Choosing Between Possible Lives: Law and Ethics of Prenatal and Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis

Choosing between Possible Lives: Law and Ethics of Prenatal and Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 1-367

  Scott, Rosamund ^a  

^a KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85199849300     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (189)

1. ALDERSON, P ‘Prenatal Counselling and Images of Disability’ in D Dickenson (ed), Ethical Issues in Maternal-Fetal Medicine (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002) 195
2. ANSWER,
3. ASCH, A ‘Real Moral Dilemmas’ (1986) 46/10 Christianity and Crisis 237
4. ASCH, A ‘Reproductive Technology and Disability’ in S Cohen and N Taub (eds), Reproductive Laws for the 1990s (Clifton, NJ: Humana Press, 1989)
5. ASCH, A ‘Why I Haven’t Changed My Mind about Prenatal Diagnosis: Reflections and Refinements’ in E Parens and A Asch (eds), Prenatal Testing and Disability Rights (Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2000) 234
6. BAILY, M ‘Why I Had Amniocentesis’ in E Parens and A Asch (eds), Prenatal Testing and Disability Rights (Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2000) 64
7. BARENDT E ‘Privacy as a Constitutional Right and Value’ in P Birks (ed), Privacy and Loyalty (Oxford: OUP, 1997) 1
8. BERKOWITZ, JM and SNYDER, JW ‘Racism and Sexism in Medically Assisted Reproduction’ (1998) 12 (1) Bioethics 2
9. BIRCH, K ‘Beneficence, Determinism and Justice: an Engagement with the Argument for the Genetic Selection of Intelligence’ (2005) 19/1 Bioethics 12
10. BOPP, J, Bostrom, B, and McKinney, D ‘The “Rights” and “Wrongs” of Wrongful Birth and Wrongful Life: A Jurisprudential Analysis of Birth Related Torts’ (Spring, 1989) Duquesne Law Rev 461
11. BOTKIN, J ‘Fetal Privacy and Confidentiality’ (1995) 25(5) Hastings CR 32
12. BOTKIN, J ‘Ethical Issues and Practical Problems in Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis’ (1998) 26 JL Med and Ethics 17
13. BOTKIN, J ‘Line Drawing: Developing Professional Standards for Prenatal Diagnostic Services’ in E Parens and A Asch (eds), Prenatal Testing and Disability Rights (Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2000) 288
14. BOWLES BIESECKER, B and HAMBY, L ‘What Difference the Disability Community Arguments Should Make for the Delivery of Prenatal Genetic Information’ in E Parens and A Asch (eds), Prenatal Testing and Disability Rights (Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2000) 340
15. BUCHANAN, A, Brock, D, Daniels, N and Wikler, D, From Chance to Choice: Genetics and Justice (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000)
16. BUXTON, J ‘Non-invasive Pregnancy Test Shows Promise’ 6 February 2007, 394 Bionews,
17. CANE, P ‘Another Failed Sterilisation’ (2004) 120 LQR 189
18. CARLSON, L ‘Prenatal Testing and Selective Abortion’ (2002) 75 Phil and Med 191
19. CHERVENAK, F, McCullough, L and Campbell, S ‘Third Trimester Abortion: Is Compassion Enough?’ (1999) 106 BJOG 293
20. CLAYTON, EW ‘What the Law Says about Reproductive Genetic Testing and What it Doesn’t’ in KH Rothenberg and EJ Thomson (eds), Women and Prenatal Testing: Facing the Challenges of Genetic Technology (Columbus, Ohio: Ohio State University Press, 1994) 131
21. DAVIS, D ‘Genetic Dilemmas and the Child’s Right to an Open Future’ (1997) 27(2) Hastings CR 7
22. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH ‘Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD) — Guiding Principles for Commissioners of NHS Services’ (Sep 2002)
23. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, Review of the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act: Proposals for Revised Legislation (including Establishment of the Regulatory Authority for Tissue and Embryos) (December 2006)
24. DOSWALD-BECK, L ‘The Meaning of the “Right to Respect for Private Life” under the European Convention on Human Rights’ (1983) 4 Human Rights Law Journal 283
25. DOWN’S SYNDROME ASSOCIATION ‘Your Baby has Down’s Syndrome: a Guide for Parents’
26. DRAKE, H, Reid, M, and Marteau, T ‘Attitudes towards Termination for Fetal Abnormality: Comparisons in Three European Countries’ (1996) 49/3 Clin Genet 134
27. DWORKIN R (ed), The Philosophy of Law (Oxford: OUP, 1977)
28. DWORKIN R, Life’s Dominion: An Argument about Abortion and Euthanasia (London: Harper Collins, 1993)
29. DYER, C ‘Doctor who Performed Late Abortion Will Not be Prosecuted’ (2005) 330 BMJ 668
30. EHRICH, K, Williams, C, Farsides, B, Sandall, J, and Scott, R ‘Choosing Embryos: Ethical Complexity in Staff accounts of Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis’ (forthcoming 2007) Sociology of Health & Illness
31. EDWARDS, S ‘Prevention of Disability on Grounds of Suffering’ (2001) 27 JME 380
32. EDWARDS, S, ‘Disability, Identity and the “Expressivist Objection”’ (2004) 30 JME 418
33. FAVE, A and MASSIMINI, F ‘The Relevance of Subjective Well-being to Social Policies: Optimal Experience and Tailored Intervention’ in F Huppert, N Baylis and B Kaverne, The Science of Wellbeing (Oxford: OUP, 2005) 379
34. FEINBERG, J ‘The Child’s Right to an Open Future’ in W Aiken and H LaFollette (eds), Whose Child? Children’s Rights, Parental Authority and State Power (Totowa, NJ: Rowman and Littlefield, 1980)
35. FEINBERG, J, Harm to Others (New York: OUP, 1984)
36. FEINBERG, J ‘Abortion’ (1979) in his Freedom and Fulfillment (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992) 37
37. FELDMAN, D ‘Privacy-related Rights and their Social Value’ in P Birks (ed), Privacy and Loyalty (Oxford: OUP, 1997) 15
38. FELDMAN, D ‘The Developing Scope of Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights’ [1997] 3 EHRLR 265
39. FERGUSON, P, Gartner, A and Lipsky, D ‘The Experience of Disability in Families: A Synthesis of Research and Parent Narratives’ E Parens and A Asch (eds), Prenatal Testing and Disability Rights (Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2000) 72
40. FINNIS, J ‘The Rights and Wrongs of Abortion: A Reply to Judith Thomson’ (1973) 2 Phil & Pub Aff 117
41. FLINTER, F ‘Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis Needs to be Tightly Regulated’ (2001) 322 BMJ 1008
42. FOVARGUE, S and MIOLÁ, J ‘Policing Pregnancy: Implications of the Attorney-General’s Reference (No 3 of 1994)’ 6 Med L Rev (1998) 265
43. FRANKLIN, S and ROBERTS, C, Born and Made: An Ethnography of Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis (Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2006)
44. GANTZ, J ‘State Statutory Preclusion of Wrongful Birth Relief: a Troubling Re-Writing of A Woman’s Right to Choose and the Doctor-Patient Relationship’ (1997) Virginia J of Social Policy and the Law 795
45. GILLAM, L ‘Prenatal Diagnosis and Discrimination against the Disabled’ (1999) 24 JME 163
46. GILLOTT, J ‘Screening for Disability: a Eugenic Pursuit?’ (2001) 27 JME supp II, 21
47. GLANNON, W, Genes and Future People: Philosophical Issues in Human Genetics (Oxford: Westview Press, 2001)
48. GOLD, S ‘An Equality Approach to Wrongful Birth Statutes’ (1996) Fordham Law Rev 1005
49. GLOVER, J, What Sort of People Should There Be? (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1984)
50. GLOVER, J, ‘Eugenics: Some Lessons from the Nazi Experience’ in J Harris and S Holm (eds), The Future of Human Reproduction: Ethics, Choice and Regulation (Oxford: OUP, 1998) 55
51. GLOVER, J, Choosing Children: Genes, Disability and Design (Oxford: OUP, 2006)
52. GLOVER, V and FISK, NM ‘Fetal Pain: Implications for Research and Practice’ (1999) 106 British J of Obstet and Gyn 881
53. GMC ‘Confidentiality: Protecting and Providing Information’ April 2004
54. GREEN, R ‘Parental Autonomy and the Obligation not to Harm One’s Child Genetically’ (1997) 25 JL Med and Ethics 5
55. GRUBB, A ‘Commentary: Killing the Unborn Child: Abortion and Homicide: Attorney General’s Reference (No 3 of 1994)’ 6 Med L Rev (1998) 256
56. HARE, RM, Moral Thinking: Its Level, Method and Point (Oxford: OUP, 1981)
57. HARRIS, J ‘Rights and Reproductive Choice’ in J Harris and S Holm (eds), The Future of Human Reproduction: Ethics, Choice and Regulation (Oxford: OUP, 1998) 5
58. HARRIS, J ‘Is There a Coherent Social Conception of Disability?’ (2000) 26 JME 95
59. HARRIS, J ‘No Sex Selection Please, We’re British’ (2005) 31 JME 286
60. HARRIS, J ‘Sex Selection and Regulated Hatred’ (2005) 31 JME 291
61. HÄYRY, M ‘There is a Difference between Selecting a Deaf Embryo and Deafening a Hearing Child’ (2004) 30 JME 510
62. HENN, W ‘Consumerism in Prenatal Diagnosis: a Challenge for Ethical Guidelines’ (2000) 26 JME 444
63. HEYD, D, Genethics: Moral Issues in the Creation of People (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992)
64. HEYD, D, ‘Prenatal Diagnosis: Whose Right?’ (1995) 21 JME 292 HFEA, Sex Selection (1993)
65. HEYD, D, PRESS RELEASE ‘HFEA Reduces Maximum Number of Embryos Transferred in Single IVF treatment from Three to Two’ (8 August 2001)
66. HEYD, D, Code of Practice — Sixth Edition (2003)
67. HEYD, D, Sex Selection — Options for Regulation: A Report on the HFEA’s 2002–3 Review of Sex Selection including a Discussion of Legislative and Regulatory and Options (2003)
68. HEYD, D, PRESS RELEASE ‘HFEA Agrees to Extend Policy on Tissue Typing’ (21 July 2004)
69. HEYD, D, PRESS RELEASE ‘HFEA Announce New Process to Speed up Applications for Embryo Screening’ (19 January 2005)
70. HEYD, D, Choices and Boundaries (November 2005)
71. HEYD, D, ‘Welfare of the Child — Tomorrow’s Children’ (2005)
72. HEYD, D, PRESS RELEASE ‘Authority Decision on the Use of PGD for Lower Penetrance, Later Onset Inherited Conditions’ (10 May 2006)
73. HEYD, D, EXPERT GROUP ON MULTIPLE BIRTHS AFTER IVF, One Child at a Time: Reducing Multiple Births After IVF (October 2006)
74. HEYD, D, The Best Possible Start to Life: A Consultation Document on Multiple Births after IVF (April, 2007)
75. HFEA and AGCT, Consultation Document on Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis (November, 1999)
76. HFEA and AGCT, Minutes of Joint Working Party on Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis (20 December 2000)
77. HFEA and AGCT, Minutes of Joint Working Party on Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis (30 March 2001)
78. HFEA and AGCT, Minutes of Joint Working Party on Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis (11 May 2001)
79. HFEA and AGCT, Outcome of the Public Consultation on Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis (18 June 2001) HGC, Minutes of Genetic Testing Sub-group (12 January 2001)
80. HFEA and AGCT, Minutes of Genetic Testing Sub-group (16 February 2001)
81. HFEA and AGCT, Minutes of Plenary Meeting (2 March 2001)
82. HFEA and AGCT, Making Babies: Reproductive Decisions and Genetic Technologies (2006)
83. HALPER, T ‘Privacy and Autonomy: from Warren and Brandeis to Roe and Cruzan’ (1996) 21 J of Med and Phil 124
84. HILL, D ‘Ten Years of Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis-Aneuploidy Screening: Review of Multi-Center Report’ (2004) 82/2 Fertil & Steril 300
85. HOPE, T and MCMILLAN, J ‘Ethical Problems before Conception’ (2003) 361 Lancet 2164
86. HOUSE OF COMMONS SCIENCE and TECHNOLOGY COMMITTEE, Human Reproductive Technologies and the Law (2005)
87. HUBBARD, R ‘Eugenics: New Tools, Old Ideas’ (1987) 13 Women and Health 225
88. JACOBS FG and WHITE, RCA, The European Convention on Human Rights, 2nd edn (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996)
89. JACKSON, E ‘Abortion, Autonomy and Prenatal Diagnosis’ (2000) 9(4) Social and Legal Studies 467
90. JACKSON, E, Regulating Reproduction (Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2001)
91. JACKSON, E ‘Conception and the Irrelevance of the Welfare Principle’ (2002) 65(2) MLR 176
92. JENNINGS, B ‘Technology and the Genetic Imaginary: Prenatal Testing and the Construction of Disability’ in E Parens and A Asch (eds), Prenatal Testing and Disability Rights (Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2000) 138
93. JULIAN-REYNIER, C, Aurran, Y, Dumaret, A, Maron, A, Chabal, F and Giraud, F ‘Attitudes Towards Down’s Syndrome: Follow up of a Cohort of 280 cases’ (1995) 32/8 J Med Genet 597
94. KENNEDY, I ‘A Woman and her Unborn Child’ in his Treat Me Right (Oxford: OUP, 1992) 364
95. KENNEDY, I and GRUBB, A, Medical Law: Text with Materials, 3rd edn (London: Butterworths, 2000)
96. KEVLES, D ‘Eugenics and Human Rights’ (1999) 319 BMJ 435
97. KIRK, E ‘Embryo Selection for Complex Traits is Impracticable’ (2003) 326 BMJ 53
98. KITCHER, P, The Lives to Come: the Genetic Revolution and Human Possibilities (London: Allen Lane, The Penguin Press, 1996)
99. KOWITZ, J ‘Not Your Garden Variety Tort Reform: Statutes Barring Claims for Wrongful Life and Wrongful Birth are Unconstitutional Under the Purpose Prong of Planned Parenthood v Casey’ (Spring, 1995) Brooklyn Law Rev 235
100. LANE COMMITTEE, Report on the Working of the Abortion Act 1967 (1974) (Cm 5579)
101. LEVY, N ‘Deafness, Culture, and Choice’ (2002) 28 JME 284
102. LIPPMAN, A ‘Prenatal Genetic Testing and Screening: Constructing Needs and Reinforcing Inequities’ (1991) 17 Am J L and Med 15
103. LOUCAIDES, LG ‘Personality and Privacy under the European Convention on Human Rights’ (1990) 61 BYBIL 175
104. MALINOWKSI, M ‘Coming into Being: Law, Ethics and the Practice of Prenatal Genetic Screening’ (1994) 45 Hastings LJ 1435
105. MANSFIELD, C, Hopfer, S and Marteau, TM ‘Termination Rates after Prenatal Diagnosis of Down syndrome, spina bifida, anencephaly, and Turner and Klinefelter syndromes: a Systematic Literature Review European Concerted Action: DADA (Decision-making After the Diagnosis of a Fetal Abnormality’ (1999) 19/9 Prenat Diagn 808
106. MARWICK, C ‘Monitoring of Assisted Reproduction Techniques is Inadequate, US Experts Say’ (2003) 326 BMJ 1352
107. MASON, JK and LAURIE, GT, Law and Medical Ethics, 7th edn (Oxford: OUP, 2006)
108. MCDOUGALL, R ‘Acting Parentally: An Argument against Sex Selection’ (2005) 31 JME 601
109. MCDOUGALL, R ‘Parental Virtue: A New Way of Thinking about the Morality of Reproductive Actions’ (2007) 21/4 Bioethics 181
110. MCGEE, G ‘Parenting in an Era of Genetics’ (1997) 27(2) Hastings CR16
111. MCMAHAN, J ‘Preventing the Existence of People with Disabilities’ in D Wasserman, J Bickenbach and R Wachbroit (eds), Quality of Life and Human Difference: Genetic Testing, Health Care, and Disability (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005) 142
112. MORGAN, D ‘Abortion: the Unexamined Ground’ [1990] Crim LR 687
113. MURRAY, T, The Worth of a Child (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996)
114. NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS and STROKE
115. NATIONAL TAY-SACHS and ALLIED DISEASES ASSOCIATION, INC
116. NELSON, J ‘The Meaning of the Act: Reflections on the Expressive Force of Reproductive Decision Making and Policies’ in E Parens and A Asch (eds), Prenatal Testing and Disability Rights (Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2000) 196
117. NICE ‘Antenatal Care: Routine Care for the Healthy Pregnant Woman’ Clinical Guideline 6 (October 2003)
118. Nuffield Council on Bioethics, Critical Care Decisions in Fetal and Neonatal Medicine: Ethical Issues (2006)
119. NYS, H ‘Physician Involvement in a Patient’s Death’ (1999) 7 Med L Rev 209
120. O’NEILL, O, Autonomy and Trust in Bioethics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002)
121. OSSORIO, P ‘Prenatal Genetic Testing and the Courts’ in E Parens and A Asch (eds), Prenatal Testing and Disability Rights (Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2000) 308
122. PARENS, E and ASCH, A ‘The Disability Rights Critique of Prenatal Genetic Testing: Reflections and Recommendations’ in E Parens and A Asch (eds), Prenatal Testing and Disability Rights (Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2000) 3
123. PARENT, WA ‘Recent Work on the Concept of Privacy’ (1983) 20 Am Phil Q 341
124. PARFIT, D, Reasons and Persons (Oxford: OUP, 1984)
125. PELLEGRINO, M ‘The Protection of Prenatal Life: Tort Claims of Wrongful Birth or Wrongful Life and Equal Protection Under Pennsylvania’s Constitution’ (1999) Temple Law Review 715
126. PRESS, N ‘Assessing the Expressive Character of Prenatal Testing: The Choice Made or the Choices Made Available?’ in E Parens and A Asch (eds), Prenatal Testing and Disability Rights (Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2000) 214
127. PRIAULX, N, The Harm Paradox: Tort Law and the Unwanted Child in an Era of Choice (London: UCL Press, 2007)
128. RAZ, J ‘Right-based Moralities’ in J Waldron (ed), Theories of Rights (Oxford: OUP, 1984)
129. RAZ, J, The Morality of Freedom (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986)
130. REINDAL, S ‘Disability, Gene Therapy and Eugenics — a Challenge to John Harris’ (2000) 26 JME 89
131. RENWICK, P ‘Proof of Principle and First Cases using Preimplantion Genetic Haplotyping — a Paradigm Shift for Embryo Diagnosis’ (2006) 13/1 Reproductive Biomedicine Online 758
132. RCOG, Termination of Pregnancy for Fetal Abnormality in England, Wales and Scotland (January 1996)
133. RCOG, Report of the RCOG Working Party on Fetal Awareness (London: RCOG, 1997)
134. RCOG ETHICS COMMITTEE, A Consideration of the Law and Ethics in Relation to Late Termination of Pregnancy for Fetal Abnormality (RCOG Press, March 1998)
135. RCP, Withholding or Withdrawing Life-sustaining Treatment for Children: A Framework for Practice (2004, 2nd edn)
136. RHODEN, N ‘Trimesters and Technology: Revamping Roe v Wade’ 95 Yale LJ (1986) 639
137. RHODES, R ‘Ethical Issues in Selecting Embryos’(2001) 943 Ann NY Acad Sci 360
138. ROBERTSON, J, Children of Choice: Freedom and the New Reproductive Technologies (Princeton, J: Princeton University Press, 1994)
139. ROBERTSON, J, ‘Genetic Selection of Offspring Characteristics’ (1996) 76 Boston U Law Rev 421
140. ROBERTSON, J, ‘Extending Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis: Medical and Non-medical Uses’ (2003) 29 JME 213
141. RYAN, S ‘Wrongful Birth: False Representations of Women’s Reproductive Lives’ (April, 1994) Minnesota Law Rev 857
142. SAVULESCU, S ‘Sex Selection: The Case For’ (1999) 171(7) Med J Aust 37
143. SAVULESCU, S ‘Procreative Beneficence: Why We Should Select the Best Children’ (2001) 15(5/6) Bioethics 413
144. SAXTON, M ‘Why Members of the Disability Community Oppose Prenatal Diagnosis and Selective Abortion’ in E Parens and A Asch (eds), Prenatal Testing and Disability Rights (Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2000) 147
145. SCHMIDT, E ‘The Parental Obligation to Expand a Child’s Range of Open Futures when Making Genetic Trait Selections for their Child’ (2007) 21/4 Bioethics 191
146. SCOTT, R, Rights, Duties and the Body: Law and Ethics of the Maternal-Fetal Conflict (Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2002)
147. SCOTT, R, ‘Why Parents Have No Duty to Select “the Best” Children’ (2007) Clinical Ethics 3/3 149
148. SEYMOUR, J, Childbirth and the Law (Oxford: OUP, 2000)
149. SHAKESPEARE, T ‘Choices and Rights: Eugenics, Genetics and Disability Equality’ (1998) 13/5 Disability and Society 665
150. SHAKESPEARE, T ‘“Losing the Plot?” Medical and Activist Discourses of Contemporary Genetics and Disability’ (1999) 21/5 Sociology of Health and Illness 669
151. SHAKESPEARE, T, Disability Rights and Wrongs (London: Routledge, 2006)
152. SHELDON, S ‘Who is the Mother to Make the Judgment?: The Construction of Woman in English Abortion Law’ (1993) 1 Fem Leg Stud 3
153. SHELDON, S ‘The Law of Abortion and the Politics of Medicalisation’ in J Bridgman and S Millns (eds), Law and Body Politics: Regulating the Female Body (Aldershot: Dartmouth, 1995) 105
154. SHELDON, S and WILKINSON, S ‘Termination of Pregnancy for Reason of Foetal Disability: Are there Grounds for a Special Exception in Law?’ (2001) 9 Med Law Rev 85
155. SHELDON, S ‘Hashmi and Whittaker: An Unjustifiable and Misguided Distinction?’ (2004) 12 Med Law Rev 137
156. SILVER, L ‘How Reprogenetics will Transform the American Family’ (1999) 27 Hofstra L Rev 649
157. SILVERMAN, A ‘Constitutional Law-Pennsylvania’s Wrongful Birth Statute’s Impact On Abortion Rights: State Action And Undue Burden-Edmonds v Western Pennsylvania’ (1993) Temple Law Rev 1087
158. SPRIGGS, M ‘Lesbian Couple Create a Child Who is Deaf Like Them’ (2002) 28 JME 283
159. STEINBOCK, B, Life Before Birth (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992)
160. STEINBOCK, B, ‘Disability, Prenatal Testing and Selective Abortion’ in E Parens and A Asch (eds), Prenatal Testing and Disability Rights (Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2000) 108
161. STEINBOCK, B, and MCCLAMROCK, R ‘When is Birth Unfair to the Child?’ (1994) 24 Hastings CR 15
162. STOLLER, D ‘Prenatal Genetic Screening: the Enigma of Selective Abortion’ (1997/1998) 12 JL & Health 121
163. STONE, A ‘Consti-tortion: Tort Law as an End-run around Abortion Rights after Planned Parenthood v Casey’ (2000) American University Journal of Gender, Social Policy and the Law 471
164. STRONG, C ‘Overview: a Framework for Reproductive Ethics’ in D Dickenson (ed), Ethical Issues in Maternal-Fetal Medicine (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002) 17
165. SUTER, S ‘The Routinization of Prenatal Screening’ (2002) 28 Am JL & Med 233
166. THOMSON, JJ ‘A Defence of Abortion’ (1971) 1 Phil & Pub Aff 47
167. THORNHILL, A, Grudzinskas, G and Handyside, A ‘PGD for Early Onset Alzheimer’s Disease: Preventing Disease… Not the Cure’ 17 April 2007, 403 Bionews,
168. TURONE, F ‘Italy to Pass New Law on Assisted Reproduction’ (2004) 328 BMJ 9
169. TURONE, F ‘Italians Fail to Overturn Restrictive Reproduction Law’ (2005) 330 BMJ 1405
170. VERLINSKY, Y, Cohen, J, Munne, S, Gianaroli, L, Simpson, JL, Ferraretti, AP and Kuliev, A ‘Over a Decade of Experience with Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis: A Multicenter Report’ (2004) 82/2 Fertility and Sterility 292
171. WADHAM, J, Mountfield, H, Edmundson, A and Gallagher, C, Blackstone’s Guide to the Human Rights Act 1998, 4th edn (London: Blackstone’s, 2007)
172. WARNOCK REPORT (Cmnd 9314), Report of the Committee of Inquiry into Fertilisation and Embryology, republished as A Question of Life (Oxford: Blackwell, 1985)
173. WARREN, MA ‘On the Moral and Legal Status of Abortion’ (1973) 57(1) The Monist 43
174. WENZ, P ‘Engineering Genetic Injustice’ (2005) 19/1 Bioethics 1
175. DE WERT, G ‘Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis: the Ethics of Intermediate Cases’ (2005) 20/12 Human Reproduction 3261
176. WERTZ, D ‘Drawing Lines: Notes for Policymakers’ in E Parens and A Asch (eds), Prenatal Testing and Disability Rights (Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2000) 261
177. WHITE, G and MCCLURE, M ‘Introducing Innovation into Practice: Technical and Ethical Analyses of PGD and ICSI Technologies’ (1998) 26 JL Med and Ethics 5
178. WICKS, E, Wyldes, M and Kilby, M ‘Late Termination of Pregnancy for Fetal Abnormality: Medical and Legal Perspectives’ (2004) 12 Med Law Rev 285
179. WILLIAMS, C ‘Framing the Fetus in Medical Work: Rituals and Practice’ (2005) 60 Social Science and Medicine 2085
180. WILLIAMS, C, ALDERSON, P and FARSIDES, B ‘“Drawing the Line” in Prenatal Screening and Testing: Health Practitioners’ Discussions’ (2002) 4(1) Health, Risk and Society 61
181. WILLIAMS, C ‘What Constitutes “Balanced Information in the Practitioners” Portrayals of Down’s Syndrome?’ (2002) 18 Midwifery 230
182. WILLIAMS, C ‘Is Nondirectiveness Possible within the Context of Antenatal Screening and Testing?’ (2002) 54 Social Science & Medicine 339
183. WILLIAMS, C ‘Too Many Choices? Hospital and Community Staff Reflect on the Future of Prenatal Screening’ (2002) 55 Social Science & Medicine 743
184. WILLIAMS, G, Textbook of Criminal Law, 1st edn (London: Stevens, 1978)
185. WILKINSON, S ‘Eugenics, Embryo Selection and the Equal Value Principle’ (2006) 1 Clinical Ethics 46
186. WILKINSON, S, Choosing Children: the Ethics of Selective Reproduction (Oxford: OUP, forthcoming)
187. WILCOXON, K ‘Statutory Remedies for Judicial Torts: The Need for Wrongful Birth Legislation’ (Spring, 2001) U of Cincinnati Law Rev 1023
188. WIKLER, D ‘Can We Learn from Eugenics?’ (1999) 25 JME 183
189. WON, RH, CURRIER, RJ, LOREY, F and TOWNER, DR ‘The Timing of Demise in Fetuses with Trisomy 21 and Trisomy 18’ (2005) 25/7 Prenat Diagn 608