deBlois D, O Brien ERM: The intima: soil for atherosclerosis and restenosis. Circ Res 1995, 77:445-465. A extensive review with 322 references discussing the mechanisms and autocrine or paracrine factors contributing to VSMC replication in hypertension, atherosclerosis and restenosis.
2. Luscher TF, Dubey RK: Endothelium and platelet derived vasoactive substances: role in regulation of vascular tone and growth. In Hypertension: pathophysiology, diagonosis and management, 2nd edn. Edited by Laragh JH, Brenner BM. New York: Raven Press Ltd; 1995:609-630.
3. Nikol S, Huehns TY, Hofling B: Molecular biology and post angioplasty restenosis. Atherosclerosis 1996, 123:17-31.
4. Egido J: Vasoactive hormones and renal sclerosis. Kidney Int 1996, 49:578-597. A recent review with 229 references discussing the role of angiotensin II and endothelin in regulating VSMC and GMC growth in vascular and renal sclerosis.
5. Wardle N: Glomerulosclerosis: the final pathway is clarified, but can we deal with the triggers? Nephron 1996, 73:1-7.
6. Mene P, Pugliese F, Cinotti GA: Adhesion of U-937 monocytes induces cytotoxic damage and subsequent proliferation of cultured human mesangial cells. Kidney Int 1996, 50:417-423.
7. Hugo C, Pichler R, Gordon K, Schmidt R, Amieva M, Couser WG, Furthmayr H, Johnson RJ: The cytoskeletal linking proteins, moesin and radixin, are upregulated by platelet derived growth factor, but not basic fibroblast growth factor in experimental mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis. J Clin Invest 1996, 97:2499-2508. In rats with mesangial proliferative nephritis induced by injecting anti-Thy-1 the expression of moesin and radixin is increased in infiltrating macrophages and in activated, alpha smooth muscle actin-positive mesangial cells in areas of glomerular remodeling. The increases in these cytoskeletal proteins were inhibited by antibodies to PDGF, but not FGF, suggesting that PDGF-mediated upregulation of cytoskeletal proteins is important for cell migration.
8. Lee LK, Meyer TW, Pollock AS, Lovett DH: Endothelial cell injury initiates glomerular sclerosis in the rat remnant kidney. J Clin Invest 1995, 96:953-964. Using in-situ reverse transcription, the glomerular cell sites of alpha 1(1V) collagen, fibronectin, laminin B1, angiotensinogen and TGF-β1 mRNA synthesis was determined at sequential periods following renal ablation. The study provides evidence that as a result of hemodynamic changes, injured or activated endothelium synthesizes angiotensinogen, triggering a cascade of TGF-β1, and matrix protein gene expression with resultant development of the segmental glomerular sclerotic lesion.
9. Bergijk EC, Heer Ede, Hoedemaeker PJ, Bruijn JA: A reappraisal of immune-mediated glomerosclerosis. Kidney Int 1996, 49:605-611.
10. Hamet P: Proliferation and apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle in hypertension. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 1995, 4:1-7.
11. Sugiyama H, Kashihara N, Makino H, Yamasaki Y, Ota Z: Apoptosis in glomerular sclerosis. Kidney Int 1996, 49:103-111.
12. Savill J, Mooney A, Hughes J: Apoptosis and renal scarring. Kidney Int 1996, 49(suppl 54):S14-S17.
13. Rupprecht HD, Schocklmann HO, Sterzel RB: Cell matrix interactions in the glomerular mesangium. Kidney Int 1996, 49:1575-1582. A up-to-date review discussing the interactions between various endogenous factors in regulating cell matrix synthesis in the mesangium.
14. Schlondorff D: Roles of the mesangium in glomerular function. Kidney Int 1996, 49:1583-1585.
15. Schoecklmann HO, Rupprecht HD, Sterzel RB: Mesangial cell growth control in glomerular inflamation. Proc R Coll Physicians 1996, 26:352-373.
16. (1-7) inhibits the mitogenic effects of serum on smooth muscle cell-growth.
17. Fishel RS, Thourani V, Eisenberg SJ, Shai SY, Corson MA, Nabel EG, Bernstein KE, Berk BC: Fibroblast growth factor stimulates angiotensin converting enzyme expression in vascular smooth muscle cell. Possible mediator of the response to vascular injury. J Clin Invest 1995, 95:377-387.
18. Mulrow PJ: The intrarenal renin angiotensin. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 1993, 2:41-44.
19. Paul M, Wagner J, Dzau VJ: Gene expression of the renin-angiotensin system in human tissues. Quantitative analysis by the polymerase chain reaction. J Clin Invest 1993, 91:2058-2064.
20. Orth SR Weinreich T, Bonisch S, Wein M, Titz E: Angiotensin II induces hypertrophy and hyperplasia in adult human mesangial cells. Expt Nephrol 1995, 3:23-33.
21. Arai M, Wada A, Isaka Y, Sugiura T, Miyazaki M, Moriyama T, Kaneda Y, Naruse K, Naruse M, Orita Y et al.: In-vivo transfection of genes for renin and angiotensinogen into the glomerular cells induced phenotypic change of the mesangial cells and glomerular sclerosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1995, 206:525-532.
22. Jardine AG: Angiotensin II and glomerulonephritis. J Hypertens 1995, 13:487-493.
23. Iwai N, Inagami T, Ohmichi N, Kinoshita M: Renin is expressed in rat macrophage/monocyte cells. Hypertension 1996, 27:399-403. An original study providing evidence that monocytes and macrophages infiltrating at sites of injury express renin activity and may be an important source for the local production of Ang II.
24. Itoh H, Mokoyama M, Pratt RE, Gibbons GH, Dzau VJ: Multiple autocrine growth factors modulate vascular smooth muscle cell growth response to Ang II. J Clin Invest 1993, 91:2268-2274.
25. Kagami S, Border WA, Miller DE, Noble NA: Angiotensin II stimulates ECM protein synthesis through induction of transforming growth factor-β expression in rat glomerular mesangial cells. J Clin Invest 1994, 93:2431-2437.
26. Bakris GL, Bhandari S, Akerstrom V, Re RN: ACE inhibitor mediated attenuation of mesangial cell growth: a role of endothelin. Am J Hypertens 1994, 7:583-590.
27. A receptor antagonist.
28. Huwiler A, Stabel S, Fabbro D, Pfeilschifter J: Platelet-derived growth factor and angiotensin II stimulate mitogen activated protein kinase cascade in renal mesangial cells. Comparision of hypertrophic and hyperplastic agonists. Biochem J 1995, 305:777-784.
29. Stouffer GA, Owens GK: TGF-β-promotes proliferation of cultured SMC via both PDGF-AA-dependent and PDGF-AA-independent mechanisms. J Clin Invest 1994, 93:2048-2055.
30. Giachelli CM, Liaw L, Mueey CE, Schwartz SM, Almeida M: Osteopontin expression in cardiovascular disease. Ann New York Acad Sci 1995, 760:109-126.
31. Moriyama T, Fujibayashi M, Fujiwara Y, Kaneko T, Xia C, Imai E, Kamada T, Ando A, Ueda N: Angiotensin II stimulates interleukin-6 release from cultured mouse mesangial cells. J Am Soc Neph 1995, 6:95-101.
32. Hsueh WA, Do YS, Anderson PW, Law RE: Angiotensin II in cell growth and matrix production. Adv Exptl Med Biol 1995, 377:217-223.
33. Ikeda M, Kohno M, Takeda T: Endothelin production in cultured mesangial cells of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Hypertension 1995, 25:1196-1201.
34. Nakamura T, Obata J, Kuroyanagi R, Kimura H, Ikeda Y, Takano H, Naito A, Sato T, Yoshida Y: Involvement of angiotensin II in glomerulosclerosis of stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. Kidney Int 1996, 49(suppl 55):S109-S112.
35. 4 receptors.
36. Feener EP, Northrup JM, Aiello LP, King GL: Angiotensin II increases plasminogen activator inhibrtor-1 and -2 expression in vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells. J Clin Invest 1995, 95:1353-1362.
37. 1 synthesis by cultured human VSMCs and demonstrates: (1) coordination of cytokines and serine proteases in regulating MMP secretion and activation; (2) plasminogen induces PAI-1 and TNFα suggesting that a negative feedback mechanism to limit both plasmin mediated and MMP-mediated matrix degradation.
38. Dollery CM, McEwan JR, Henney AM: Matrix metalloproteinases and cardiovascular disease. Circ Res 1995, 77:863-868.
39. Hamdan AD, Quist WC, Gange JB, Feener EP: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition suppresses plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 expression in the neointima of balloon-injured rat aorta. Circulation 1996, 93:1073-1078. A very clear in-vivo study providing evidence that the renin-angiotensin system contributes to the regulation of PAI-1 expression in normal and balloon injured aortic wall of rats. Furthermore, it demonstrates that the ACE inhibitor, captopril, can supress neointimal PAI-1 expression.
40. Falkenberg M, Tjarnstrom J, Ortenwall P, Olausson M, Risberg B: Localization of fibrinolytic activators and inhibitors in normal and atherosclerotic vessels. Thormb Haemost 1996, 75:933-938.
41. Reidy MA, Irvin C, Linder V: Migration of arterial wall cells. Expression of plasminogen activators and inhibitors in injured arteries. Circ Res 1996, 78:405-414. In-vivo study showing that inhibition of MMP activity with GM6001 inhibited smooth muscle cell migration but not neointimal thickening after balloon catheter injured rat carotid artery. The findings suggest that inhibiting smooth muscle cell migration is not sufficient to inhibit lesion growth.
42. Barnes JL, Mitchell RJ, Torres ES: Expression of plasminogen activator inhibrtor-1 (PAI 1) during cellular remodeling in proliferative glomerulonephritis in the rat J Histochem Cytochem 1995, 43:895-905. This study provide evidence that the plasminogen activator-plasmin system is involved in GMC migration in early remodeling during glomerular disease.
43. Baricos WH, Cortez SL, El-Dahr SS, Schnaper HW: ECM degradation by cultured human mesangial cells is mediated by a PA/plasmin/MMP-2 cascade. Kidney Int 1995, 47:1039-1047.
44. Yamamoto T, Noble NA, Cohen AH, Nast CC, Hishida A, Gold LI, Border WA: Expression of transforming growth factor isoforms in human glomerular diseases. Kidney Int 1996, 49:461-469.
45. Singhal PC, Sagar S, Garg P, Bansal V: Vasoactive agents modulate matrix metalloproteinase-2 activity by mesangial cells. Am J Med Sci 1995, 310:235-241.
46. Bendeck MP, Irvin C, Reidy MA: Inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase activity inhibits smooth muscle migration but not neointimal thickening after arterial injury. Circ Res 1996, 78:38-43. An in-vivo study demonstrating that MMPs regulate smooth muscle cell migration and not other mechanisms are involved in regulating neointima formation.
47. Ruiz Ortega M, Gonzalez S, Seron D, Condom E, Bustos C, Largo L, Gonzalez E, Oritz A, Egido J: ACE inhibiton reduces proteinuria lesions, glomerular lesions and extracellular matrix production in a normotensive rat model of immune complex nephritis. Kidney Int 1995, 48:1778-1791.
48. Jackson EK, Garrison JC: Renin and angiotensin. In Goodman and Gilman's, The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th edn. Edited by Hardman JG, Gilman AG, Limbird LE. New York: McGraw Hill Co.; 1995:733-758.
49. Duff JL, Marrero MB, Paxton WG, Schieffer B, Bernstein KE, Berk BC: Angiotensin II signal transduction and the mitogen activated protein kinase pathway. Cardiovasc Res 1995, 30:511-517.
50. Rajagopalan S, Kurz S, Munzel T, Tarpey M, Freeman BA, Griendling KK, Harrison DG: Angiotensin II-mediated hypertension in the rat increases vascular Superoxide production via mambrane NADH/NADPH oxidase activation. Contribution to alterations of vasomotor tone. J Clin Invest 1996, 97:1916-1923. An interesting study showing that Ang II can induce the generation of oxygen free radicals and might partly be responsible for the Ang II induced hypertension and vascular remodeling.
51. 2 in vascular smooth muscle cells. Circ Res 1995, 77:29-36.
52. 2 receptor inhibits VSMC growth and causes vasodilation.
53. Stoll M, Meffert S, Stroth U, Unger T: Growth or antigrowth: angiotensin and endothelium. J Hypertens 1995, 13:1529-1534.
54. 2 receptors.
55. 2 receptors in regulating renal cyclic GMP production in rats.
56. 2 receptors.
57. 2 receptor in SHR might partly be responsible for the increased growth of VSMCs in SHR.
58. Ichiki T, Kambayashi Y, Inagami T: Multiple growth factors modulate mRNA expression of angiotensin II type 2 receptor in 3T3 cells. Circ Res 1995, 77:1070-1076.
59. Kambayashi Y, Bardhan S, Inagami T: Peptide growth factors markedly decrease the ligand binding of angiotensin II type 2 receptor in rat cultured vascular smooth muscle cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1993, 194:478-482.
60. Cahill PA, Redmond EM, Foster C, Sitzmann JV: Nitric oxide regulates angiotensin II receptors in vascular smooth muscle cells. Eur J Pharmacol 1995, 288:219-229.
61. B receptors after rat carotid artery balloon angioplasty.
62. A receptor antagonist, FR139317. The findings indicate that ET-1 functions as a potent mitogen for GMCs in vivo and that the proliferative effects observed are suppressed by FR139317. Furthermore, ET-1 is produced locally not only by GMCs but also by the infiltrating macrophages.
63. Karet FE, Davenport AP: Localization of endothelin peptides in human kidney. Kidney Int 1996, 49:382-387.
64. Jones GT, van Rij AM, Solomon C, Thomson IA, Packer SGK: Endothelin-1 is increased overlying atherosclerotic plaques in human arteries. Atherosclerosis. 1996, 124:25-35.
65. Brown M, Chou S-Y, Parish JG: Endothelins and kidney diseases. Nephron 1996, 72:375-382.
66. Levin ER: Endothelins as cardiovascular peptides. Nephron 1996, 16:246-251.
67. Peiro C, Redondo J, Rodriguez-Martinez MA, Angulo J, Marin J, Sanchez-Ferrer CF: Influence of endothelium on cultured vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. Hypertension 1995, 25:748-751.
68. Yoshimura A, Iwasaki S, Inui K, Ideura T, Koshikawa S, Yanagisawa M, Masaki T: Endothelinl and endothelin B type receptor are induced in mesangial proliferative nephritis in the rat. Kidney Int 1995, 48:1290-1297.
69. Nakamura T, Ebihara I, Tomino Y, Koide H: Effect of a specific endothelin A receptor antagonist on murine lupus nephritis. Kidney Int 1995, 47:481-489.
70. Haneda M, Araki S-I, Sugimoto T, Togawa M, Koya D, Kikkawa R: Differential inhibition of mesangial MAP kinase cascade by cyclic nucleotides. Kidney Int 1996, 50:384-391.
71. Calvell AL, Mattingly MT, Stevens TL, Nir A, Wright RS, Aarhus LL, Heublein DM, Burnett JC: Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition modulates endogenous endothelin in chronic thoracic inferior vena cava constriction. J Clin Invest 1996, 97:1236-1292. An in-vivo study demonstrating that inhibition of ACE significantly suppresses the increase in circulating and local levels of ET caused by chronic thoracic inferior vena caval constriction in dogs.
72. Ritthaler T, Bruner RD, Kramer BK, Kurtz A: Endothelins inhibit cyclic-AMP induced renin gene expression in cultured mouse juxtaglomerular cells. Kidney Int 1996, 50:108-115.
73. Kramer BK, Scricker K, Scholz H, Clozel M, Riegger GAJ, Kurtz A: Role of a endothelin for renin regulation. Kidney Int 1996, 49(suppl 55):S119-S121.
74. Molloy CJ, Pawlowski JE, Taylor DS, Turner CE, Weber H, Peluso M, Seiler SM: Thrombin receptor activation elicits rapid tyrosine phosphorylation and stimulation of the Raf-1/MAP kinase pathway preceding delayed mitogenesis in cultured rat aortic smooth muscle cells. Evidence for an obligate autocrine mechanism cell proliferation induced by G protein-coupled receptor agonists. J Clin Invest 1996, 97:1173-1183.
75. Biswas P, Abboud HE, Kiyomoto H, Wenzel VO, Grandaliano G, Choudhury GG: PKC alpha regulates thrombin induced PDGF-B chain gene expression in mesangial cells. FEBS Lett 1995, 373:146-150.
76. Delafontaine P, Anwar A, Lou H, Ku L: G protein coupled and tyrosine kinase receptors: evidence that activation of the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor is required for thrombin induced mito-genesis of rat aortic smooth muscle cells. J Clin Invest 1996, 97:139-145. Demonstrates the mitogenic effects of thrombin on VSMC are mediated by increases in IGF-1 receptor and are not increases in IGF-1 levels. Thrombin induced mitogenesis as a result of was blocked by antiserum to IGF-1 receptors as well as by down regulation of IGF-1 receptors by antisense oligonucleotides.
77. Fager G: Thrombin and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells. Circ Res 1995, 77:645-650.
78. Weyrich AS, Elstad MR, McEver RP, McIntyre TM, Moore KL, Morrissey JH, Prescott SM, Zimmerman GA. Activated platelets signal chemokine synthesis by human monocytes. J Clin Invest 1996, 97:1525-1534.
79. Kranzhofer R, Clinton SK, Ishii K, Coughlin SR, Fenton II JW, Libby P: Thrombin potently stimulates cytokine production in human vascular smooth muscle cells but not in mononuclear phagocytes. Circ Res 1996, 79:286-294. An in-vitro sudy showing that treatment of human VSMCs with low concentrations of thrombin increases the release of IL-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. High but not low concentrations of thrombin triggered cytokine release from mononuclear phagocytes, suggesting that VSMCs might be more sensitive to thrombin activation in human atheroma.
80. Yue T-L, Wang X, Sung C-P, Olson B, McKenna PJ, Gu J-L, Feuerstein GZ: Interleukin-8. A mitogen and chemoattractant for vascular smooth muscle cells. Circ Res. 1994, 75:1-7.
81. Roth M, Nauck M, Tamm M, Perrruchoud AP, Ziesche R, Block LH: Intracellular interleukin-6 mediates platelet derived growth factor-induced proliferation of nontransformed cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1995, 92:1312-1316.
82. Chen WP, Chen A, Lin CY: In-vitro effects of interleukins on human mesangial cells: implications for glomerular nephritis. J Pathol 1995, 175:327-337.
83. Wenzel UO, Fouqueray B, Grandaliano G, Kim Y S, Karamitsos C, Valente AJ, Abboud HE: Thrombin regulates expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in vascular smooth muscle cells. Circ Res 1995, 77:503-509.
84. Price GJ, Berka JL, Edmondson SR, Werther GA, Bach LA: Localization of mRNAs for insulin-like growth factor binding proteins 1 to 6 in rat kidney. Kidney Int 1995, 48:402-411.
85. Reape TJ, Kanczler JM, Ward JPT, Thomas CR: IGF-1 increases bFGF-induced mitogenesis and upregulates FGFR-1 in rabbit vascular smooth muscle cells. Am J Physiol 1996, 270:H1141-H1148. In-vitro study demonstrating that IGF-1 induces the mitogenic effects of FGF by selectively increasing FGF-receptor 1 and not FGF-receptor 2.
86. Feld SM, Hirschberg R, Artishevsky A, Nast C, Adler SG: Insulin-like growth factor-1 induces mesangial proliferation and increases mRNA and secretion of collagen. Kidney Int 1995, 48:45-51.
87. Jones JI, Prevette T, Gockerman A, Clemmons DR: Ligand occupancy of the αV/β3 is necessary for smooth muscle cells to migrate in response to insulin-like growth factor 1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996, 93:2482-2487.
88. Delafontaine P: Insulin like growth factor 1 and its binding protein in cardiovascular system. Cardiovas Res 1995, 30:825-834.
89. Jones JI, Clemmons DR: Insulin-like growth factor and their binding proteins: biological action. Endocrine Rev 1995, 16:3-34.
90. Landau D, Chris E, Bondy C, Domene H, Roberts CT Jr, Gronbaek H, Flyvbjerg A, LeRoith D: Expression of insulin like growth factor binding proteins in the rat kidney. Effect of long term diabetes. Endocrinology 1995, 136:1835-1842.
91. E Du J, Delafontaine P: Inhibition of vascular smooth muscle cell growth through antisense transcription of a rat insulin like growth factor 1 receptor cDNA. Circ Res 1995, 76:963-972.
92. Delafontaine P, Meng X-P, Ku L, Du J: Regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell insulin like growth factor 1 receptors by phosphorothioate oligonucleotides: effects on cell growth and evidence that sense targeting at the ATG site increases receptor expression. J Biol Chem 1995, 270:14383-14388.
93. Du J, Meng X-P, Delafontaine P: Transcriptional regulation of the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor gene by growth factors: evidence for protein kinase C-dependent and independent pathways. Endocrinology 1996, 137:1378-1384.
94. Lindner V, Giachelli CM, Schwartz SM, Reidy MA: A subpopulation of smooth muscle cells in injured rat arteries expresses platelet derived growth factor-chain mRNA. Circ Res 1995, 76:951-957.
95. Shimokawa H, Ito A, Fukumoto Y, Kadokami T, Nakaike R, Sakata M, Takayanagi T, Egashira K, Takeshita A: Chronic treatment with interleukin-1β induces coronary intimal lesions and vasospastic responses in pigs in-vivo. The role of platelet derived growth factor. J Clin Invest 1996, 97:769-776. An in-vivo study demonstrating that chronic teatment with IL-1β induces coronay intimal lesions and vasospastic responses in porcine coronary arteries. Furthermore, the effects of IL-1β were substantially blocked by antibodies to PDGF-AB as well as IL-1β. The findings suggest that vasoocclusive effects of IL-1β are substantially mediated by PDGF.
96. Bilato C, Pauly RR, Melillo G, Monticone R, Gorelick Feldman D, Guizband YA, Sollot SJ, Zimain B, Lakatta EG, Crow MT: Intracellular signaling pathways required for rat vascular smooth muscle cell migration. Interactions between basic fibroblast growth factor and platelet derived growth factor. J Clin Invest 1995, 96:1905-1915. An in-vitro study demonstrating that bFGF links PDGF stimulation to changes in intracellular calcium and CamKinase II activation, reinforcing the central role played by CamKinase II in regulating VSMC migration.
97. Yabkowitz R, Mansfield PJ, Ryon US, Suchard SJ: Thrombospondin mediates migration and potentiates platelet derived growth factor dependent migration of calf pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells. J Cell Physiol 1993, 157:24-32.
98. Hugo C, Pichler R, Meek R, Gordon K, Kyriakides T, Floege J, Bornstein P, Couser WG, Johnson RJ: Thrombospondin 1 is expressed by proliferating mesangial cells and is up-regulated by PDGF and bFGF in vivo. Kidney Int 1995, 48:1846-1856.
99. Abedi H, Zacharry I: Signalling mechanisms in the regulation of vascular cell migration. Cardiovas Res 1995, 30:544-556.
100. Bourcier T, Dockter M, Hassid A: Synergistic interaction of interleukin-1β and growth factors in primary cultures of rat aortic smooth muscle cells. J Cell Physiol 1995, 164:644-657. An extensive study demonstrating that the mitogenic effects of IL-1β are increased synergistically by FGF, PDGF-AB and EGF. Furthermore, chemically derived NO enhanced mitogenic effects of FGF as well as IL-1β plus FGF, suggests that NO can induce FGF-induced smooth muscle cell growth.
101. 1 receptors. J Clin Invest 1995, 96:141-149. The first study providing evidence that chemically derived, as well as smooth muscle cell derived NO inhibits Ang II and PDGF-BB induced migration of VSMCs. Moreover it provides evidence that the antimigratory effects of NO are partluy mediated via the cGMP pathway.
102. Fukuo K, Inoue T, Morimoto S, Nakahashi T, Yasuda O, Kitano S, Sasada R, Ogihara T: Nitric oxide mediates cytotoxicity and basic fibroblast growth factor release in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells. A possible mechanism of neovascularization in atherosclerotic plaques. J Clin Invest 1995, 95:669-676.
103. Szabo C, Zingarelli B, Salzman AL: Role of ply-ADP ribosyltransferase activation in the vascular contractile and energetic failure elicited by exogenous and endogenous nitric oxide and peroxynitrite. Circ Res 1996, 78:1051-1063. An excellent study providing clear evidence that NO and its reaction product peroxynitrite inhibit VSMC respiration through the activation of the nuclear enzyme poly-ADP ribosyl transferase, and this effect is reversed by inhibitors of poly-ADP ribosyl transferase.
104. Francki A, Uciechowski P, Floege J, Von der Ohe J, Resch K, Radeke HH: Autocrine growth regulation of human glomerular mesangial cells is primarily mediated by basic fibroblast growth factor. Am J Pathol 1995, 147:1372-1382. The first study providing evidence that bFGF is released by GMCs in response to inflamatory cytokines and is the major autocrine factor responsible for inducing GMC growth.
105. Kohno M, Yasunari K, Yokokawa K, Horio T, Ikeda M, Kano H, Minami M, Hanehira T, Yoshikawa J: Interaction of adrenomedullin and platelet derived growth factor on rat mesangial cell production of endothelin. Hypertension 1996, 27:663-667.
106. Chini EN, Choi E, Grande JP, Burnett JC, Dousa TP: Adrenomedullin suppresses mitogenesis in rat mesangial cells via cAMP pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1995, 215:868-873.
107. Horio T, Kohno M, Kano H, Ikeda M, Yasunari K, Yokokawa K, Minami M, Takeda T: Adrenomedullin as a novel and antimigration factor of vascular smooth muscle cells. Circ Res 1995, 77:660-664.
108. Floege J, Eng E, Young BA, Alpers CE, Barrett TB, Bowen-Pope DF, Johnson PJ: Infusion of platelet-derived growth factor or basic fibroblast growth factor induces selective glomerular mesangial cell proliferation and matrix accumulation in rats. J Clin Invest 1993, 92:2952-2962.
109. Soriano P: Abnormal kidney development and hematological disorders in PDGF beta receptor mutant mice. Genes Dev 1994, 8:1888-1896.
110. Leveen P, Pekny M, Gebre SM, Swolin B, Larsson E, Betsholtz C: Mice deficient for PDGF-B show renal, cardiovascular, and hematological abnormalities. Genes Dev 1994, 8:1875-1887.
111. Wilson HM, Haites NE, Reid FJ, Booth NA: Interleukin 1β upregulates the plasminogen activator/plasmin system in human mesangial cells. Kidney Int 1996, 49:1097-1104.
112. Tesch G, Nikolic-Paterson DJ, Main IW, Lan HY, Atkins RC: The role of interleukin-1 in mesangial proliferation. Contrib to Nephrol 1995, 111:144-148.
113. Wolf YG, Rasmussen LM, Rouslahti E: Antibodies against transforming growth factor-β suppress intimal hyperplasia in a rat model. J Clin Invest 1994, 93:1172-1178.
114. Kitamura M, Burton S, English J, Kawachi H, Fine LG: Transfer of mutated gene encoding active transforming growth factor beta-1 suppresses mitogenesis and IL-1 response in the glomerulus. Kidney Int 1995, 48:1747-1757. An elegant study using the injection of genetically modified mesangial cells as a gene transfer system. TGF-β suppresses mesangial cell mitogenesis in the very early course of experimental glomerulonephritis.
115. Largen PJ, Tam FW, Rees AJ, Cattell V: Rat mesangial cells have a selective role in macrophage recruitment and activation. Expt Nephrol 1995, 3:34-39.
116. Iwano M, Kubo A, Nishino T, Sato H, Nishioka H, Akai Y, Kurioka H, Fuiji Y, Kanauchi M, Shiki H, Dohi K: Quantification of glomerular TGF-β, mRNA in patients with diabetes mellitus. Kidney Int 1996, 49:1120-1126.
117. Suto TS, Fine LG, Kitamura M: Mesangial cell derived transforming growth factor-β1 reduces macrophage adhesiveness with consequent deactivation. Kidney Int 1996, 50:445-452.
118. Ziyadeh FN, Sharma K, Erickson M, Wolf G: Stimulation of collagen gene expression and protein synthesis in murine mesangial cells by high glucose is mediated by autocrine activation of transforming growth factor. J Clin Invest 1994, 93:536-542.
119. Kopp JB, Factor VM, Mozes M, Nagy P, Sanderson N, Bottinger EP, Klotman PE, Thorgeirsson SS: Transgenic mice with increased plasma levels of TGF-β1 develop progressive renal disease. Lab Invest 1996, 74:991-1003. Chronically elevated circulating levels of TGF-β in mice that express the transgene exclusively in the liver, leads to progressive renal disease with mesangial expansion and interstitial fibrosis.
120. Perella MA, Hsieh C M, Lee W S, Shieh S, Tsai J C, Patterson C, Lowenstein CJ, Long NC, Haber E, Shore S, Lee M-E: Arrest of endotoxin-induced hypotension by transforming growth factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996, 93:2054-2059. An excellent in-vivo study in rats demonstrating that TGF-β effectively reverses endotoxin-induced hypotension or decrease in blood pressure by inhibiting NO synthesis. Furthermore, they provide evidence that TGF-β selectively inhibits iNOS but not cNOS which is essential for regulating normal vascular tone.
121. Kakizaki Y, Kraft N, Atkins RC: Differential control of mesangial cell proliferation by interferon-gamma. Clin Exp Immunol 1991, 85:157-163.
122. Johnson PJ, Lombardi D, Eng E, Gordon K, Alpers CE, Pritzl P, Floege J, Young BA, Pippin J, Couser WG, Gabbiani G: Modulation of experimental mesangial proliferative nephritis by interferon-gamma. Kidney Int 1995, 47:62-69.
123. Keaney JF Jr, Vita JA: Atherosclerosis, oxidative stress, and antioxidant production in endothelium-derived relaxing factor action. Prog Cardiovas Dis 1995, 38:129-154.
124. 2 in vascular smooth muscle cells. Circ Res 1995, 77:29-36.
125. Alexander RW: Hypertension and the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Oxidative stress and the mediation of arterial inflammatory response: a new perspective. Hypertension 1995, 25:155-161.
126. Hughes AH, Stricklett P, Padilla E, Kohan DE: Effect of reactive oxygen species on endothelin-1 production by human mesangial cells. Kidney Int 1996, 49:181-189.
127. c-src in mesangial cells. Kidney Int 1996, 50:164-173.
128. Grone H-J, Hohbach J, Grone EF: Modulation of glomerular sclerosis and interstitial fibrosis by native and modified lipoproteins. Kidney Int 1996, 49(suppl 54):S18-S22.
129. Engelberg H: Actions of heparin in atherosclerotic process. Pharmacol Rev 1996, 48:327-352. An excellent review discussing the role of heparin in preventing vasoocclusive disorders and mechanisms by which it interacts with other endogenous mitogenic factors.
130. Wang A, Templeton DM: Inhibition of mitogenesis and c-fos induction in mesangial cells by heparin and heparan sulfates. Kidney Int 1996, 49:437-448.
131. Jackson EK, Koehler M, Mi Z, Dubey RK, Tofovic SP, Carcillo JA, Jones GS: Possible role of adenosine deaminase in vaso-occlusive diseases. J Hypertens 1996, 14:19-29. An excellent review highlighting the role of adenosine in preventing vaso-occlusive diseases.
132. 2b receptor. Hypertension 1996, 27:786-793.
133. Dubey RK, Gillespie DG, Mi Z, Suzuki F, Jackson EK: Smooth muscle cell-derived adenosine inhibits cell growth. Hypertension 1996, 27:766-773. The first study demonstrating that adenosine generated by VSMCs can effectively abrogate the mitogenic effects of serum and suggests that VSMC derived factors also play an important role in regulting cell growth and might participate in vascular remodeling.
134. Dubey RK, Mi Z, Gillespie DG, Jackson EK: Cyclic AMP-adenosine pathway inhibits vascular smooth muscle cell growth. Hypertension 1996, 28:765-771. The first report demonstrating that VSMC can metabolize cAMP to generate adenosine and cAMP derived adenosine plays a key role in mediating the antimitogenic effects of cAMP.
135. Dubey RK, Gillespie DG, Jackson EK: Adenosine induces nitric oxide synthesis in rat aortic smooth muscle cells [Abstract]. Hypertension 1996, 28:552.
136. Stefanovic V, Valhovic P: A2 adenosine receptors in human glomerular mesangial cells. Experentia 1995, 51:360-362.
137. Heidenreich S, Tepel M, Schluter H, Harrach B, Zidek W: Regulation of rat mesangial cell growth by diadenosine phosphates. J Clin Invest 1995, 95:2862-2867.
138. Schulze Lohoff E, Zanner S, Ogilvie A, Sterzel RB: Vasoactive diadenosine polyphosphates promote growth of cultured renal mesangial cells. Hypertension 1995, 26:899-904.
139. Kashem A, Endoh M, Yano N, Yamauchi F, Nomoto Y, Sakai H: Expression of inducible-NOS in human glomerulonephritis: the possible source infiltrating monocytes/macrophages. Kidney Int 1996, 50:392-399. A study comparing iNOS expression in biopsy human kidney tissue obtained from patients with IgA nephropathy, with non-IgA mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis and normal renal tissue, and showing a strong relationship between iNOS expression and glomerulonephritis. Furthermore, increases in iNOS and cytokines and TNF-α were asssociated with increased presence of monocyte/macrophages at the sites of injury.
140. Narita I, Border WA, Kettler M, Noble NA: Nitric oxide mediates immunologic injury to kidney mesangium in experimental glomerulonephritis. Lab Invest 1995, 72:17-24.
141. Noiri E, Peresleni T, Miller F, Goligorsky MS: In vivo targeting of inducible NO synthase with oligodeoxynucleotides protects rat kidney against ischemia. Clin Invest 1996, 97:2377-2383. An excellent in-vivo study demonstrating for the first time that iNOS can be selectively inhibited with antisense oligodeoxynucleotides. Furthermore, this study provides evidence that selective inhibition of iNOS would protect aginst the damaging effects of iNOS derived NO and preserve the beneficial effects of cNOS derived NO.
142. Garg LC, Hassid S: Nitric oxide generating vasodilators and 8-bromo-cyclic guanosine monophosphate inhibit mitogenesis and proliferation of cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cells. J Clin Invest 1989, 83:1774-1777.
143. Garg UC, Hassid S: Inhibition of rat mesangial cell mitogenesis by nitric oxide generating vasodilators. Am J Physiol 1989, 257:F60-F66.
144. Dubey RK: Vasodilator derived nitric oxide inhibits fetal calf serum and angiotensin-II-induced growth of renal arteriolar smooth muscle cells. J Pharmacol Expt Ther 1994, 269:402-408.
145. Moro MA, Russell RJ, Cellek S, Lizasoain I, Su Y, Darley Usmar VM, Radomski MW, Moncada S: cGMP mediates the vascular and platelet actions of nitric oxide. Confirmation using an inhibitor of the soluble guanyl cyclase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996, 96:1480-1485.
146. Salvemini D, Currie MG, Mollace V: Nitric oxide mediated cyclooxygenase activation. A key event in the antiplatelet effects of nitrovasodilators. J Clin Invest 1996, 97:2562-2568.
147. Caterina RD, Libby P, Peng H-B: Nitric oxide decreases cytokine-induced endothelial activation. NO selectively reduces endothelial expression of adhesion molecules and proinflamatory cytokines. J Clin Invest 1995, 96:60-68. In-vitro studies demonstrating that NO inhibits cytokine induced expression of adhesion molecules (VCAM-1, E-selectin, ICAM-1) as well as the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-8).
148. Kato H, Hou J, Chobanian AV, Brecher P: Effects of angiotensin II infusion and inhibition of nitric oxide synthase on the rat aorta. Hypertension 1996, 28:153-158.
149. Arndt H, Russell JB, Kurose I, Kubes P, Granger DN: Mediators of leukocyte adhesion in rat mesenteric venules elicited by inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis. Gastroenterology 1993, 105:675-680.
150. Lee JS, Adrie C, Jacob HJ, Roberts JD Jr, Zapol WM, Bloch KD: Chronic inhalation of nitric oxide inhibits neointimal formation after balloon-induced arterial injury. Circ Res 1996, 78:337-342. An in-vivo morphometeric study demonstrating that administration of NO via chronic inhalation prevents neointima formation after balloon induced injury of the adult rat carotid artery.
151. Zeiher AM, Fisslthaler B, Schray Utz B, Busse R: Nitric oxide modulates the expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 in cultured human endothelial cells. Circ Res 1995, 76:980-986.
152. Yla-Herttuala S, Lipton BA, Rosenfeld ME, Sarkioja T, Yashimura T, Leonard EJ, Witztum JL, Steineberg D: Expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 in macrophage rich areas of human and rabbit atherosclerotic lesions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1991, 88:5252-5256.
153. Draejer R, Atsma DE, VanderLaarse A, VanHinsbergh VWM: cGMP and nitric oxide modulate thrombin induced increased endothelial premeability: regulation via different pathways in human aortic and umbilical vein endothelial cells. Circ Res 1995, 76:1999-1208.
154. Kolpakov V, Gordon D, Kulik TJ: Nitric oxide generating compounds inhibit total protein and collagen synthesis in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells. Circ Res 1995, 76:305-309.
155. Trachtman H, Futterweit S, Singhai PC: Nitric oxide modulates the synthesis of ECM proteins in cultured mesangial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1995, 207:120-125.
156. Sarkar R, Meinberg EG, Stanley JC, Gordon D, Webb RC: Nitric oxide reversibly inhibits migration of cultured vascular smooth muscle cells. Circ Res 1995, 76:305-309.
157. Fukuo K, Hata S, Suhara T, Nakahashi T, Shinto Y, Tsujimoto Y, Morimoto S, Ogihara T. Nitric oxide induces upregulation of Fas and apoptosis in vascular smooth muscle. Hypertension 1996, 27:823-826. The first report demonstrating that chemically-derived NO as well as smooth muscle cell derived NO induces programmed cell death. Furthermore, NO induced apoptosis is accompanied with release of LDH and upregulation of Fas.
158. Mühl H, Sandau K, Brüne B, Briner VA, Pfeilschifter J: Nitric oxide donors induce apoptosis in glomerular mesangial cells, epithelial cells and endothelial cells. Eur J Pharmacol 1996 (in press).
159. Cayatte AJ, Palacino JJ, Horten K, Cohen RA: Chronic inhibition of nitric oxide production acclerates neointima formation and impairs endothelial function in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. Arterioscler Throm 1994, 14:753-759.
160. Tarry WC, Makhoul RG: L-arginine improves endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation and reduces intimal hyperplasia after balloon angioplasty. Arterioscler Thromb 1994, 14:938-943.
161. Durante W, Liao L, Iflikar I, O Brien WE, Schafer AI: Differential regulation of L-arginine transport and nitric oxide production by vascular smooth muscle and endothelium. Circ Res 1996, 78:1075-1082. A study demonstrating that cytokines inducing NO synthesis also upregulate L-arginine transport in VSMC and endothelial cells.
162. Xu Q, Liu Y, Gorospe M, Vdelsman R, Holbrook NJ: Acute hypertension activates mitogen-activated protein kinases in arterial wall. J Clin Invest 1996, 97:508-514. This study provides in-vivo evidence that acute elevation in blood pressure induced by either restraint or administration of Ang II or phenylephrine is accompanied with a parallel increase in mitogen activated protein kinase activity in arterial wall. Furthermore, induction in mitogen activated protein kinase activity was inhibited in presence of SNP, an NO donor which lowers blood pressure.
163. Hansson GK, Geng YJ, Holm J, Hardhammar P, Wennmalm A, Jnnische E: Arterial smooth muscle cells express nitric oxide synthase in response to endothelial injury. J Exp Med 1994, 180:733-738.
164. Worrall NK, Chang K, Suau GM, Allison WS, Misko TP, Sullivan PM, Tiltan RG, Williamson JR, Ferguson TB Jr: Inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase prevents myocardial and systemic vascular barrier dysfunction during early cardiac allograft rejection. Circ Res 1996, 78:769-779. An in-vivo study showing that increased NO synthesis is responsible for the systemic barrier dysfunction observed during cardiac allograft rejection and this effect can be prevented by inhibition of NO.
165. Hassid A, Arabshai H, Bourcier T, Dhaunsi GS, Matthews C: Nitric oxide selectively amplifies FGF2 induced mitogenesis in primary rat aortic smooth muscle cells. Am J Physiol 1994, 267:H1040-H1048.
166. Mohaupt M, Schoecklmann HO, Schulze Lohoff E, Sterzel RB: Altered nitric oxide production and exogenous nitric oxide do not affect the proliferation of rat mesangial cells. J Hypertens 1994, 12:401-408.
167. Xia Y, Dawson VL, Dawson TM, Snyder SH, Zweier JL: Nitric oxide synthase generates superoxide and nitric oxide in arginine-depleted cells leading to peroxynitrite mediated cellular injury. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996, 93:6770-6774.
168. Busse R, Fleming I: Endothelial dysfunction in atherosclerosis. J Vasc Res 1996, 33:181-194.
169. Petit J-F, Nicaise M, Lepoivre M, Guissani A, Lemaire G: Protection by glutathione against the antiproliferative effects of nitric oxide. Dependence on kinetics of NO release. Biochem Pharmacol 1996, 52:205-212.
170. Mayer B, Schrammel A, Klatt P, Koesling D, Schmidt K: Peroxynitrite-induced accumulation of cyclic GMP in endothelial cells and stimulation of purified soluble guanylyl cyclase. Dependence on glutathione and possible role of S-nitrosation. J Biol Chem 1995, 270:17355-17360.