Thyroid Function Testing

Endocrinology: Adult and Pediatric, Sixth Edition

Volumn 2, Issue , 2010, Pages 1444-1492

  Weiss, Roy E ^a,b   Refetoff, Samuel ^b  

^a Department of Medicine ^*  (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85153812961     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-1-4160-5583-9.00077-0     Document Type: Chapter

References (480)

1. B Modan, D Baidatz, H Mart, et al. (1974) Radiation-induced head and neck tumours. Lancet 1 277-279.
2. Summary of current radiation dose estimates to humans from 123I, 124I, 125I, 126I, 130I, 131I, and 132I as sodium iodide. J Nucl Med 16 857-860.
3. MIRD/Dose Estimate Report No. 8. Summary of current radiation dose estimates to normal humans from 99mTc as sodium pertechnetate. J Nucl Med 17 74-77.
4. EH Quimby, S Feitelberg and W Gross (1970) Radioactive Nuclides in Medicine and Biology. ed 3 Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger
5. Iodine. Dietary Reference Intakes for vitamin A, vitamin K, arsenic, boron, chromium, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, silicon, vanadium and zinc Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press 258-289.
6. JG Hollowell, NW Staehling, WH Hannon, et al. (1998) Iodine nutrition in the United States. Trends and public health implications: iodine excretion data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys I and III (1971–1974 and 1988–1994). J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83 3401-3408.
7. G Dai, O Levy and N Carrasco (1996) Cloning and characterization of the thyroid iodide transporter. Nature 379 458-460.
8. JB Stanbury and EM Chapman (1960) Congenital hypothyroidism with goitre: absence of an iodide-concentrating mechanism. Lancet 1 1162-1165.
9. IJ Chopra (2004) A radioimmunoassay for measurement of 3,3′-diiodothyronine sulfate: Studies in thyroidal and nonthyroidal diseases, pregnancy, and fetal/neonatal life. Metabolism 53 538-543.
10. LA Gavin, BM Livermore, RR Cavalieri, et al. (1980) Serum concentration, metabolic clearance, and production rates of 3,5,3′-triiodothyroacetic acid in normal and athyreotic man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 51 529-534.
11. V Trevorrow (1939) Studies on the nature of the iodine in blood. J Biol Chem 127 737-750.
12. VS Fang and S Refetoff (1974) Radioimmunoassay for serum triiodothyronine: evaluation of simple techniques to control interference from binding proteins. Clin Chem 20 1150-1154.
13. PR Larsen, J Dockalova, D Sipula, et al. (1973) Immunoassay of thyroxine in unextracted human serum. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 37 177-182.
14. K Sterling and PO Milch (1974) Thermal inactivation of thyroxine-binding globulin for direct radioimmunoassay of triiodothyronine in serum. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 38 866-875.
15. N Soukhova, OP Soldin and SJ Soldin (2004) Isotope dilution tandem mass spectrometric method for T4/T3. Clin Chim Acta 343 185-190.
16. KD Burman, R Bongiovanni, RK Garis, et al. (1981) Measurement of serum T4 concentration by high performance liquid chromatography. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 53 909-912.
17. N Kahric-Janicic, SJ Soldin, OP Soldin, et al. (2007) Tandem mass spectrometry improves the accuracy of free thyroxine measurements during pregnancy. Thyroid 17 303-311.
18. SS Tai, LT Sniegoski and MJ Welch (2002) Candidate reference method for total thyroxine in human serum: use of isotope-dilution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization. Clin Chem 48 637-642.
19. LM Thienpont, VI De Brabandere, D Stockl, et al. (1994) Development of a new method for the determination of thyroxine in serum based on isotope dilution gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Biol Mass Spectrom 23 475-482.
20. B Yue, AL Rockwood, T Sandrock, et al. (2008) Free thyroid hormones in serum by direct equilibrium dialysis and online solid-phase extraction—liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Clin Chem 54 642-651.
21. S Refetoff (1989) Inherited thyroxine-binding globulin abnormalities in man. Endocr Rev 10 275-293.
22. P De Costre, U Buhler, LJ DeGroot, et al. (1971) Diurnal rhythm in total serum thyroxine levels. Metabolism 20 782-791.
23. JA Franklyn, DB Ramsden and MC Sheppard (1985) The influence of age and sex on tests of thyroid function. Ann Clin Biochem 22(Pt 5), 502-505.
24. U Westgren, A Burger, S Ingemansson, et al. (1976) Blood levels of 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine and thyroxine: differences between children, adults, and elderly subjects. Acta Med Scand 200 493-495.
25. S Welle, M O’Connell, E Danforth Jr, et al. (1984) Decreased free fraction of serum thyroid hormones during carbohydrate overfeeding. Metabolism 33 837-839.
26. AM Dumitrescu, XH Liao, MS Abdullah, et al. (2005) Mutations in SECISBP2 result in abnormal thyroid hormone metabolism. Nat Genet 37 1247-1252.
27. AM Dumitrescu, XH Liao, TB Best, et al. (2004) A novel syndrome combining thyroid and neurological abnormalities is associated with mutations in a monocarboxylate transporter gene. Am J Hum Genet 74 168-175.
28. IJ Chopra, DE Williams, J Orgiazzi, et al. (1975) Opposite effects of dexamethasone on serum concentrations of 3,3′,5′-triiodothyronine (reverse T3) and 3,3′5-triiodothyronine (T3). J Clin Endocrinol Metab 41 911-920.
29. PH Davies and JA Franklyn (1991) The effects of drugs on tests of thyroid function. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 40 439-451.
30. B Busnardo, R Vagelista, ME Girelli, et al. (1976) TSH levels and TSH response to TRH as a guide to the replacement treatment of patients with thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 42 901-906.
31. K Miyai, M Fukuchi and Y Kumahara (1969) Correlation between biological and immunological potencies of human serum and pituitary thyrotropin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 29 1438-1442.
32. S Refetoff, Y Murata, G Vassart, et al. (1984) Radioimmunoassays specific for the tertiary and primary structures of thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG): measurement of denatured TBG in serum. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 59 269-277.
33. PM Sadow, O Chassande, K Gauthier, et al. (2003) Specificity of thyroid hormone receptor subtype and steroid receptor coactivator-1 on thyroid hormone action. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 284 E36-46.
34. A Hernandez and DL St Germain (2003) Thyroid hormone deiodinases: physiology and clinical disorders. Curr Opin Pediatr 15 416-420.
35. RJ Koenig (2003) Ubiquitinated deiodinase: not dead yet. J Clin Invest 112 145-147.
36. S Refetoff and AM Dumitrescu (2007) Syndromes of reduced sensitivity to thyroid hormone: genetic defects in hormone receptors, cell transporters and deiodination. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 21 277-305.
37. JC Nelson and RT Tomei (1988) Direct determination of free thyroxin in undiluted serum by equilibrium dialysis/radioimmunoassay. Clin Chem 34 1737-1744.
38. MI Surks and CR DeFesi (1996) Normal serum free thyroid hormone concentrations in patients treated with phenytoin or carbamazepine. A paradox resolved. JAMA 275 1495-1498.
39. JH Oppenheimer, R Squef, MI Surks, et al. (1963) Binding of thyroxine by serum proteins evaluated by equilibrum dialysis and electrophoretic techniques. Alterations in nonthyroidal illness. J Clin Invest 42 1769-1782.
40. P Nuutila, P Koskinen, K Irjala, et al. (1990) Two new two-step immunoassays for free thyroxin evaluated: solid-phase radioimmunoassay and time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay. Clin Chem 36 1355-1360.
41. TA Wilkins, JE Midgley and N Barron (1985) Comprehensive study of a thyroxin-analog-based assay for free thyroxin (“Amerlex FT4”). Clin Chem 31 1644-1653.
42. JR Stockigt, V Stevens, EL White, et al. (1983) “Unbound analog” radioimmunoassays for free thyroxin measure the albumin-bound hormone fraction. Clin Chem 29 1408-1410.
43. ND Christofides and CP Sheehan (1995) Enhanced chemiluminescence labeled-antibody immunoassay (Amerlite-MAB) for free thyroxine: design, development, and technical validation. Clin Chem 41 17-23.
44. ND Christofides and CP Sheehan (1995) Multicenter evaluation of enhanced chemiluminescence labeled-antibody immunoassay (“Amerlite-MAB”) for free thyroxine. Clin Chem 41 24-31.
45. GM Costongs, RJ van Oers, B Leerkes, et al. (1995) Evaluation of the DPC IMMULITE random access immunoassay analyser. Eur J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 33 887-892.
46. M Letellier, A Levesque, F Daigle, et al. (1996) Performance evaluation of automated immunoassays on the Technicon Immuno 1 system. Clin Chem 42 1695-1701.
47. K Liewendahl, H Majuri and T Helenius (1978) Thyroid function tests in patients on long-term treatment with various anticonvulsant drugs. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 8 185-191.
48. M Vogeser and K Jacob (1997) Measurement of free triiodothyronine in intensive care patients—comparison of two routine methods. Eur J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 35 873-875.
49. IJ Chopra (1976) An assessment of daily production and significance of thyroidal secretion of 3,3′,5′-triiodothyronine (reverse T3) in man. J Clin Invest 58 32-40.
50. M O’Connell, DC Robbins, C Bogardus, et al. (1982) The interaction of free fatty acids in radioimmunoassays for reverse triiodothyronine. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 55 577-582.
51. IJ Chopra (1974) A radioimmunoassay for measurement of 3,3′,5′-triiodothyronine (reverse T3). J Clin Invest 54 583-592.
52. KD Burman, FD Wright, RC Smallridge, et al. (1978) A radioimmunoassay for 3′,5′-diiodothyronine. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 47 1059-1064.
53. IJ Chopra, F Geola, DH Solomon, et al. (1978) 3′-5′-Diiodothyronine in health and disease: studies by a radioimmunoassay. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 47 1198-1207.
54. Y Nakamura, IJ Chopra and DH Solomon (1978) An assessment of the concentration of acetic acid and propionic acid derivatives of 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine in human serum. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 46 91-97.
55. CS Pittman, T Shimizu, A Burger, et al. (1980) The nondeiodinative pathways of thyroxine metabolism: 3,5,3′,5-tetraiodothyroacetic acid turnover in normal and fasting human subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 50 712-716.
56. CS Pittman, AK Suda, JB Chambers Jr, et al. (1979) Abnormalities of thyroid hormone turnover in patients with diabetes mellitus before and after insulin therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 48 854-860.
57. WS Huang, SW Kuo, WL Chen, et al. (1996) Increased urinary excretion of sulfated 3,3′,5′-triiodothyronine in patients with nodular goiters receiving suppressive thyroxine therapy. Thyroid 6 91-96.
58. JD Nelson and JE Lewis (1979) Radioimmunoassay of iodotyrosines. GE Abraham,(Eds) Handbook of Radioimmunoassay New York: Marcel Dekker
59. G Afink, W Kulik, H Overmars, et al. (2008) Molecular characterization of iodotyrosine dehalogenase deficiency in patients with hypothyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93 4894-4901.
60. S Piehl, T Heberer, G Balizs, et al. (2008) Thyronamines are isozyme-specific substrates of deiodinases. Endocrinology 149 3037-3045.
61. G Chiellini, S Frascarelli, S Ghelardoni, et al. (2007) Cardiac effects of 3-iodothyronamine: a new aminergic system modulating cardiac function. FASEB J 21 1597-1608.
62. TS Scanlan, KL Suchland, ME Hart, et al. (2004) 3-Iodothyronamine is an endogenous and rapid-acting derivative of thyroid hormone. Nat Med 10 638-642.
63. CA Spencer, M Takeuchi, M Kazarosyan, et al. (1998) Serum thyroglobulin autoantibodies: prevalence, influence on serum thyroglobulin measurement, and prognostic significance in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83 1121-1127.
64. C Massart and D Maugendre (2002) Importance of the detection method for thyroglobulin antibodies for the validity of thyroglobulin measurements in sera from patients with Graves disease. Clin Chem 48 102-107.
65. K Zophel, G Wunderlich, U Liepach, et al. (2001) [Recovery test or immunoradiometric measurement of anti-thyroglobulin autoantibodies for interpretation of thyroglobulin determination in the follow-up of different thyroid carcinoma]. Nuklearmedizin 40 155-163.
66. AJ Van Herle, RP Uller, NI Matthews, et al. (1973) Radioimmunoassay for measurement of thyroglobulin in human serum. J Clin Invest 52 1320-1327.
67. F Pacini, A Pinchera, C Giani, et al. (1980) Serum thyroglobulin in thyroid carcinoma and other thyroid disorders. J Endocrinol Invest 3 283-292.
68. V Pezzino, S Filetti, A Belfiore, et al. (1981) Serum thyroglobulin levels in the newborn. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 52 364-366.
69. R Penny, CA Spencer, SD Frasier, et al. (1983) Thyroid-stimulating hormone and thyroglobulin levels decrease with chronological age in children and adolescents. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 56 177-180.
70. S Refetoff and EG Lever (1983) The value of serum thyroglobulin measurement in clinical practice. JAMA 250 2352-2357.
71. JI Torrens and HB Burch (2001) Serum thyroglobulin measurement. Utility in clinical practice. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 30 429-467.
72. M Izumi, I Kubo, M Taura, et al. (1986) Kinetic study of immunoreactive human thyroglobulin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 62 410-412.
73. RP Uller and AJ Van Herle (1978) Effect of therapy on serum thyroglobulin levels in patients with Graves’ disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 46 747-755.
74. EG Lever, S Refetoff, NH Scherberg, et al. (1983) The influence of percutaneous fine needle aspiration on serum thyroglobulin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 56 26-29.
75. RC Smallridge, FM De Keyser, AJ Van Herle, et al. (1986) Thyroid iodine content and serum thyroglobulin: cues to the natural history of destruction-induced thyroiditis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 62 1213-1219.
76. S Mariotti, E Martino, C Cupini, et al. (1982) Low serum thyroglobulin as a clue to the diagnosis of thyrotoxicosis factitia. N Engl J Med 307 410-412.
77. MD Ringel, PL Balducci-Silano, JS Anderson, et al. (1999) Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction of circulating thyroglobulin messenger ribonucleic acid for monitoring patients with thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84 4037-4042.
78. D Grammatopoulos, Y Elliott, SC Smith, et al. (2003) Measurement of thyroglobulin mRNA in peripheral blood as an adjunctive test for monitoring thyroid cancer. Molecular Pathology 56 162-166.
79. PN Span, MJ Sleegers, WJ van den Broek, et al. (2003) Quantitative detection of peripheral thyroglobulin mRNA has limited clinical value in the follow-up of thyroid cancer patients. Ann Clin Biochem 40 94-99.
80. S Kawamura, B Kishino, K Tajima, et al. (1983) Serum thyroglobulin changes in patients with Graves’ disease treated with long term antithyroid drug therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 56 507-512.
81. HJ Heinze, DI Shulman, FB Diamond Jr, et al. (1993) Spectrum of serum thyroglobulin elevation in congenital thyroid disorders. Thyroid 3 37-40.
82. P Czernichow, M Schlumberger, R Pomarede, et al. (1983) Plasma thyroglobulin measurements help determine the type of thyroid defect in congenital hypothyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 56 242-245.
83. CW Burke, RA Shakespear and TR Fraser (1972) Measurement of thyroxine and triiodothyronine in human urine. Lancet 2 1177-1179.
84. V Chan and J Landon (1972) Urinary thyroxine excretion as index of thyroid function. Lancet 1 4-6.
85. V Chan, J Landon, GM Besser, et al. (1972) Urinary tri-iodothyronine excretion as index of thyroid function. Lancet 2 253-256.
86. JE Gaitan, HW Wahner, CA Gorman, et al. (1975) Measurement of triiodothyronine in unextracted urine. J Lab Clin Med 86 538-546.
87. K Yoshida, T Sakurada, T Takahashi, et al. (1986) Measurement of TSH in human amniotic fluid: diagnosis of fetal thyroid abnormality in utero. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 25 313-318.
88. JG Thorpe-Beeston, KH Nicolaides and AM McGregor (1992) Fetal thyroid function. Thyroid 2 207-217.
89. IJ Chopra and BF Crandall (1975) Thyroid hormones and thyrotropin in amniotic fluid. N Engl J Med 293 740-743.
90. PK Singh, CA Parvin and AM Gronowski (2003) Establishment of reference intervals for markers of fetal thyroid status in amniotic fluid. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88 4175-4179.
91. GA Hagen and WJ Elliott (1973) Transport of thyroid hormones in serum and cerebrospinal fluid. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 37 415-422.
92. M Nishikawa, M Inada, K Naito, et al. (1981) 3,3′,5′-triiodothyronine (reverse T3) in human cerebrospinal fluid. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 53 1030-1035.
93. K Siersbaek-Nielsen and JM Hansen (1970) Tyrosine and free thyroxine in cerebrospinal fluid in thyroid disease. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 64 126-132.
94. J Mallol, MJ Obregon and G Morreale de Escobar (1982) Analytical artifacts in radioimmunoassay of l-thyroxin in human milk. Clin Chem 28 1277-1282.
95. SK Varma, M Collins, A Row, et al. (1978) Thyroxine, tri-iodothyronine, and reverse tri-iodothyronine concentrations in human milk. J Pediatr 93 803-806.
96. L Jansson, S Ivarsson, I Larsson, et al. (1983) Tri-iodothyronine and thyroxine in human milk. Acta Paediatr Scand 72 703-705.
97. H Mizuta, N Amino, K Ichihara, et al. (1983) Thyroid hormones in human milk and their influence on thyroid function of breast-fed babies. Pediatr Res 17 468-471.
98. D Riad-Fahmy, GF Read, RF Walker, et al. (1982) Steroids in saliva for assessing endocrine function. Endocr Rev 3 367-395.
99. MK Elson, JE Morley and RB Shafer (1983) Salivary thyroxine as an estimate of free thyroxine: concise communication. J Nucl Med 24 700-702.
100. S Reichlin, J Bollinger, I Nejad, et al. (1973) Tissue thyroid hormone concentration of rat and man determined by radiommunoassay: biologic significance. Mt Sinai J Med 40 502-510.
101. Y Ochi, T Hachiya, M Yoshimura, et al. (1976) Determination of triiodothyronine in red blood cells by radioimmunoassay. Endocrinol Jpn 23 207-213.
102. J Crooks, IP Murray and EJ Wayne (1959) Statistical methods applied to the clinical diagnosis of thyrotoxicosis. Q J Med 28 211-234.
103. I Klein, PT Trzepacz, M Roberts, et al. (1988) Symptom rating scale for assessing hyperthyroidism. Arch Intern Med 148 387-390.
104. W Billewicz, R Chapman, J Crooks, et al. (1969) Statistical methods applied to the diagnosis of hypothyroidism. Q J Med 38 255-266.
105. H Zulewski, B Muller, P Exer, et al. (1997) Estimation of tissue hypothyroidism by a new clinical score: evaluation of patients with various grades of hypothyroidism and controls. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82 771-776.
106. MJ Diekman, NM van der Put, HJ Blom, et al. (2001) Determinants of changes in plasma homocysteine in hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 54 197-204.
107. BG Nedrebo, UB Ericsson, O Nygard, et al. (1998) Plasma total homocysteine levels in hyperthyroid and hypothyroid patients. Metabolism 47 89-93.
108. BG Nedrebo, O Nygard, PM Ueland, et al. (2001) Plasma total homocysteine in hyper- and hypothyroid patients before and during 12 months of treatment. Clin Chem 47 1738-1741.
109. RD Lindeman, LJ Romero, DS Schade, et al. (2003) Impact of subclinical hypothyroidism on serum total homocysteine concentrations, the prevalence of coronary heart disease (CHD), and CHD risk factors in the New Mexico Elder Health Survey. Thyroid 13 595-600.
110. M Haluzik, J Nedvidkova, V Bartak, et al. (2003) Effects of hypo- and hyperthyroidism on noradrenergic activity and glycerol concentrations in human subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue assessed with microdialysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88 5605-5608.
111. AL Riis, CH Gravholt, CB Djurhuus, et al. (2002) Elevated regional lipolysis in hyperthyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87 4747-4753.
112. M Beylot, JP Riou, F Bienvenu, et al. (1980) Increased ketonaemia in hyperthyroidism. Evidence for a beta-adrenergic mechanism. Diabetologia 19 505-510.
113. HJ Waal-Manning (1969) Effect of propranolol on the duration of the Achilles tendon reflex. Clin Pharmacol Ther 10 199-206.
114. S Danzi and I Klein (2002) Thyroid hormone-regulated cardiac gene expression and cardiovascular disease. Thyroid 12 467-472.
115. S Danzi, K Ojamaa and I Klein (2003) Triiodothyronine-mediated myosin heavy chain gene transcription in the heart. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 284 H2255-H2262.
116. PJ Davis and FB Davis (2002) Nongenomic actions of thyroid hormone on the heart. Thyroid 12 459-466.
117. S Incerpi, P Luly, P De Vito, et al. (1999) Short-term effects of thyroid hormones on the Na/H antiport in L-6 myoblasts: high molecular specificity for 3,3′,5′triiodo-l-thyronine. Endocrinology 140 683-689.
118. FB Davis, MJ Moffett, PJ Davis, et al. (1993) Inositol phosphates modulate binding of thyroid hormone to human red cell membranes in vitro. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 77 1427-1430.
119. T Kawano, L Chen, SY Watanabe, et al. (1999) Importance of the G protein gamma subunit in activating G protein-coupled inward rectifier K(+) channels. FEBS Lett 463 355-359.
120. G Mintz, R Pizzarello and I Klein (1991) Enhanced left ventricular diastolic function in hyperthyroidism: noninvasive assessment and response to treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 73 146-150.
121. PW Ladenson, PD Goldenheim, DS Cooper, et al. (1982) Early peripheral responses to intravenous L-thyroxine in primary hypothyroidism. Am J Med 73 467-474.
122. FM Bengel, SG Nekolla, T Ibrahim, et al. (2000) Effect of thyroid hormones on cardiac function, geometry, and oxidative metabolism assessed noninvasively by positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85 1822-1827.
123. JJ Haggerty Jr, JC Garbutt, DL Evans, et al. (1990) Subclinical hypothyroidism: a review of neuropsychiatric aspects. Int J Psychiatry Med 20 193-208.
124. P Saravanan, WF Chau, N Roberts, et al. (2002) Psychological well-being in patients on “adequate” doses of l-thyroxine: results of a large, controlled community-based questionnaire study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 57 577-585.
125. PC Whybrow (2000) Behavioral and psychiatric aspects of hypothyroidism. L Braverman, R Utiger,(Eds) Werner and Ingbar's The Thyroid ed 8 Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 837-842.
126. R Bunevicius, G Kazanavicius, R Zalinkevicius, et al. (1999) Effects of thyroxine as compared with thyroxine plus triiodothyronine in patients with hypothyroidism. N Engl J Med 340 424-429.
127. HF Escobar-Morreale, JI Botella-Carretero, M Gomez-Bueno, et al. (2005) Thyroid hormone replacement therapy in primary hypothyroidism: a randomized trial comparing L-thyroxine plus liothyronine with L-thyroxine alone. Ann Intern Med 142 412-424.
128. CD Smith and KB Ain (1995) Brain metabolism in hypothyroidism studied with 31P magnetic-resonance spectroscopy. Lancet 345 619-620.
129. EL Constant, AG de Volder, A Ivanoiu, et al. (2001) Cerebral blood flow and glucose metabolism in hypothyroidism: a positron emission tomography study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86 3864-3870.
130. CC Chang, CN Huang and LM Chuang (1998) Autoantibodies to thyroid peroxidase in patients with type 1 diabetes in Taiwan. Eur J Endocrinol 139 44-48.
131. KD Kaufman, S Filetti, P Seto, et al. (1990) Recombinant human thyroid peroxidase generated in eukaryotic cells: a source of specific antigen for the immunological assay of antimicrosomal antibodies in the sera of patients with autoimmune thyroid disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 70 724-728.
132. PP Smyth, SG Shering, MT Kilbane, et al. (1998) Serum thyroid peroxidase autoantibodies, thyroid volume, and outcome in breast carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83 2711-2716.
133. S Ohtaki, Y Endo, K Horinouchi, et al. (1981) Circulating thyroglobulin-antithyroglobulin immune complex in thyroid diseases using enzyme-linked immunoassays. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 52 239-246.
134. H Tamaki, H Katsumaru, N Amino, et al. (1992) Usefulness of thyroglobulin antibody detected by ultrasensitive enzyme immunoassay: a good parameter for immune surveillance in healthy subjects and for prediction of post-partum thyroid dysfunction. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 37 266-273.
135. R Volpe, VV Row and C Ezrin (1967) Circulating viral and thyroid antibodies in subacute thyroiditis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 27 1275-1284.
136. M Tonacchera, P Agretti, G Ceccarini, et al. (2001) Autoantibodies from patients with autoimmune thyroid disease do not interfere with the activity of the human iodide symporter gene stably transfected in CHO cells. Eur J Endocrinol 144 611-618.
137. PA Bastenie, M Bonnyns, L Vanhaelst, et al. (1972) Diseases associated with autoimmune thyroiditis. PA Bastenie, AM Ermans,(Eds) Thyroiditis and Thyroid Function Oxford: Pergamon
138. MK Gupta (1992) Thyrotropin receptor antibodies: advances and importance of detection techniques in thyroid diseases. Clin Biochem 25 193-199.
139. ED Furth, M Rathbun and J Posillico (1969) A modified bioassay for the long-acting thyroid stimulator (LATS). Endocrinology 85 592-593.
140. JM McKenzie and M Zakarija (1992) Fetal and neonatal hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism due to maternal TSH receptor antibodies. Thyroid 2 155-159.
141. JP Kriss, V Pleshakov, AL Rosenblum, et al. (1967) Studies on the pathogenesis of the ophthalmopathy of Graves’ disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 27 582-593.
142. P Sunshine, H Kusumoto and JP Kriss (1965) Survival time of circulating long-acting thyroid stimulator in neonatal thyrotoxicosis: implications for diagnosis and therapy of the disorder. Pediatrics 36 869-876.
143. T Onaya, M Kotani, T Yamada, et al. (1973) New in vitro tests to detect the thyroid stimulator in sera from hyperthyroid patients by measuring colloid droplet formation and cyclic AMP in human thyroid slices. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 36 859-866.
144. PJ Leedman, AG Frauman, PG Colman, et al. (1992) Measurement of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins by incorporation of tritiated-adenine into intact FRTL-5 cells: a viable alternative to radioimmunoassay for the measurement of cAMP. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 37 493-499.
145. V Petersen, R Hall and BF Smith (1975) A study of thyroid stimulating activity in human serum with the highly sensitive cytochemical bioassay. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 41 199-202.
146. F Libert, A Lefort, C Gerard, et al. (1989) Cloning, sequencing and expression of the human thyrotropin (TSH) receptor: evidence for binding of autoantibodies. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 165 1250-1255.
147. M Ludgate, J Perret, M Parmentier, et al. (1990) Use of the recombinant human thyrotropin receptor (TSH-R) expressed in mammalian cell lines to assay TSH-R autoantibodies. Mol Cell Endocrinol 73 R13-18.
148. I Nagayama, K Yamamoto, K Saito, et al. (1993) Subject-based reference values in thyroid function tests. Endocr J 40 557-562.
149. D Botero and RS Brown (1998) Bioassay of thyrotropin receptor antibodies with Chinese hamster ovary cells transfected with recombinant human thyrotropin receptor: clinical utility in children and adolescents with Graves disease. J Pediatr 132 612-618.
150. P Vitti, R Elisei, M Tonacchera, et al. (1993) Detection of thyroid-stimulating antibody using Chinese hamster ovary cells transfected with cloned human thyrotropin receptor. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 76 499-503.
151. DD Adams and TH Kennedy (1967) Occurrence in thyrotoxicosis of a gamma globulin which protects LATS from neutralization by an extract of thyroid gland. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 27 173-177.
152. Y Shishiba, T Shimizu, S Yoshimura, et al. (1973) Direct evidence for human thyroidal stimulation by LATS-protector. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 36 517-521.
153. S Filetti, D Foti, G Costante, et al. (1991) Recombinant human thyrotropin (TSH) receptor in a radioreceptor assay for the measurement of TSH receptor autoantibodies. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 72 1096-1101.
154. HA Drexhage, GF Bottazzo and D Doniach (1983) Thyroid growth stimulating and blocking immunoglobulins. J Chayen, L Bitensky,(Eds) Cytochemical Bioassays New York: Marcel Dekker
155. WA Valente, P Vitti, CM Rotella, et al. (1983) Antibodies that promote thyroid growth. A distinct population of thyroid-stimulating autoantibodies. N Engl J Med 309 1028-1034.
156. AS Grove Jr (1975) Evaluation of exophthalmos. N Engl J Med 292 1005-1013.
157. BY Cho, MH Shong, KH Yi, et al. (1992) Evaluation of serum basal thyrotrophin levels and thyrotrophin receptor antibody activities as prognostic markers for discontinuation of antithyroid drug treatment in patients with Graves’ disease. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 36 585-590.
158. JM Hershman (1972) Hyperthyroidism induced by trophoblastic thyrotropin. Mayo Clin Proc 47 913-918.
159. BC Nisula and JM Ketelslegers (1974) Thyroid-stimulating activity and chorionic gonadotropin. J Clin Invest 54 494-499.
160. P Rodien, C Bremont, ML Sanson, et al. (1998) Familial gestational hyperthyroidism caused by a mutant thyrotropin receptor hypersensitive to human chorionic gonadotropin. N Engl J Med 339 1823-1826.
161. JH Dussault, R Turcotte and H Guyda (1976) The effect of acetylsalicylic acid on TSH and PRL secretion after TRH stimulation in the human. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 43 232-235.
162. BA Porter, S Refetoff, RL Rosenfeld, et al. (1973) Abnormal thyroxine metabolism in hyposomatotrophic dwarfism and inhibition of responsiveness to TRH during GH therapy. Pediatrics 51 668-674.
163. J Weeke, AP Hansen and K Lundaek (1975) Inhibition by somatostatin of basal levels of serum thyrotropin (TSH) in normal men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 41 168-171.
164. FO Becker, PG Economou and TB Schwartz (1963) The occurrence of carcinoma in “hot” thyroid nodules. Report of two cases. Ann Intern Med 58 877-882.
165. EL Mazzaferri (1993) Management of a solitary thyroid nodule. N Engl J Med 328 553-559.
166. MW Ashcraft and AJ Van Herle (1981) Management of thyroid nodules. I: History and physical examination, blood tests, x-ray tests, and ultrasonography. Head Neck Surg 3 216-230.
167. MW Ashcraft and AJ Van Herle (1981) Management of thyroid nodules. II: Scanning techniques, thyroid suppressive therapy, and fine needle aspiration. Head Neck Surg 3 297-322.
168. V Guimaraes and LJ DeGroot (1996) Moderate hypothyroidism in preparation for whole body 131I scintiscans and thyroglobulin testing. Thyroid 6 69-73.
169. BR Haugen, F Pacini, C Reiners, et al. (1999) A comparison of recombinant human thyrotropin and thyroid hormone withdrawal for the detection of thyroid remnant or cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84 3877-3885.
170. PW Ladenson, LE Braverman, EL Mazzaferri, et al. (1997) Comparison of administration of recombinant human thyrotropin with withdrawal of thyroid hormone for radioactive iodine scanning in patients with thyroid carcinoma. N Engl J Med 337 888-896.
171. JD Pineda, T Lee, K Ain, et al. (1995) Iodine-131 therapy for thyroid cancer patients with elevated thyroglobulin and negative diagnostic scan. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 80 1488-1492.
172. M Dietlein, K Scheidhauer, E Voth, et al. (1997) Fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography and iodine-131 whole-body scintigraphy in the follow-up of differentiated thyroid cancer. Eur J Nucl Med 24 1342-1348.
173. U Feine, R Lietzenmayer, JP Hanke, et al. (1996) Fluorine-18-FDG and iodine-131-iodide uptake in thyroid cancer. J Nucl Med 37 1468-1472.
174. LA Zimmer, B McCook, C Meltzer, et al. (2003) Combined positron emission tomography/computed tomography imaging of recurrent thyroid cancer. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 128 178-184.
175. F Corstens, D Huysmans and P Kloppenborg (1988) Thallium-201 scintigraphy of the suppressed thyroid: an alternative for iodine-123 scanning after TSH stimulation. J Nucl Med 29 1360-1363.
176. DS Fairweather, AR Bradwell, SF Watson-James, et al. (1983) Detection of thyroid tumours using radio-labelled anti-thyroglobulin. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 18 563-570.
177. Y Barki (1992) Ultrasonographic evaluation of neck masses—sonographic patterns in differential diagnosis. Isr J Med Sci 28 212-216.
178. LR Brown and GL Aughenbaugh (1991) Masses of the anterior mediastinum: CT and MR imaging. AJR Am J Roentgenol 157 1171-1180.
179. NJ Gittoes, MR Miller, J Daykin, et al. (1996) Upper airways obstruction in 153 consecutive patients presenting with thyroid enlargement. BMJ 312 484.
180. B Hamberger, H Gharib, LJ Melton 3rd, et al. (1982) Fine-needle aspiration biopsy of thyroid nodules. Impact on thyroid practice and cost of care. Am J Med 73 381-384.
181. FN Bennedbaek, S Karstrup and L Hegedus (1997) Percutaneous ethanol injection therapy in the treatment of thyroid and parathyroid diseases. Eur J Endocrinol 136 240-250.
182. A Porcellini, I Ciullo, L Laviola, et al. (1994) Novel mutations of thyrotropin receptor gene in thyroid hyperfunctioning adenomas. Rapid identification by fine needle aspiration biopsy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 79 657-661.
183. V Tassi, A Di Cerbo, A Porcellini, et al. (1999) Screening of thyrotropin receptor mutations by fine-needle aspiration biopsy in autonomous functioning thyroid nodules in multinodular goiters. Thyroid 9 353-357.
184. JG Pierce (1971) Eli Lilly lecture. The subunits of pituitary thyrotropin—their relationship to other glycoprotein hormones. Endocrinology 89 1331-1344.
185. JL Chaussain, E Binet and JC Job (1972) Antibodies to human thyreotrophin in the serum of certain hypopituitary dwarfs. Rev Eur Etud Clin Biol 17 95-99.
186. JT Nicoloff and CA Spencer (1990) Clinical review 12: The use and misuse of the sensitive thyrotropin assays. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 71 553-558.
187. CA Spencer, D Schwarzbein, RB Guttler, et al. (1993) Thyrotropin (TSH)-releasing hormone stimulation test responses employing third and fourth generation TSH assays. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 76 494-498.
188. CA Spencer, M Takeuchi and M Kazarosyan (1996) Current status and performance goals for serum thyrotropin (TSH) assays. Clin Chem 42 140-145.
189. CA Spencer, M Takeuchi, M Kazarosyan, et al. (1995) Interlaboratory/intermethod differences in functional sensitivity of immunometric assays of thyrotropin (TSH) and impact on reliability of measurement of subnormal concentrations of TSH. Clin Chem 41 367-374.
190. MD Brennan, GG Klee, CM Preissner, et al. (1987) Heterophilic serum antibodies: a cause for falsely elevated serum thyrotropin levels. Mayo Clin Proc 62 894-898.
191. DA Fisher and AH Klein (1981) Thyroid development and disorders of thyroid function in the newborn. N Engl J Med 304 702-712.
192. IA Kourides, CV Heath and F Ginsberg-Fellner (1982) Measurement of thyroid-stimulating hormone in human amniotic fluid. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 54 635-637.
193. G Brabant, A Brabant, U Ranft, et al. (1987) Circadian and pulsatile thyrotropin secretion in euthyroid man under the influence of thyroid hormone and glucocorticoid administration. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 65 83-88.
194. R Adriaanse, G Brabant, K Prank, et al. (1992) Circadian changes in pulsatile TSH release in primary hypothyroidism. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 37 504-510.
195. L Bartalena, E Martino, M Falcone, et al. (1987) Evaluation of the nocturnal serum thyrotropin (TSH) surge, as assessed by TSH ultrasensitive assay, in patients receiving long term L-thyroxine suppression therapy and in patients with various thyroid disorders. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 65 1265-1271.
196. G Brabant, K Prank, C Hoang-Vu, et al. (1991) Hypothalamic regulation of pulsatile thyrotopin secretion. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 72 145-150.
197. E Van Cauter, J Golstein, L Vanhaelst, et al. (1975) Effects of oral contraceptive therapy on the circadian patterns of cortisol and thyrotropin (TSH). Eur J Clin Invest 5 115-121.
198. JF Wilber and D Baum (1970) Elevation of plasma TSH during surgical hypothermia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 31 372-375.
199. T Sunthornthepvarakui, ME Gottschalk, Y Hayashi, et al. (1995) Brief report: resistance to thyrotropin caused by mutations in the thyrotropin-receptor gene. N Engl J Med 332 155-160.
200. CH Emerson, LA Frohman, M Szabo, et al. (1977) TRH immunoreactivity in human urine: evidence for dissociation from TRH. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 45 392-399.
201. ED Haigler Jr, JM Hershman and JA Pittman Jr (1972) Response to orally administered synthetic thyrotropin-releasing hormone in man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 35 631-635.
202. F Azizi, AG Vagenakis, GI Portnay, et al. (1975) Pituitary-thyroid responsiveness to intramuscular thyrotropin-releasing hormone based on analyses of serum thyroxine, tri-iodothyronine and thyrotropin concentrations. N Engl J Med 292 273-277.
203. BJ Ormston, JR Kilborn, R Garry, et al. (1971) Further observations on the effect of synthetic thyrotropin-releasing hormone in man. Br Med J 2 199-202.
204. JM Hershman, A Kojima and HG Friesen (1973) Effect of thyrotropin-releasing hormone on human pituitary thyrotropin, prolactin, placental lactogen, and chorionic thyrotropin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 36 497-501.
205. BB Jacobsen, H Andersen, H Dige-Petersen, et al. (1976) Thyrotropin response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone in fullterm, euthyroid and hypothyroid newborns. Acta Paediatr Scand 65 433-438.
206. L Shenkman, T Mitsuma, A Suphavai, et al. (1972) Triiodothyronine and thyroid-stimulating hormone response to thyrotrophin-releasing hormone. A new test of thyroidal and pituitary reserve. Lancet 1 111-112.
207. MS Anderson, CY Bowers, AJ Kastin, et al. (1971) Synthetic thyrotropin-releasing hormone. A potent stimulator of thyrotropin secretion in man. N Engl J Med 285 1279-1283.
208. SM Park, RJ Clifton-Bligh, P Betts, et al. (2004) Congenital hypothyroidism and apparent athyreosis with compound heterozygosity or compensated hypothyroidism with probable hemizygosity for inactivating mutations of the TSH receptor. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 60 220-227.
209. R Mornex and F Berthezene (1970) Comments on a proposed new way of measuring thyrotropin (TSH) reserve. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 31 587-589.
210. RB Stein and JT Nicoloff (1971) Triiodothyronine withdrawal test–a test of thyroid-pituitary adequacy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 32 127-129.
211. L Ramirez, LE Braverman, B White, et al. (1997) Recombinant human thyrotropin is a potent stimulator of thyroid function in normal subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82 2836-2839.
212. G Vitale, GA Lupoli, A Ciccarelli, et al. (2003) Influence of body surface area on serum peak thyrotropin (TSH) levels after recombinant human TSH administration. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88 1319-1322.
213. SC Werner and M Spooner (1955) A new and simple test for hyperthyroidism employing L-triiodothyronine and the twenty-four hour I-131 uptake method. Bull N Y Acad Med 31 137-145.
214. DS Duick, RB Stein, DW Warren, et al. (1975) The significance of partial suppressibility of serum thyroxine by triidothyronine administration in euthyroid man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 41 229-234.
215. JB Stanbury, AA Kassenaar and JW Meijer (1956) The metabolism of iodotyrosines. I. The fate of mono- and di-iodotyrosine in normal subjects and in patients with various diseases. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 16 735-746.
216. S Lissitzky, JL Codaccioni, J Bismuth, et al. (1967) Congenital goiter with hypothyroidism and iodo-serum albumin replacing thyroglobulin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 27 185-196.
217. LJ DeGroot (1966) Kinetic analysis of iodine metabolism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 26 149-173.
218. MT Hays (1968) Absorption of oral thyroxine in man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 28 749-756.
219. MT Hays (1970) Absorption of triiodothyronine in man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 30 675-676.
220. KB Ain, S Refetoff, HG Fein, et al. (1991) Pseudomalabsorption of levothyroxine. JAMA 266 2118-2120.
221. GL Curti and GF Fresco (1992) A theoretical five-pool model to evaluate triiodothyronine distribution and metabolism in healthy subjects. Metabolism 41 3-10.
222. JH Oppenheimer, HL Schwartz and MI Surks (1975) Determination of common parameters fo iodothyronine metabolism and distribution in man by noncompartmental analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 41 319-324.
223. R Bianchi, G Mariani, N Molea, et al. (1983) Peripheral metabolism of thyroid hormones in man. I. Direct measurement of the conversion rate of thyroxine to 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine (T3) and determination of the peripheral and thyroidal production of T3. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 56 1152-1163.
224. J Faber, J Heaf, C Kirkegaard, et al. (1983) Simultaneous turnover studies of thyroxine, 3,5,3′ and 3,3′,5′-triiodothyronine, 3,5-, 3,3′-, and 3′,5′-diiodothyronine, and 3′-monoiodothyronine in chronic renal failure. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 56 211-217.
225. JS LoPresti, JC Fried, CA Spencer, et al. (1989) Unique alterations of thyroid hormone indices in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Ann Intern Med 110 970-975.
226. VS Lim, VS Fang, AI Katz, et al. (1977) Thyroid dysfunction in chronic renal failure. A study of the pituitary-thyroid axis and peripheral turnover kinetics of thyroxine and triiodothyronine. J Clin Invest 60 522-534.
227. RR Cavalieri and GL Searle (1966) The kinetics of distribution between plasma and liver of 131-I-labeled L-thyroxine in man: observations of subjects with normal and decreased serum thyroxine-binding globulin. J Clin Invest 45 939-949.
228. S Cuttelod, T Lemarchand-Beraud, P Magnenat, et al. (1974) Effect of age and role of kidneys and liver on thyrotropin turnover in man. Metabolism 23 101-113.
229. JH Oppenheimer, G Bernstein and J Hasen (1967) Estimation of rapidly exchangeable cellular thyroxine from the plasma disappearance curves of simultaneously administered thyroxine-131-I and albumin-125-I. J Clin Invest 46 762-777.
230. T Sunthornthepvarakul, P Angkeow, RE Weiss, et al. (1994) An identical missense mutation in the albumin gene results in familial dysalbuminemic hyperthyroxinemia in 8 unrelated families. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 202 781-787.
231. T Sunthornthepvarakul, S Likitmaskul, S Ngowngarmratana, et al. (1998) Familial dysalbuminemic hypertriiodothyroninemia: a new, dominantly inherited albumin defect. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83 1448-1454.
232. S Refetoff, JE Dumont and G Vassart (2001) Thyroid disorders. CR Scriver, AL Beaudet, WS Sly, D Valle,(Eds) The Metabolic and Molecular Basis of Inherited Disease ed 8 New York: McGraw Hill 4029-4075.
233. MJ Saraiva (1995) Transthyretin mutations in health and disease. Hum Mutat 5 191-196.
234. P Li, OE Janssen, K Takeda, et al. (1991) Complete thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) deficiency caused by a single nucleotide deletion in the TBG gene. Metabolism 40 1231-1234.
235. J Pohlenz, IM Rosenthal, RE Weiss, et al. (1998) Congenital hypothyroidism due to mutations in the sodium/iodide symporter. Identification of a nonsense mutation producing a downstream cryptic 3′ splice site. J Clin Invest 101 1028-1035.
236. S Pannain, RE Weiss, CE Jackson, et al. (1999) Two different mutations in the thyroid peroxidase gene of a large inbred Amish kindred: power and limits of homozygosity mapping. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84 1061-1071.
237. P Kopp (2002) Perspective: genetic defects in the etiology of congenital hypothyroidism. Endocrinology 143 2019-2024.
238. D Fuhrer, P Lachmund, IT Nebel, et al. (2003) The thyrotropin receptor mutation database: update 2003. Thyroid 13 1123-1126.
239. P Wonerow, S Neumann, T Gudermann, et al. (2001) Thyrotropin receptor mutations as a tool to understand thyrotropin receptor action. J Mol Med 79 707-721.
240. J Pohlenz, RE Weiss, PE Macchia, et al. (1999) Five new families with resistance to thyroid hormone not caused by mutations in the thyroid hormone receptor beta gene. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84 3919-3928.
241. G Van Vliet (2003) Development of the thyroid gland: lessons from congenitally hypothyroid mice and men. Clin Genet 63 445-455.
242. RR Cavlieri, LC Sung and CE Becker (1973) Effects of phenobarbital on thyroxine and triiodothyronine kinetics in Graves’ disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 37 308-316.
243. J Faber, IB Lumholtz, C Kirkegaard, et al. (1985) The effects of phenytoin (diphenylhydantoin) on the extrathyroidal turnover of thyroxine, 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine, 3,3′,5′-triiodothyronine, and 3′,5′-diiodothyronine in man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 61 1093-1099.
244. R Collu, JC Jequier, G Leboeuf, et al. (1975) Endocrine effects of pimozide, a specific dopaminergic blocker. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 41 981-984.
245. E Martino, M Safran, F Aghini-Lombardi, et al. (1984) Environmental iodine intake and thyroid dysfunction during chronic amiodarone therapy. Ann Intern Med 101 28-34.
246. AG Vagenakis, CA Wang, A Burger, et al. (1972) Iodide-induced thyrotoxicosis in Boston. N Engl J Med 287 523-527.
247. U Feldt-Rasmussen, AP Lange, J Date, et al. (1979) Effect of clomifene on thyroid function in normal men. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 90 43-51.
248. G Faglia, B Ambrosi, P Beck-Peccoz, et al. (1972) The effect of theophylline on plasma thyrotropin (HTSH) response to thyrotropin releasing factor (TRF) in man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 34 906-909.
249. TE Gaffney, E Braunwald and RL Kahler (1961) Effects of guanethidine on tri-iodothyronine-induced hyperthyroidism in man. N Engl J Med 265 16-20.
250. WY Lee, D Bronsky and SS Waldstein (1962) Studies of thyroid and sympathetic nervous system interrelationships. II. Effects of guanethidine on manifestations of hyperthyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 22 879-885.
251. R Deyssig and M Weissel (1993) Ingestion of androgenic-anabolic steroids induces mild thyroidal impairment in male body builders. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 76 1069-1071.
252. WB Malarkey, RH Strauss, DJ Leizman, et al. (1991) Endocrine effects in female weight lifters who self-administer testosterone and anabolic steroids. Am J Obstet Gynecol 165 1385-1390.
253. BM Arafah (1994) Decreased levothyroxine requirement in women with hypothyroidism during androgen therapy for breast cancer. Ann Intern Med 121 247-251.
254. HA Gross, MD Appleman Jr and JT Nicoloff (1971) Effect of biologically active steroids on thyroid function in man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 33 242-248.
255. RL Graham and RD Gambrell Jr (1980) Changes in thyroid function tests during danazol therapy. Obstet Gynecol 55 395-397.
256. KB Ain, Y Mori and S Refetoff (1987) Reduced clearance rate of thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) with increased sialylation: a mechanism for estrogen-induced elevation of serum TBG concentration. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 65 689-696.
257. RP Doe, GT Mellinger, WR Swaim, et al. (1967) Estrogen dosage effects on serum proteins: a longitudinal study. J Clin Endocrinol 27 1081-1086.
258. KA Steingold, DW Matt, D DeZiegler, et al. (1991) Comparison of transdermal to oral estradiol administration on hormonal and hepatic parameters in women with premature ovarian failure. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 73 275-280.
259. SJ Mandel, PR Larsen, EW Seely, et al. (1990) Increased need for thyroxine during pregnancy in women with primary hypothyroidism. N Engl J Med 323 91-96.
260. F Karami-Tehrani, S Salami and P Mokarram (2001) Competition of tamoxifen with thyroxine for TBG binding: ligand binding assay and computational data. Clin Biochem 34 603-606.
261. A Gamstedt, G Jarnerot, B Kagedal, et al. (1979) Corticosteroids and thyroid function. Different effects on plasma volume, thyroid hormones and thyroid hormone-binding proteins after oral and intravenous administration. Acta Med Scand 205 379-383.
262. SH Ingbar (1953) The effect of cortisone on the thyroidal and renal metabolism of iodine. Endocrinology 53 171-181.
263. MH Samuels and PA McDaniel (1997) Thyrotropin levels during hydrocortisone infusions that mimic fasting-induced cortisol elevations: a clinical research center study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82 3700-3704.
264. FL Benoit and FS Greenspan (1967) Corticoid therapy for pretibial myxedema. Observations on the long-acting thyroid stimulator. Ann Intern Med 66 711-720.
265. T Yamada, K Ikejiri, M Kotani, et al. (1978) An increase of plasma triiodothyronine and thyroxine after administration of dexamethasone to hypothyroid patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 46 784-790.
266. WE Cobb, S Reichlin and IM Jackson (1981) Growth hormone secretory status is a determinant of the thyrotropin response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone in euthyroid patients with hypothalamic-pituitary disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 52 324-329.
267. PC Eskildsen, A Kruse and C Kirkegaard (1988) The pituitary-thyroid axis in acromegaly. Horm Metab Res 20 755-757.
268. AW Root, PJ Snyder, I Rezvani, et al. (1973) Inhibition of thyrotropin releasing hormone-mediated secretion of thyrotropin by human growth hormone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 36 103-107.
269. DT Wyatt, N Gesundheit and B Sherman (1998) Changes in thyroid hormone levels during growth hormone therapy in initially euthyroid patients: lack of need for thyroxine supplementation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83 3493-3497.
270. S Porretti, C Giavoli, C Ronchi, et al. (2002) Recombinant human GH replacement therapy and thyroid function in a large group of adult GH-deficient patients: when does L-T(4) therapy become mandatory? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87 2042-2045.
271. JI Isojarvi, J Turkka, AJ Pakarinen, et al. (2001) Thyroid function in men taking carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine, or valproate for epilepsy. Epilepsia 42 930-934.
272. H Caksen, H Dulger, Y Cesur, et al. (2003) Evaluation of thyroid and parathyroid functions in children receiving long-term carbamazepine therapy. Int J Neurosci 113 1213-1217.
273. D Haidukewych and EA Rodin (1987) Chronic antiepileptic drug therapy: classification by medication regimen and incidence of decreases in serum thyroxine and free thyroxine index. Ther Drug Monit 9 392-398.
274. A Verrotti, A Scardapane, R Manco, et al. (2008) Antiepileptic drugs and thyroid function. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 21 401-408.
275. BN Premachandra, A Radparvar, K Burman, et al. (2002) Apparent increase in type I 5′-deiodinase activity induced by antiepileptic medication in mentally retarded subjects. Horm Res 58 273-278.
276. RT Joffe and W Singer (1992) Antidepressants and thyroid hormone levels. Acta Med Austriaca 19(Suppl 1), 96-97.
277. RC Shelton, S Winn, N Ekhatore, et al. (1993) The effects of antidepressants on the thyroid axis in depression. Biol Psychiatry 33 120-126.
278. A Rousseau, F Comby, J Buxeraud, et al. (1996) Spectroscopic analysis of charge transfer complex formation and peroxidase inhibition with tricyclic antidepressant drugs: potential anti-thyroid action. Biol Pharm Bull 19 726-728.
279. PJ Smith and MI Surks (1984) Multiple effects of 5,5′-diphenylhydantoin on the thyroid hormone system. Endocr Rev 5 514-524.
280. PG Curran and LJ DeGroot (1991) The effect of hepatic enzyme-inducing drugs on thyroid hormones and the thyroid gland. Endocr Rev 12 135-150.
281. M Tiihonen, K Liewendahl, O Waltimo, et al. (1995) Thyroid status of patients receiving long-term anticonvulsant therapy assessed by peripheral parameters: a placebo-controlled thyroxine therapy trial. Epilepsia 36 1118-1125.
282. RR Cavalieri, LA Gavin, A Wallace, et al. (1979) Serum thyroxine, free T4, triiodothyronine, and reverse-T3 in diphenylhydantoin-treated patients. Metabolism 28 1161-1165.
283. JL Blackshear, AL Schultz, JS Napier, et al. (1983) Thyroxine replacement requirements in hypothyroid patients receiving phenytoin. Ann Intern Med 99 341-342.
284. ML Barclay, BE Brownlie, JG Turner, et al. (1994) Lithium associated thyrotoxicosis: a report of 14 cases, with statistical analysis of incidence. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 40 759-764.
285. T Bschor, C Baethge, M Adli, et al. (2003) Hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid system activity during lithium augmentation therapy in patients with unipolar major depression. J Psychiatry Neurosci 28 210-216.
286. L Gyulai, M Bauer, MS Bauer, et al. (2003) Thyroid hypofunction in patients with rapid-cycling bipolar disorder after lithium challenge. Biol Psychiatry 53 899-905.
287. R Hullin (1978) The place of lithium in biological psychiatry. F Johnson, S Johnson,(Eds) Lithium in Medical Practice Lancaster: MTP 433.
288. G Pallisgaard and K Frederiksen (1978) Thyrotoxicosis in a patient treated with lithium carbonate for mental disease. Acta Med Scand 204 141-143.
289. M Schou, A Amdisen, S Jensen, et al. (1968) Occurrence of goitre during lithium treatment. BMJ 2 710-713.
290. M Schorderet (1977) Lithium inhibition of cyclic AMP accumulation induced by dopamine in isolated retinae of the rabbit. Biochem Pharmacol 26 167-170.
291. RT Joffe, S Kutcher and C MacDonald (1988) Thyroid function and bipolar affective disorder. Psychiatry Res 25 117-121.
292. N Bagchi, TR Brown and RE Mack (1978) Studies on the mechanism of inhibition of thyroid function by lithium. Biochim Biophys Acta 542 163-169.
293. JH Lazarus and HL Muston (1978) The effect of lithium on the iodide concentrating mechanism in mouse salivary gland. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol (Copenh) 43 55-58.
294. J Leppaluoto, PT Mannisto and P Virkkunen (1973) On the mechanism of goitre formation during lithium treatment in the rat. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 74 296-306.
295. B Bhattacharyya and J Wolff (1976) Stabilization of microtubules by lithium ion. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 73 383-390.
296. N Blomqvist, G Lindstedt, PA Lundberg, et al. (1977) No inhibition by Li+ of thyroxine monodeiodination to 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine and 3,3′,5′-triiodothyronine (reverse triiodothyronine). Clin Chim Acta 79 457-464.
297. I Singer and D Rotenberg (1973) Mechanisms of lithium action. N Engl J Med 289 254-260.
298. KK Miller and GH Daniels (2001) Association between lithium use and thyrotoxicosis caused by silent thyroiditis. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 55 501-508.
299. CD Carmaciu, CS Anderson and CA Lawton (2003) Thyrotoxicosis after complete or partial lithium withdrawal in two patients with bipolar affective disorder. Bipolar Disord 5 381-384.
300. A Martinos, P Rinieris, DN Papachristou, et al. (1986) Effects of six weeks’ neuroleptic treatment on the pituitary-thyroid axis in schizophrenic patients. Neuropsychobiology 16 72-77.
301. G Gwinup and O Ogundipe (1974) Preliminary report: Decreased leukocyte alkaline phoshatase in hyperthyroidism. Metabolism 23 659-661.
302. S Ramschak-Schwarzer, W Radkohl, C Stiegler, et al. (2000) Interaction between psychotropic drugs and thyroid hormone metabolism—an overview. Acta Med Austriaca 27 8-10.
303. SW Mayer, FH Kelly and ME Morton (1956) The direct antithyroid action of reserpine, chlorpromazine and other drugs. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 117 197-201.
304. R Wiseman Jr (1962) The effect of acute and chronic administration of chlorpromazine on the I-131 distribution in normal rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 138 269-276.
305. AG Blumberg and DF Klein (1969) Chlorpromazine-procyclidine and imipramine: effects on thyroid function in psychiatric patients. Clin Pharmacol Ther 10 350-354.
306. F Konig, B Hauger, C von Hippel, et al. (2000) Effect of paroxetine on thyroid hormone levels in severely depressed patients. Neuropsychobiology 42 135-138.
307. HL Schwartz, V Kozyreff, MI Surks, et al. (1969) Increased deiodination of l-thyroxine and L-triiodothyronine by liver microsomes from rats treated with phenobarbital. Nature 221 1262-1263.
308. Z Harel, FM Biro and WL Tedford (1995) Effects of long term treatment with sertraline (Zoloft) simulating hypothyroidism in an adolescent. J Adolesc Health 16 232-234.
309. N Ferko and MA Levine (2001) Evaluation of the association between St. John's wort and elevated thyroid-stimulating hormone. Pharmacotherapy 21 1574-1578.
310. AM Beer, KR Wiebelitz and H Schmidt-Gayk (2008) Lycopus europaeus (Gypsywort): effects on the thyroidal parameters and symptoms associated with thyroid function. Phytomedicine 15 16-22.
311. JI Isojarvi, AJ Pakarinen and VV Myllyla (1992) Thyroid function with antiepileptic drugs. Epilepsia 33 142-148.
312. MA Keogh and GA Wittert (2002) Effect of cabergoline on thyroid function in hyperprolactinaemia. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 57 699.
313. JE Morley (1981) Neuroendocrine control of thyrotropin secretion. Endocr Rev 2 396-436.
314. J Kobberling, A Darragh and E Del Pozo (1979) Chronic dopamine receptor stimulation using bromocriptine: failure to modify thyroid function. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 11 367-370.
315. MH Samuels and P Kramer (1996) Effects of metoclopramide on fasting-induced TSH suppression. Thyroid 6 85-89.
316. E Heinen, J Herrmann, J Lippe, et al. (1983) [Effect of dopamine and dobutamine on thyroid hormone concentration]. Med Welt 34 696-699.
317. E Lee, P Chen, H Rao, et al. (1999) Effect of acute high dose dobutamine administration on serum thyrotrophin (TSH). Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 50 487-492.
318. MK Jones, J Birtwell, DR Owens, et al. (1981) Beta-adrenoreceptor blocking drugs and thyroid hormones in hyperthyroid subjects. Postgrad Med J 57 207-209.
319. H Perrild, F Pedersen, SL Rasmussen, et al. (1984) Long-term alprenolol treatment affects serum T4, T3 and rT3 in euthyroid patients with ischaemic heart disease. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 105 190-193.
320. S Rassu, A Masala, S Alagna, et al. (1982) Acute effect of atenolol on serum thyroid hormones in hyperthyroid patients. J Endocrinol Invest 5 39-41.
321. CC Cutting and ML Tainter (1933) Comparative effects of dinitrophenol and thyroxine on tadpole metamorphosis. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 31 97-100.
322. J How, AS Khir and PD Bewsher (1980) The effect of atenolol on serum thyroid hormones in hyperthyroid patients. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 13 299-302.
323. M Amenomori, T Mori, Y Fukuda, et al. (1998) Incidence and characteristics of thyroid dysfunction following interferon therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Intern Med 37 246-252.
324. EP Corssmit, R Heyligenberg, E Endert, et al. (1995) Acute effects of interferon-alpha administration on thyroid hormone metabolism in healthy men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 80 3140-3144.
325. L Fernandez-Soto, A Gonzalez, F Escobar-Jimenez, et al. (1998) Increased risk of autoimmune thyroid disease in hepatitis C vs hepatitis B before, during, and after discontinuing interferon therapy. Arch Intern Med 158 1445-1448.
326. LK Koh, FS Greenspan and PP Yeo (1997) Interferon-alpha induced thyroid dysfunction: three clinical presentations and a review of the literature. Thyroid 7 891-896.
327. F Schuppert, E Rambusch, H Kirchner, et al. (1997) Patients treated with interferon-alpha, interferon-beta, and interleukin-2 have a different thyroid autoantibody pattern than patients suffering from endogenous autoimmune thyroid disease. Thyroid 7 837-842.
328. Y Allanore, C Bremont, A Kahan, et al. (2001) Transient hyperthyroidism in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis treated by etanercept. Clin Exp Rheumatol 19 356-357.
329. MF Prummel and P Laurberg (2003) Interferon-alpha and autoimmune thyroid disease. Thyroid 13 547-551.
330. V Wong, AX Fu, J George, et al. (2002) Thyrotoxicosis induced by alpha-interferon therapy in chronic viral hepatitis. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 56 793-798.
331. LJ Andrade, AM Atta, A D’Almeida Junior, et al. (2008) Thyroid dysfunction in hepatitis C individuals treated with interferon-alpha and ribavirin—a review. Braz J Infect Dis 12 144-148.
332. T Okanoue, S Sakamoto, Y Itoh, et al. (1996) Side effects of high-dose interferon therapy for chronic hepatitis C. J Hepatol 25 283-291.
333. E Selzer, A Wilfing, V Sexl, et al. (1994) Effects of type I-interferons on human thyroid epithelial cells derived from normal and tumour tissue. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 350 322-328.
334. O Dalgard, K Bjoro, K Hellum, et al. (2002) Thyroid dysfunction during treatment of chronic hepatitis C with interferon alpha: no association with either interferon dosage or efficacy of therapy. J Intern Med 251 400-406.
335. F Monzani, N Caraccio, A Casolaro, et al. (2000) Long-term interferon beta-1b therapy for MS: is routine thyroid assessment always useful? Neurology 55 549-552.
336. A Olivieri, M Sorcini, P Battisti, et al. (1993) Thyroid hypofunction related with the progression of human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Endocrinol Invest 16 407-413.
337. L Durelli, B Ferrero, A Oggero, et al. (2001) Thyroid function and autoimmunity during interferon beta-1b treatment: a multicenter prospective study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86 3525-3532.
338. G Kroemer, C Francese and C Martinez (1992) The role of interleukin 2 in the development of autoimmune thyroiditis. Int Rev Immunol 9 107-123.
339. O Witzke, T Winterhagen, B Saller, et al. (2001) Transient stimulatory effects on pituitary-thyroid axis in patients treated with interleukin-2. Thyroid 11 665-670.
340. S Karanth and SM McCann (1991) Anterior pituitary hormone control by interleukin 2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 88 2961-2965.
341. DJ Torpy, C Tsigos, AJ Lotsikas, et al. (1998) Acute and delayed effects of a single-dose injection of interleukin-6 on thyroid function in healthy humans. Metabolism 47 1289-1293.
342. NS Stuart, CM Woodroffe, et al. (1990) Long-term toxicity of chemotherapy for testicular cancer—the cost of cure. Br J Cancer 61 479-484.
343. SB Sutcliffe, R Chapman and PF Wrigley (1981) Cyclical combination chemotherapy and thyroid function in patients with advanced Hodgkin's disease. Med Pediatr Oncol 9 439-448.
344. AL Ogilvy-Stuart, SM Shalet and HR Gattamaneni (1991) Thyroid function after treatment of brain tumors in children. J Pediatr 119 733-737.
345. W Reinhardt, V Sauter, F Jockenhovel, et al. (1999) Unique alterations of thyroid function parameters after i.v. administration of alkylating drugs (cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide). Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 107 177-182.
346. RJ Santen and RI Misbin (1981) Aminoglutethimide: review of pharmacology and clinical use. Pharmacotherapy 1 95-120.
347. M Dowsett, A Mehta, BM Cantwell, et al. (1991) Low-dose aminoglutethimide in postmenopausal breast cancer: effects on adrenal and thyroid hormone secretion. Eur J Cancer 27 846-849.
348. WD Figg, A Thibault, AO Sartor, et al. (1994) Hypothyroidism associated with aminoglutethimide in patients with prostate cancer. Arch Intern Med 154 1023-1025.
349. PH Heidemann, P Stubbe and W Beck (1981) Transient secondary hypothyroidism and thyroxine binding globulin deficiency in leukemic children during polychemotherapy: an effect of L-asparaginase. Eur J Pediatr 136 291-295.
350. SC Yeung, AC Chiu, R Vassilopoulou-Sellin, et al. (1998) The endocrine effects of nonhormonal antineoplastic therapy. Endocr Rev 19 144-172.
351. J Desai, L Yassa, E Marqusee, et al. (2006) Hypothyroidism after sunitinib treatment for patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Ann Intern Med 145 660-664.
352. P Wolter, C Stefan, B Decallonne, et al. (2008) The clinical implications of sunitinib-induced hypothyroidism: a prospective evaluation. Br J Cancer 99 448-454.
353. E Wong, LS Rosen, M Mulay, et al. (2007) Sunitinib induces hypothyroidism in advanced cancer patients and may inhibit thyroid peroxidase activity. Thyroid 17 351-355.
354. Y Liel, AD Sperber and S Shany (1994) Nonspecific intestinal adsorption of levothyroxine by aluminum hydroxide. Am J Med 97 363-365.
355. N Singh, SL Weisler and JM Hershman (2001) The acute effect of calcium carbonate on the intestinal absorption of levothyroxine. Thyroid 11 967-971.
356. NR Campbell, BB Hasinoff, H Stalts, et al. (1992) Ferrous sulfate reduces thyroxine efficacy in patients with hypothyroidism. Ann Intern Med 117 1010-1013.
357. MA Jabbar, J Larrea and RA Shaw (1997) Abnormal thyroid function tests in infants with congenital hypothyroidism: the influence of soy-based formula. J Am Coll Nutr 16 280-282.
358. SI Sherman, ET Tielens and PW Ladenson (1994) Sucralfate causes malabsorption of L-thyroxine. Am J Med 96 531-535.
359. L Wartofsky, BJ Ransil and SH Ingbar (1970) Inhibition by iodine of the release of thyroxine from the thyroid glands of patients with thyrotoxicosis. J Clin Invest 49 78-86.
360. B Grubeck-Loebenstein and M Kleiber (1980) The influence of iodide upon thyroxine metabolism in euthyroid subjects (abstract). Acta Endocrinol 234(suppl), 21.
361. A McGregor, A Weetman and S Ratanachaiyavong (1985) Iodine: an influence on the development of autoimmune thyroid desease. R Hall, J Kobberling,(Eds) Thyroid Disorder Associated with Iodine Deficiency New York: Raven 209.
362. RS Sundick, DM Herdegen, TR Brown, et al. (1987) The incorporation of dietary iodine into thyroglobulin increases its immunogenicity. Endocrinology 120 2078-2084.
363. LE Braverman, KA Woeber and SH Ingbar (1969) Induction of myxedema by iodide in patients euthyroid after radioiodine or surgical treatment of diffuse toxic goiter. N Engl J Med 281 816-821.
364. JE Fradkin and J Wolff (1983) Iodide-induced thyrotoxicosis. Medicine (Baltimore) 62 1-20.
365. TR Vrobel, PE Miller, ND Mostow, et al. (1989) A general overview of amiodarone toxicity: its prevention, detection, and management. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 31 393-426.
366. JM Hershman, K Nademanee, M Sugawara, et al. (1986) Thyroxine and triiodothyronine kinetics in cardiac patients taking amiodarone. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 111 193-199.
367. PB Sogol, JM Hershman, AW Reed, et al. (1983) The effects of amiodarone on serum thyroid hormones and hepatic thyroxine 5′-monodeiodination in rats. Endocrinology 113 1464-1469.
368. L Bartalena, S Brogioni, L Grasso, et al. (1996) Treatment of amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis, a difficult challenge: results of a prospective study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81 2930-2933.
369. JL Georges, JP Normand, ME Lenormand, et al. (1992) Life-threatening thyrotoxicosis induced by amiodarone in patients with benign heart disease. Eur Heart J 13 129-132.
370. PJ Hauptman, B Fyfe, J Mechanick, et al. (1993) Fatal hyperthyroidism after amiodarone treatment and total lymphoid irradiation in a heart transplant recipient. J Heart Lung Transplant 12 513-516.
371. BJ Dong (2000) How medications affect thyroid function. West J Med 172 102-106.
372. M Lis-Balchin (1999) Parallel placebo-controlled clinical study of a mixture of herbs sold as a remedy for cellulite. Phytother Res 13 627-629.
373. MJ Obregon, A Pascual, J Mallol, et al. (1979) Marked decrease of the effectiveness of a T4 dose in iopanoic acid treated rats (abstract). Ann Endocrinol 40 72.
374. CG Beng, ML Wellby, RG Symons, et al. (1980) The effects of iopodate on the serum iodothyronine pattern in normal subjects. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 93 175-178.
375. H Suzuki, N Kadena, K Takeuchi, et al. (1979) Effects of three-day oral cholecystography on serum iodothyronines and TSH concentrations: comparison of the effects among some cholecystographic agents and the effects of iopanoic acid on the pituitary-thyroid axis. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 92 477-488.
376. JV Felicetta, WL Green and WB Nelp (1980) Inhibition of hepatic binding of thyroxine by cholecystographic agents. J Clin Invest 65 1032-1040.
377. L Calza, R Manfredi and F Chiodo (2002) Subclinical hypothyroidism in HIV-infected patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 31 361-363.
378. M Grappin, L Piroth, B Verges, et al. (2000) Increased prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism in HIV patients treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 14 1070-1072.
379. S Beltran, FX Lescure, R Desailloud, et al. (2003) Increased prevalence of hypothyroidism among human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients: a need for screening. Clin Infect Dis 37 579-583.
380. R Jain and HL Uy (1996) Increase in serum free thyroxine levels related to intravenous heparin treatment. Ann Intern Med 124 74-75.
381. WC Cutting, DA Rytand and ML Tainter (1934) Relationship between blood cholesterol and increased metabolism from dinitrophenol and thyroid. J Clin Invest 13 547-552.
382. RC Goldberg, J Wolff and RO Greep (1955) The mechanism of depression of plasma protein bound iodine by 2,4 dinitrophenol. Endocrinology 56 560-566.
383. HR Christensen, K Simonsen, L Hegedus, et al. (1989) Influence of rifampicin on thyroid gland volume, thyroid hormones, and antipyrine metabolism. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 121 406-410.
384. SR Nolan, TH Self and JM Norwood (1999) Interaction between rifampin and levothyroxine. South Med J 92 529-531.
385. FK Austen, ME Rubini, WH Meroney, et al. (1958) Salicylates and thyroid function. I. Depression of thyroid function. J Clin Invest 37 1131-1143.
386. J Wolff and FK Austen (1958) Salicylates and thyroid function. II. The effect on the thyroid-pituitary interrelation. J Clin Invest 37 1144-1152.
387. KA Woeber, RM Barakat and SH Ingbar (1964) Effects of salicylate and its noncalorigenic congeners on the thyroidal release of 131-I in patients with thyrotoxicosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 24 1163-1168.
388. RJ McConnell (1992) Abnormal thyroid function test results in patients taking salsalate. JAMA 267 1242-1243.
389. WD Alexander and KW Johnson (1956) A comparison of the effects of acetylsalicylic acid and DL-triiodothyronine in patients with myxoedema. Clin Sci (Lond) 15 593-601.
390. T Yamamoto, KA Woeber and SH Ingbar (1972) The influence of salicylate on serum TSH concentration in patients with primary hypothyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 34 423-426.
391. LK Christensen (1959) The metabolic effect of p-aminosalicylic acid. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 31 608-610.
392. AG Macgregor and AR Somner (1954) The anti-thyroid action of para-aminosalicylic acid. Lancet 267 931-936.
393. WA Ratcliffe, RA Hazelton, JA Thomson, et al. (1980) The effect of fenclofenac on thyroid function tests in vivo and in vitro. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 13 569-575.
394. A Bishnoi, HE Carlson, BL Gruber, et al. (1994) Effects of commonly prescribed nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on thyroid hormone measurements. Am J Med 96 235-238.
395. MH Samuels, K Pillote, D Asher, et al. (2003) Variable effects of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents on thyroid test results. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88 5710-5716.
396. K Nadler, W Buchinger, G Semlitsch, et al. (2000) [Effect of aceclofenac on thyroid hormone binding and thyroid function]. Acta Med Austriaca 27 56-57.
397. JH Oppenheimer (1968) Role of plasma proteins in the binding, distribution and metabolism of the thyroid hormones. N Engl J Med 278 1153-1162.
398. SM Snyder, RR Cavalieri and SH Ingbar (1976) Simultaneous measurement of percentage free thyroxine and triiodothyronine: comparison of equilibrium dialysis and Sephadex chromatography. J Nucl Med 17 660-664.
399. F Azizi, AG Vagenakis, GI Portnay, et al. (1974) Thyroxine transport and metabolism in methadone and heroin addicts. Ann Intern Med 80 194-199.
400. CG McKerron, RL Scott, SP Asper, et al. (1969) Effects of clofibrate (Atromid S) on the thyroxine-binding capacity of thyroxine-binding globulin and free thyroxine. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 29 957-961.
401. L Beex, A Ross, A Smals, et al. (1977) 5-fluorouracil-induced increase of total serum thyroxine and triiodothyronine. Cancer Treat Rep 61 1291-1295.
402. JE Oltman and S Friedman (1963) Protein-bound iodine in patients receiving perphenazine. JAMA 185 726-727.
403. GB Anker, PE Lonning, A Aakvaag, et al. (1998) Thyroid function in postmenopausal breast cancer patients treated with tamoxifen. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 58 103-107.
404. MW Draper, DE Flowers, JA Neild, et al. (1995) Antiestrogenic properties of raloxifene. Pharmacology 50 209-217.
405. LH Duntas, E Mantzou and DA Koutras (2001) Lack of substantial effects of raloxifene on thyroxine-binding globulin in postmenopausal women: dependency on thyroid status. Thyroid 11 779-782.
406. E Marqusee, LE Braverman, JE Lawrence, et al. (2000) The effect of droloxifene and estrogen on thyroid function in postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85 4407-4410.
407. J Barbosa, US Seal and RP Doe (1971) Effects of anabolic steroids on hormone-binding proteins, serum cortisol and serum nonprotein-bound cortisol. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 32 232-240.
408. LE Braverman and SH Ingbar (1967) Effects of norethandrolone on the transport in serum and peripheral turnover of thyroxine. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 27 389-396.
409. JH Oppenheimer and SC Werner (1966) Effect of prednisone on thyroxine-binding proteins. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 26 715-721.
410. MB Garnick and PR Larsen (1979) Acute deficiency of thyroxine-binding globulin during L-asparaginase therapy. N Engl J Med 301 252-253.
411. T O’Brien, JD Silverberg and TT Nguyen (1992) Nicotinic acid-induced toxicity associated with cytopenia and decreased levels of thyroxine-binding globulin. Mayo Clin Proc 67 465-468.
412. KM Shakir, S Kroll, BS Aprill, et al. (1995) Nicotinic acid decreases serum thyroid hormone levels while maintaining a euthyroid state. Mayo Clin Proc 70 556-558.
413. RJ McConnell (1999) Changes in thyroid function tests during short-term salsalate use. Metabolism 48 501-503.
414. MI Surks and R Sievert (1995) Drugs and thyroid function. N Engl J Med 333 1688-1694.
415. M Tabachnick, YL Hao and L Korcek (1973) Effect of oleate, diphenylhydantoin and heparin on the binding of 125 I-thyroxine to purified thyroxine-binding globulin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 36 392-394.
416. GC Schussler (1971) Diazepam competes for thyroxine binding. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 178 204-209.
417. JR Stockigt, CF Lim, JW Barlow, et al. (1985) Interaction of furosemide with serum thyroxine-binding sites: in vivo and in vitro studies and comparison with other inhibitors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 60 1025-1031.
418. JM Hershman, TJ Craane and JA Colwell (1968) Effect of sulfonylurea drugs on the binding of triiodothyronine and thyroxine to thyroxine-binding globulin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 28 1605-1610.
419. JS Marshall and LS Tompkins (1968) Effect of o,p′-DDD and similar compounds on thyroxine binding globulin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 28 386-392.
420. MO Abiodun, R Bird, CW Havard, et al. (1973) The effects of phenylbutazone on thyroid function. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 72 257-264.
421. PJ Davis, TH Hsu, JR Bianchine, et al. (1972) Effects of a new hypolipidemic agents, MK-185, on serum thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) and dialyzable fraction thyroxine. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 34 200-208.
422. R Taylor, F Clark, ID Griffiths, et al. (1980) Prospective study of effect of fenclofenac on thyroid function tests. Br Med J 281 911-912.
423. HP Stevenson, GP Archbold, P Johnston, et al. (1998) Misleading serum free thyroxine results during low molecular weight heparin treatment. Clin Chem 44 1002-1007.
424. WM Wiersinga, AJ Fabius and JL Touber (1977) Orphenadrine (Disipal), serum thyroxine and thyroid function. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 86 522-532.
425. N Michajlovskij and P Langer (1974) Increase of serum free thyroxine following the administration of thiocyanate and other anions in vivo and in vitro. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 75 707-716.
426. RA Pages, J Robbins and H Edelhoch (1973) Binding of thyroxine and thyroxine analogs to human serum prealbumin. Biochemistry 12 2773-2779.
427. SA Huang, HM Tu, JW Harney, et al. (2000) Severe hypothyroidism caused by type 3 iodothyronine deiodinase in infantile hemangiomas. N Engl J Med 343 185-189.
428. F Escobar Del Rey and G Morreale De Escobar (1961) The effect of propylthiouracil, methylthiouracil and thiouracil on the peripheral metabolism of l-thyroxine in thyroidectomized, l-thyroxine maintained rats. Endocrinology 69 456-465.
429. ED Furth, K Rives and DV Becker (1966) Nonthyroidal action of propylthiouracil in euthyroid, hypothyroid and hyperthyroid man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 26 239-246.
430. JH Oppenheimer, HL Schwartz and MI Surks (1972) Propylthiouracil inhibits the conversion of L-thyroxine to L-triiodothyronine. An explanation of the antithyroxine effect of propylthiouracil and evidence supporting the concept that triiodothyronine is the active thyroid hormone. J Clin Invest 51 2493-2497.
431. J Faber, T Friis, C Kirkegaard, et al. (1979) Serum T4, T3 and reverse T3 during treatment with propranolol in hyperthyroidism, L-T4 treated myxedema and in normal man. Horm Metab Res 11 34-36.
432. WM Wiersinga and JL Touber (1977) The influence of beta-adrenoceptor blocking agents on plasma thyroxine and triiodothyronine. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 45 293-298.
433. DJ Torpy, C Tsigos, AJ Lotsikas, et al. (1998) Acute and delayed effects of a single-dose injection of interleukin-6 on thyroid function in healthy humans. Metabolism 47 1289-1293.
434. H Burgi, C Wimpfheimer, A Burger, et al. (1976) Changes of circulating thyroxine, triiodothyronine and reverse triiodothyronine after radiographic contrast agents. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 43 1203-1210.
435. SY Wu, IJ Chopra, DH Solomon, et al. (1978) Changes in circulating iodothyronines in euthyroid and hyperthyroid subjects given ipodate (Oragrafin), an agent for oral cholecystography. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 46 691-697.
436. A Burger, D Dinichert, P Nicod, et al. (1976) Effect of amiodarone on serum triiodothyronine, reverse triiodothyronine, thyroxin, and thyrotropin. A drug influencing peripheral metabolism of thyroid hormones. J Clin Invest 58 255-259.
437. JA Franklyn, JR Davis, MD Gammage, et al. (1985) Amiodarone and thyroid hormone action. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 22 257-264.
438. K Nademanee, RW Piwonka, BN Singh, et al. (1989) Amiodarone and thyroid function. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 31 427-437.
439. JL Schlienger, MT Kapfer, L Singer, et al. (1980) The action of clomipramine on thyroid function. Horm Metab Res 12 481-482.
440. PR Larsen, AJ Atkinson Jr, HN Wellman, et al. (1970) The effect of diphenylhydantoin on thyroxine metabolism in man. J Clin Invest 49 1266-1279.
441. K Rootwelt, T Ganes and SI Johannessen (1978) Effect of carbamazepine, phenytoin and phenobarbitone on serum levels of thyroid hormones and thyrotropin in humans. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 38 731-736.
442. WL Isley (1987) Effect of rifampin therapy on thyroid function tests in a hypothyroid patient on replacement L-thyroxine. Ann Intern Med 107 517-518.
443. KC McCowen, JR Garber and R Spark (1997) Elevated serum thyrotropin in thyroxine-treated patients with hypothyroidism given sertraline. N Engl J Med 337 1010-1011.
444. RC Northcutt, JN Stiel, JW Hollifield, et al. (1969) The influence of cholestyramine on thyroxine absorption. JAMA 208 1857-1861.
445. JJ Van Wyk, MB Arnold, J Wynn, et al. (1959) The effects of a soybean product on thyroid function in humans. Pediatrics 24 752-760.
446. N Singh, PN Singh and JM Hershman (2000) Effect of calcium carbonate on the absorption of levothyroxine. JAMA 283 2822-2825.
447. J Havrankova and R Lahaie (1992) Levothyroxine binding by sucralfate. Ann Intern Med 117 445-446.
448. AD Sperber and Y Liel (1992) Evidence for interference with the intestinal absorption of levothyroxine sodium by aluminum hydroxide. Arch Intern Med 152 183-184.
449. RE Kleinmann, AG Vagenakis and LE Braverman (1980) The effect of iopanoic acid on the regulation of thyrotropin secretion in euthyroid subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 51 399-403.
450. AG Vagenakis, B Rapoport, F Azizi, et al. (1974) Hyperresponse to thyrotropin-releasing hormone accompanying small decreases in serum thyroid hormone concentrations. J Clin Invest 54 913-918.
451. JH Lazarus, R John, EH Bennie, et al. (1981) Lithium therapy and thyroid function: a long-term study. Psychol Med 11 85-92.
452. G Delitala, L Devilla and G Lotti (1980) Domperidone, an extracerebral inhibitor of dopamine receptors, stimulates thyrotropin and prolactin release in man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 50 1127-1130.
453. C Kirkegaard, N Bjorum, D Cohn, et al. (1977) Studies on the influence of biogenic amines and psychoactive drugs on the prognostic value of the TRH stimulation test in endogenous depression. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2 131-136.
454. G Delitala (1977) Dopamine and T.S.H. secretion in man. Lancet 2 760-761.
455. F Massara, F Camanni, L Belforte, et al. (1978) Increased thyrotrophin secretion induced by sulpiride in man. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 9 419-428.
456. G Delitala, L Devilla and G Lotti (1980) TSH and prolactin stimulation by the decarboxylase inhibitor benserazide in primary hypothyroidism. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 12 313-316.
457. C Kirkegaard, N Bjorum, D Cohn, et al. (1978) Thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH) stimulation test in manic-depressive illness. Arch Gen Psychiatry 35 1017-1021.
458. GF Nelis and JG Van de Meene (1980) The effect of oral cimetidine on the basal and stimulated values of prolactin, thyroid stimulating hormone, follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone. Postgrad Med J 56 26-29.
459. AG Smals, PW Kloppenborg, WH Hoefnagels, et al. (1979) Pituitary-thyroid function in spironolactone treated hypertensive women. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 90 577-584.
460. JE Morley, RB Shafer, MK Elson, et al. (1980) Amphetamine-induced hyperthyroxinemia. Ann Intern Med 93 707-709.
461. B Gloebel and B Weinheimer (1977) TRH-test during D-T4 application. Nuc-Compact 8 44.
462. G Medeiros-Neto, WG Kallas, M Knobel, et al. (1980) Triac (3,5,3′-triiodothyroacetic acid) partially inhibits the thyrotropin response to synthetic thyrotropin-releasing hormone in normal and thyroidectomized hypothyroid patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 50 223-225.
463. D Emrich (1977) [The influence of etiroxat-HCl on iodine metabolism in man (author's transl)]. Arzneimittelforschung 27 422-426.
464. EI Tamagna, JM Hershman and EC Jorgensen (1979) Thyrotropin suppression by 3,5-dimethyl-3′-isopropyl-L-thyronine in man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 48 196-200.
465. MF Scanlon, DR Weightman, DJ Shale, et al. (1979) Dopamine is a physiological regulator of thyrotrophin (TSH) secretion in normal man. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 10 7-15.
466. M Yoshimura, Y Ochi, T Miyazaki, et al. (1972) Effect of intravenous and oral administration of L-dopa on HGH and TSH release. Endocrinol Jpn 19 543-548.
467. M Giusti, A Lomeo, R Torre, et al. (1989) Effect of subacute cabergoline treatment on prolactin, thyroid stimulating hormone and growth hormone response to simultaneous administration of thyrotrophin-releasing hormone and growth hormone-releasing hormone in hyperprolactinaemic women. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 30 315-321.
468. K Miyal, T Onishi, M Hosokawa, et al. (1974) Inhibition of thyrotropin and prolactin secretions in primary hypothyroidism by 2-Br-alpha-ergocryptine. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 39 391-394.
469. BA Lamberg, M Linnoila, R Fogelholm, et al. (1977) The effect of psychotropic drugs on the TSH-response to thyroliberin (TRH). Neuroendocrinology 24 90-97.
470. KO Nilsson, JI Thorell and B Hokfelt (1974) The effect of thyrotrophin releasing hormone on the release of thyrotrophin and other pituitary hormones in man under basal conditions and following adrenergic blocking agents. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 76 24-34.
471. G Delitala, PP Rovasio, A Masala, et al. (1978) Metergoline inhibition of thyrotrophin and prolactin secretions in primary hypothyroidism. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 8 69-73.
472. C Ferrari, A Paracchi, M Rondena, et al. (1976) Effect of two serotonin antagonists on prolactin and thyrotrophin secretion in man. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 5 575-578.
473. R Collu (1978) The effect of TRH on the release of TSH, PRL and GH in man under basal conditions and following methysergide. J Endocrinol Invest 1 121-124.
474. JH Dussault (1974) The effect of dexamethasone on TSH and prolactin secretion after TRH stimulation. Can Med Assoc J 111 1195-1197.
475. RN Re, IA Kourides, EC Ridgway, et al. (1976) The effect of glucocorticoid administration on human pituitary secretion of thyrotropin and prolactin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 43 338-346.
476. J Bertherat, T Brue, A Enjalbert, et al. (1992) Somatostatin receptors on thyrotropin-secreting pituitary adenomas: comparison with the inhibitory effects of octreotide upon in vivo and in vitro hormonal secretions. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 75 540-546.
477. JA Thomas, KS Shahid-Salles and MP Donovan (1977) Effects of narcotics on the reproductive system. Adv Sex Horm Res 3 169-195.
478. P May, J Mittler, A Manougian, et al. (1979) TSH release-inhibiting activity of leucine-enkephalin. Horm Metab Res 11 30-33.
479. I Kobayashi, Y Shimomura, S Maruta, et al. (1980) Clofibrate and a related compound suppress TSH secretion in primary hypothyroidism. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 94 53-57.
480. SI Sherman, J Gopal, BR Haugen, et al. (1999) Central hypothyroidism associated with retinoid X receptor-selective ligands. N Engl J Med 340 1075-1079.