Apoptosis and cancer mechanisms

Cancer Surveys

Volumn 29, Issue , 1997, Pages 305-327

  Pan, Huichin ^a   Yin, Chaoying ^a   Van Dyke, Terry ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL CELL; APOPTOSIS; CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS; CANCER INHIBITION; DIAGNOSIS; DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER; ETIOLOGY; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; GROWTH REGULATION; HUMAN; HUMAN CELL; MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE;

ANIMALS; APOPTOSIS; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; GENES, BCL-2; GENES, P53; GENES, TUMOR SUPPRESSOR; HUMANS; NEOPLASMS;

EID: 0030938772     PISSN: 02612429     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (137)

1. Arends MJ and Wyllie AH (1991) Apoptosis: mechanisms and roles in pathology. International Reviews of Experimental Pathology 32 223-254
2. Avalosse B, Dupont F and Burny A (1995) Gene therapy for cancer. Current Opinion in Oncology 7 94-100
3. Bartlett JS, Quattrocchi KB and Samulski RJ (1995) The development of adeno-associated virus as a vector for cancer gene therapy, In: Sobol RE and Scanlon KJ (eds). The Internet Book of Gene Therapy Cancer Therapeutics, pp 27-39, Appleton and Lange, Stamford, Connecticut
4. Berges RR, Furuya Y, Remington L, English HF, Jacks T and Isaacs JT (1993) Cell proliferation, DNA repair and p53 function are not required for programmed death of prostatic glandular cells induced by androgen ablation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 90 8910-8914
5. Bissonnette RP, Exheverri F, Mahboubi A and Green DR (1992) Apoptotic cell death induced by c-myc is inhibited by bcl-2. Nature 359 552-554
6. Boise LH, Gonzalez-Garcia M, Postema CE et al (1993) bcl-x, a bcl-2-related gene that functions as a dominant regulator of apoptotic death. Cell 74 597-608
7. Bowman T, Symonds H, Gu LY, Yin CY, Oren M and Van Dyke T (1996) Tissue-specific inactivation of p53 tumor suppression in the mouse. Genes and Development 10 826-835
8. Brady HJM, Salomons GS, Bobeldijk RC and Berns AJM (1996) T cells from bax transgenic mice show accelerated apoptosis in response to stimuli but do not show restored DNA damage-induced cell death in the absence of p53. EMBO Journal 15 1221-1230
9. Bump NJ, Hackett M, Hugunin M et al (1995) Inhibition of ICE family proteases by baculovirus anti-apoptotic protein p53. Science 269 1885-1888
10. Caelles C, Helmberg A and Karin M (1994) p53-dependent apoptosis in the absence of transcriptional activation of p53-target genes. Nature 370 220-223
11. Chen J and Van Dyke T (1991) Uniform cell-autonomous tumorigenesis of the choroid plexus by papovavirus large T antigens. Molecular and Cellular Biology 11 5968-5976
12. Chen X, Farmer G, Zhu H, Prywes R and Prives C (1993) Cooperative DNA binding of p53 with TFIID (TBP): a possible mechanism for transcriptional activation. Genes and Development 7 1837-1849
13. Chiou S, Rao L and White E (1994a) Bcl-2 blocks p53-dependent apoptosis. Molecular and Cellular Biology 14 2556-2563
14. Chiou S, Tseng C, Rao L and White E (1994b) Functional complementation of the adenovirus E1B 19-kilodalton protein with bcl-2 in the inhibition of apoptosis in infected cells. Journal of Virology 68 6553-6566
15. Chittenden T, Harrington EA, O'Connor R et al (1995) Induction of apoptosis by the Bcl-2 homologue Bak. Nature 733 736
16. Cho Y, Gorina S, Jeffrey P and Pavletich N (1994) Crystal structure of a p53 tumor suppressor-DNA complex: understanding tumorigenic mutations. Science 265 346-355
17. Christofori G, Naik P and Hanahan D (1994) A second signal supplied by insulin-like growth factor II in oncogene-induced tumorigenesis. Nature 369 414-418
18. Clarke AR (1995) Murine models of neoplasia: functional analysis of the tumor suppressor genes Rb-1 and p53. Cancer and Metastasis Reviews 14 125-148
19. Clarke AR, Maandag ER, van Roon M et al (1992) Requirement for a functional Rb-1 gene in murine development. Nature 359 328-330
20. Clarke AR, Purdie CA, Harrison DJ et al (1993) Thymocyte apoptosis induced by p53-dependent and independent pathways. Nature 362 849-852
21. Debbas M and White E (1993) Wild-type p53 mediates apoptosis by E1A, which is inhibited by E1B. Genes and Development 7 546-554
22. DeCaprio JA, Ludlow JW, Figge J et al (1988) SV40 large tumor antigen forms a specific complex with the product of the retinoblastoma susceptibility gene. Cell 54 275-283
23. Donehower LA, Harvey M, Slagle BL et al (1992) Mice deficient for p53 are developmentally normal but are susceptible to spontaneous tumours. Nature 356 215-221
24. Dyson N, Howley PM, Munger K and Harlow E (1989) The human papilloma virus-16 E7 on-coprotein is able to bind to the retinoblastoma gene product. Science 243 934-937
25. El-Deiry WS, Tokino T, Velculescu VE et al (1993) WAF1, a potential mediator of p53 tumor suppression. Cell 75 817-825
26. Evan GI, Wyllie AH, Gilbert CS et al (1992) Induction of apoptosis in fibroblasts by c-myc protein. Cell 69 119-128
27. Farmer G, Bargonetti J, Zhu H, Friedman P, Prywes R and Prives C (1992) Wild-type p53 activates transcription in vitro. Nature 358 83-86
28. Folkman J, Watson K, Ingber D and Hanahan D (1989) Induction of angiogenesis during the transition from hyperplasia to neoplasia. Nature 339 58-61
29. Fraser A and Evan G (1996) A license to kill. Cell 85 781-784
30. Friedlander P, Haupt Y, Prives C and Oren M (1996) A mutant p53 that discriminates between p53-responsive genes cannot induce apoptosis. Molecular and Cellular Biology 16 4961-4971
31. Fromm L, Shawlot W, Gunning K, Butel J and Overbeek P (1994) The retinoblastoma protein binding region of simian virus 40 large T antigen alters cell cycle regulation in lenses of transgenic mice. Molecular and Cellular Biology 14 6743-6754
32. Gjerset RA, Turla ST, Sobol RE et al (1995) Use of wild-type p53 to achieve complete treatment sensitization of tumor cells expressing endogenous mutant p53. Molecular Carcinogenesis 14 275-285
33. Gomez-Manzano C, Fueyo J, Kyritsis AP et al (1996) Adenovirus-mediated transfer of the p53 gene produces rapid and generalized death of human glioma cells via apoptosis. Cancer Research 56 694-699
34. Graeber TG, Osmanian C, Jacks T et al (1996) Hypoxia-mediated selection of cells with diminished apoptotic potential in solid tumours. Nature 379 88-91
35. Greenblatt MS, Bennett WP, Hollstein M and Harris CC (1994) Mutations in the p53 tumor suppressor gene: clues to cancer etiology and molecular pathogenesis. Cancer Research 54 4855-4878
36. Guidos CJ, Williams CJ, Grandal I, Knowles G, Guang MTF and Danska FS (1996) V(D)J recombination activates a p53-dependent DNA damage checkpoint in scid lymphocyte precursors. Genes and Development 10 2038-2054
37. Haffner R and Oren M (1995) Biochemical properties and biological effects of p53. Current Opinion in Genetics and Development 5 84-90
38. Han JH, Sabbatini P, Perez D, Rao L, Modha D and White E (1996) The E1B 19K protein blocks apoptosis by interacting with and inhibiting the p53-inducible and death-promoting Bax protein. Genes and Development 10 461-477
39. Harper JW, Adami GR, Wei N, Keyomars K and Elledge SJ (1993) The p21 Cdk-interacting protein Cip1 is a potent inhibitor of G1 cyclin-dependent kinases. Cell 75 805-816
40. Haupt Y, Rowan S, Shaulian E, Vousden KH and Oren M (1995) Induction of apoptosis in HeLa cells by trans-activation-deficient p53. Genes and Development 9 2170-2183
41. Hay BA, Wolff T and Rubin GM (1994) Expression of baculovirus p35 prevents cell death in Drosophila. Development 120 2121-2129
42. Hockenberry D, Nunez G, Milliman C, Schreiber RD and Korsmeyer SJ (1990) Bcl-2 is an inner mitochondrial membrane protein that blocks programmed cell death. Nature 348 334-336
43. Hockenberry D, Oltvai Z, Yin X, Milliman C and Korsmeyer S (1993) Bcl-2 functions in an antioxidant pathway to prevent apoptosis. Cell 75 241-251
44. Hollstein M, Sidransky D, Vogelstein B and Harris CC (1991) p53 mutations in human cancers. Science 253 49-53
45. Horning SJ and Rosenberg SA (1984) The natural history of initially untreated low-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. New England Journal of Medicine 311 1471-1475
46. Howes KA, Ransom N, Papermaster DS, Lasudry JGH, Albert DM and Windle JJ (1994) Apoptosis or retinoblastoma: alternative fates of photoreceptors expressing the HPV-16 E7 gene in the presence or absence of p53. Genes and Development 8 1300-1310
47. Hsu B, Marin MC and McDonnell TJ (1995) Cell death regulation during multistep lymphomagenesis. Cancer Letter 94 17-23
48. Jacks T, Remington L, Williams B et al (1994) Tumor spectrum analysis in p53-mutant mice. Current Biology 4 1-7
49. Kamada S, Shinto AA, Tsujimura Y et al (1995) Bcl-2 deficiency in mice leads to pleiotropic abnormalities: accelerated lymphoid cell death in the thymus and spleen, polycystic kidney, hair hypopigmentation,and distorted small intestine. Cancer Research 55 354-359
50. Kastan MB, Zhan Q, El-Deiry WS et al (1992) A mammalian cell cycle checkpoint pathway utilizing p53 and GADD45 is defective in ataxia-telangiectasia. Cell 71 587-597
51. Kastan MB, Canman CE and Leonard CJ (1995) p53, cell cycle control and apoptosis: implications for cancer. Cancer and Metastasis Reviews 14 3-15
52. Kern SE, Kinzler DT, Bruskin A, Jarosz D, Riedman P, Prives C and Vogelstein B (1991) Identification of p53 as a sequence-specific DNA binding protein. Science 252 1708-1711
53. Knudson CM, Tung KSK, Tourtellotte WG, Brown GAJ and Korsmeyer SJ (1995) Bax-deficient mice with lymphoid hyperplasia and male germ cell death. Science 270 96-99
54. Ko LJ and Prives C (1996) p53: puzzle and paradigm. Genes and Development 10 1054-1072
55. Komiyama T, Ray CA, Pickup DJ et al (1994) Inhibition of interleukin-1b converting enzyme by the cowpox virus serpin CrmA. Journal of Biological Chemistry 269 19331-19337
56. Korsmeyer SJ (1995) Regulators of cell death. Trends in Genetics 11 101-105
57. Krajewski S, Tanaka S, Sckibler MJ, Fenton W and Reed JC (1994) Investigations of the sub-cellular distribution of the BCL-2 oncoprotein: residence in the nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum and outer mitochondrial membranes. Cancer Research 53 4701-4714
58. Lee JM and Bernstein A (1995) Apoptosis, cancer and the p53 tumor suppressor gene. Cancer and Metastasis Reviews 14 149-161
59. Lee S, Elenbaas B, Levine A and Griffith J (1995) p53 and its 14 kDa c-terminal domain recognize primary DNA damage in the form of insertion/deletion mismatches. Cell 81 1013-1020
60. Levine AJ, Momand J and Finlay CA (1991) The p53 tumour suppressor gene. Nature 351 453- 456
61. Liu TJ, el-Naggar AK, McDonnell TJ et al (1995) Apoptosis induction mediated by wild-type p53 adenoviral gene transfer in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Cancer Research 55 3117-3122
62. Lowe SW (1995) Cancer therapy and p53. Current Opinion in Oncology 7 547-553
63. Lowe SW and Ruley HE (1993) Stabilization of the p53 tumor suppressor is induced by adenovirus 5 E1A and accompanies apoptosis. Genes and Development 7 535-545
64. Lowe SW, Ruley HE, Jacks T and Housman DE (1993a) p53-dependent apoptosis modulates the cytotoxicity of anticancer agents. Genes and Development 7 535-545
65. Lowe SW, Schmitt EM, Smith SW, Osborne BA and Jacks T (1993b) p53 is required for radiation-induced apoptosis in mouse thymocytes. Nature 362 847-849
66. Lowe SW, Bodis S, McClatchey A et al (1994) p53 status and the efficacy of cancer therapy in vivo. Science 266 807-810
67. McCarthy SA, Symonds HS and Van Dyke T (1994) Regulation of apoptosis in transgenic mice by SV40 T antigen-mediated inactivation of p53. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 91 3979-3983
68. McDonnell T and Korsmeyer S (1991) Progression from lymphoid hyperplasia to high-grade malignant lymphoma in mice transgenic for the t(14; 18) Nature 349 254-256
69. McDonnell TJ, Deane N, Platt FM, Nunez G, Jaeger U, McKearn JP and Korsmeyer SJ (1989) bcl-2-immunoglobulin transgenic mice demonstrate extended B cell survival and follicular lymphoproliferation. Cell 57 79-88
70. Marin MC, Hsu B, Meyn RE, Donehower LA, El Naggar A and McDonnell TJ (1994) Evidence that p53 and bcl-2 are regulators of a common cell death pathway important for in vivo lymphomagenesis. Oncogene 9 3107-3112
71. Marin MC, Hsu B, Stephens LC, Brisbay S and McDonnell TJ (1995) The functional basis of c-myc and bcl-2 complementation during multistep lymphomagenesis in vivo. Experimental Cell Research 217 240-247
72. Martin S and Green D (1994) Apoptosis as a goal of cancer therapy. Current Opinion in Oncology 6 616-621
73. Meyn RE, Stephens LC, Mason KA and Medina D (1996) Radiation-induced apoptosis in normal and pre-neoplastic mammary glands in vivo: significance of gland differenciation and p53 status. International Journal of Cancer 65 466-472
74. Miura M, Zhu H, Rotello R, Hartwieg EA and Yuan J (1993) Induction of apoptosis in fibroblasts by IL-1b converting enzyme, a mammalian homolog of the C. elegans cell death. Cell 75 653-660
75. Miyashita T and Reed JC (1995) Tumor suppressor p53 is a direct transcriptional activator of the human bax gene. Cell 80 293-299
76. Miyashita T, Krajewski S, Krajewska et al (1994) Tumor suppressor p53 is a regulator of bcl-2 and bax gene expression in vitro and in vivo. Oncogene 9 1799-1805
77. Morgenbesser S, Williams B, Jacks T and DePinho R (1994) p-53-dependent apoptosis produced by Rb-deficiency in the developing mouse lens. Nature 371 72-74
78. Motoyama N, Wang F, Roth KA et al (1995) Massive cell death of immature hematopoietic cells and neurons in Bcl-x-deficient mice. Science 267 1506-1510
79. Mujoo K, Maneval SC, Anderson SC and Gutterman JU (1996) Adenoviral-mediated p53 tumor suppressor gene therapy of human ovarian carcinoma. Oncogene 12 1617-1623
80. Nacht M, Strasser A, Chan Y et al (1996) Mutations in the p53 and scid genes cooperate in tumorigenesis. Genes and Development 10 2055-2065
81. Naik P, Karrim J and Hanahan D (1996) The rise and fall of apoptosis during multistage tumorigenesis: down-modulation contributes to tumor progression from angiogenic progenitors. Genes And Development 10 2105-2117
82. Neubauer A, Thiede C, Huhn D and Wittig B (1996) p53 and induction of apoptosis as a target for anticancer therapy. Leukemia 10 S2-S4
83. Nicholson DW, Ali A, Thornberry NA et al (1995) Identification and inhibition of the ICE/CED-3 protease necessary for mammalian apoptosis. Nature 376 37-43
84. Nigro JM, Baker SJ, Preisinger AC et al (1989) Mutations in the p53 gene occur in diverse human tumor types. Nature 342 705-708
85. Oltvai Z, Milliman C and Korsmeyer S (1993) Bcl-2 heterodimerizes in vivo with a conserved homolog, bax, that accelerates programmed cell death. Cell 74 609-619
86. Oppenheim RW (1991) Cell death during development of the nervous system. Annual Reviews of Neuroscience 14 453-501
87. Pan H and Griep AE (1994) Altered cell cycle regulation in the lens of HPV-16 E6 or E7 transgenic mice: implications for tumor suppressor gene function in development. Genes and Development 8 1285-1299
88. Pan H and Griep AE (1995) Temporally distinct patterns of p53-dependent and p53-independent apoptosis during mouse lens development. Genes and Development 9 2157-2169
89. Parenti AR, Rugge M, Frizzera E et al (1995) p53 overexpression in the multistep process of esophageal carcinogenesis. American Journal of Surgical Pathology 19 1418-1422
90. Perry ME and Levine AJ (1993) Tumor-suppressor p53 and the cell cycle. Current Opinion in Genetics and Development 3 50-54
91. Prives C (1994) How loops, β sheets and α helices help us to understand p53. Cell 78 543-546
92. Prives C and Manfredi JJ (1993) The p53 tumor suppressor protein: meeting review. Genes and Development 7 529-534
93. Qin XQ, Livingston DM, Kaelin WG and Adams PD (1994) Deregulated transcription factor E2F-1 expression leads to S-phase entry and p53-mediatied apoptosis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 91 10918-10922
94. Rabizadeh S, LaCount DJ, Friesen PD and Bredesen DE (1993) Expression of baculovirus p35 inhibits mammalian neural cell death. Journal of Neurochemisty 61 2318-2321
95. Ray CA, Black RA, Kronheim SR et al (1992) Viral inhibition of inflammation: cowpox virus encodes an inhibitor of the interleukin-1b converting enzyme. Cell 69 597-604
96. Roth JA (1996) Gene replacement strategies for cancer. Israeli Journal of Medical Science 32 89-94
97. Roth JA, Nguyen D, Lawrence DD et al (1996) Retrovirus-mediated wild-type p53 gene transfer to tumors of patients with lung cancer. Nature Medicine 2 985-991
98. Rothenberg EV (1992) The development of functionally responsive T cells. Advances in Immunology 51 85-214
99. Sabbatini P, Lin J, Levine AJ and White E (1995) Essential role for p53-mediated transcription in E1A-induced apoptosis. Genes and Development 9 2184-2192
100. Saenz Robles MT, Symonds H, Chen J and Van Dyke T (1994) Induction versus progression of brain tumor development: differential functions for the pRB- and p53-targeting domains of SV40 T antigen. Molecular and Cellular Biology 14 2686-2698
101. Scheffner M, Werness BA, Huibregtse JM, Levine AJ and Howley PM (1990) The E6 oncoprotein encoded by human papillomavirus types 16 and 18 promotes the degradation of p53. Cell 63 1129-1136
102. Scheffner M, Huibregtse JM, Vierstra RD and Howley PM (1993) The HPV-16 E6 and E6-AP complex function as a ubiquitin-protein ligase in the ubiquitination of p53. Cell 75 495-505
103. Schmidt EV, Pattengale PK, Weir L and Leder P (1988) Transgenic mice bearing the human c-myc gene activated by an immunoglobulin enhancer: a pre-B-cell lymphoma model. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 85 6047-6051
104. Schneider PM, Casson AG, Levin B et al (1996) Mutations of p53 in Barrett's esophagus and Barrett's cancer: a prospective study of ninety-eight cases. Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 111 323-331
105. Sentman CL, Shutter JR, Hockenbery D, Kanagawa O and Korsmeyer SJ (1991) Bcl-2 inhibits multiple forms of apoptosis but not negative selection in thymocytes. Cell 67 879-888
106. Seth P, Brinkmann U, Schwartz GN, Katayose D, Gress R, Pastan Ira and Cowan K (1996) Adenovirus-mediated gene transfer to human breast tumor cells: an approach for cancer gene therapy and bone marrow purging. Cancer Research 56 1346-1351
107. Seto E, Usheva A, Zambetti GP et al (1992) Wild-type p53 binds to the TATA-binding protein and represses transcription. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 89 12028-12032
108. Shaw P, Bovey R, Tardy S, Sahli R, Sordat B and Costa J (1992) Induction of apoptosis by wild-type p53 in a human colon tumor-derived cell line. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 89 4495-4499
109. Shibata MA, Maroulakou IG, Jorcyk CL, Gold LG, Ward JM and Green JE (1996) p53-independent apoptosis during mammary tumor progression in C3(1)/SV40 large T antigen transgenic mice: suppression of apoptosis during the transition from preneoplasia to carcinoma. Cancer Research 56 2998-3003
110. Srivastava S, Katayose D, Tong YA et al (1995) Recombinant adenovirus vector expressing wild-type p53 is a potent inhibitor of prostate cancer cell proliferation. Urology 46 843-848
111. Strasser A, Harris AW, Bath ML and Cory S (1990) Novel primitive lymphoid tumours induced in transgenic mice by cooperation between myc and bcl-2. Nature 348 331-333
112. Strasser A, Harris AW, Jacks T and Cory S (1994) DNA damage can induce apoptosis in proliferating lymphoid cells via p53-independent mechanisms inhibitable by bcl-2. Cell 79 329-339
113. Sugimoto A, Friesen PD and Rothman JH (1994) Baculvirus p35 prevents developmentally programmed cell death and rescues a ced-9 mutant in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. EMBO Journal 13 2023-2028
114. Symonds H, Krall L, Remington L et al (1994) p53-dependent apoptosis suppresses tumor growth and progression in vivo. Cell 78 703-711
115. Teitelman G, Alpert S and Hanahan D (1988) Proliferation, senescence and neoplastic progression of beta cells in hyperplasic pancreatic islets. Cell 52 97-105
116. Thompson TC, Park SH, Timme TL et al (1995) Loss of p53 function leads to metastasis in ras+myc-initiated mouse prostate cancer. Oncogene 10 869-879
117. Truant R, Xiao H, Ingles J and Greenblatt J (1993) Direct interaction between the transcriptional activation domain of human p53 and the TATA box-binding protein. Journal of Biological Chemistry 268 2284-2287
118. Tsujimoto Y, Gorham J, Cossman J, Jaffe E and Croce CM (1985) The t(14;18) chromosome translocations involved in B-cell neoplasms result from mistakes in VDJ joining. Science 229 1390-1393
119. Vaux D, Weissman I and Kim S (1992) Prevention of programmed cell death in Caenorgabitis elegans by human bcl-2. Science 258 1955-1957
120. Veis D, Sorenson C, Shutter J and Korsmeyer S (1993) Bcl-2-deficient mice demonstrate fulminant lymphoid apoptosis, polycystic kidneys and hypopigmented hair. Cell 75 229-240
121. Vos JM (1995) Viruses in Human Gene Therapy, Carolina Academic Press, Durham, North Carolina
122. Wagner AJ, Small MB and Hay N (1993) Myc-mediated apoptosis is blocked by ectopic expression of Bcl-2. Molecular and Cellular Biology 13 2432-2440
123. Walker PR, Kokileva JL and Sikorska M (1993) Detection of the initial stages of DNA fragmentation in apoptosis . Biotechniques 15 1032-1040
124. Wang XW, Gibson MK, Vermeulen W et al (1995a) Abrogation of p53-induced apoptosis by the hepatitis B virus X gene. Cancer Research 55 6012-6016
125. Wang XW, Yeh H, Schaeffer L et al (1995b) p53 modulation of TFIIH-associated nucleotide excision repair activity. Nature Genetics 10 188-195
126. White E (1996) Life, death and the pursuit of apoptosis. Genes and Development 10 1-15
127. Whyte P, Buchkovich K, Horowitz JM et al (1988) Association between an oncogene and an anti-oncogene: the adenovirus E1A proteins bind to the retinoblastoma gene product. Nature 334 124-129
128. Wu X and Levine AJ (1994) p53 and E2F-1 cooperate to mediate apoptosis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 91 3602-3606
129. Wu X, Bayle JH, Olson D and Levine AJ (1993) The p53-mdm-2 autoregulatory feedback loop. Genes and Development 7 1126-1132
130. Wyllie AH (1980) Glucocorticoid-induced thymocyte apoptosis is associated with endogenous endonuclease activation. Nature 284 555-556
131. Xiong Y, Hannon GJ, Zhang H, Casso D, Kobayashl R and Beach D (1993) p21 is a universal inhibitor of cyclin kinases. Nature 366 701-704
132. Yang E, Zha E, Jockel J, Boise LH, Thompson CB and Korsmeyer SJ (1995) Bad, a heterodimeric partner of Bcl-xL and Bcl-2, displaces Bax and promotes cell death. Cell 80 285-291
133. Yin C, Knudson CM, Korsmeyers JS and Van Dyke T (1997) Bax suppresses tumorigenesis and stimulates apoptosis in vivo. Nature 385 637-640
134. Yonish-Rouach E, Resnitzky D, Lotem J, Sachs L, Kimchi A and Oren M (1991) Wild-type p53 induces apoptosis of myeloid leukaemic cells that is inhibited by interleukin-6. Nature 352 345-340
135. Zambetti GP, Bargonetti J, Walker K, Prives C and Levine AJ (1992) Wild-type p53 mediates positive regulation of gene expression through a specific DNA sequence element. Genes and Development 6 1143-1152
136. Zhang JF, Hu C, Geng Y, Selm J, Klein B, Orazi A and Taylor MW (1996) Treatment of human breast cancer xenograft with an adenovirus vector containing an interferon gene results in rapid progression due to viral oncolysis and gene therapy. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 93 4513-4518
137. Ziegler A, Jonason AS, Leffell DJ et al (1994) Sunburn and p53 in the onset of skin cancer. Nature 372 773-776