Bariatric Surgery and Reversal of Metabolic Disorders

Obesity: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Prevention: Second Edition

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages 631-646

  Manco, Melania ^a  

^a BAMBINO GESÙ CHILDREN S HOSPITAL   (Italy)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85152807468     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1201/b12261-62     Document Type: Chapter

References (113)

1. NIH Consensus Development Panel. 1991. Gastrointestinal surgery for severe obesity. Ann Intern Med 115:956-961.
2. Rubino F, Kaplan LM, Schauer PR, Cummings DE, Diabetes Surgery Summit Delegates. 2010. The Diabetes Surgery Summit consensus conference: Recommendations for the evaluation and use of gastrointestinal surgery to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ann Surg 251:399-405.
3. The American Society for Bariatric Surgery.http://www.bariatric-surgery.info/types-of-weight-loss-surgery.htm (accessed on February 2, 2012).
4. Rubino F, Gagner M, Gentileschi P, Kini S, Fukuyama S, Feng J, Diamond E. 2004. The early effect of the Roux-en-Y gastric bypass on hormones involved in body weight regulation and glucose metabolism. Ann Surg 240:236-242.
5. Thaler JP, Cummings DE. 2009. Minireview: Hormonal and metabolic mechanisms of diabetes remission after gastrointestinal surgery. Endocrinology 150:2518-2525.
6. Buchwald H, Avidor Y, Braunwald E, Jensen MD, Pories W, Fahrbach K, Schoelles K. 2004. Bariatric surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 292:1724-1737.
7. de Paula AL, Macedo AL, Prudente AS, Queiroz L, Schraibman V, Pinus J. 2006. Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy with ileal interposition (“neuroendocrine brake”)-Pilot study of a new operation. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2:464-467.
8. Ramos A, Galvao Neto M, Galvao M, Evangelista LF, Campos JM, Ferraz A. 2010. Laparoscopic greater curvature plication: Initial results of an alternative restrictive bariatric procedure. Obes Surg 20:913-918.
9. Mingrone G, Henriksen FL, Greco AV, Krogh LN, Capristo E, Gastaldelli A, Castagneto M, Ferrannini E, Gasbarrini G, Beck-Nielsen H. 1999. Triglyceride-induced diabetes associated with familial lipoprotein lipase deficiency. Diabetes 48:1258-1263.
10. Mingrone G, DeGaetano A, Greco AV, Capristo E, Benedetti G, Castagneto M, Gasbarrini G. 1997. Reversibility of insulin resistance in obese diabetic patients: Role of plasma lipids. Diabetologia 40:599-605.
11. Cummings DE, Overduin J, Foster-Shubert KE. 2004. Gastric Bypass for obesity: Mechanisms of weight loss and diabetes resolution. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89:2608-2615.
12. Pories WJ, Swanson MS, MacDonald KG, Long SB, Morris PG, Brown BM, Barakat HA, deRamon RA, Israel G, Dolezal JM. 1995. Who would have thought it? An operation proves to be the most effective therapy for adult-onset diabetes mellitus. Ann Surg 222:339-352.
13. Schauer PR, Burguera B, Ikramuddin S, Cottam D, Gourash W, Hamad G, Eid GM, Mattar S, Ramanathan R, Barinas-Mitchel E, Rao RH, Kuller L, Kelley D. 2003. Effect of laparoscopic Roux-en Y gastric bypass on type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ann Surg 238:467-484; discussion 84-85.
14. Sugerman HJ, Wolfe LG, Sica DA, Clore JN. 2003. Diabetes and hypertension in severe obesity and effects of gastric bypass-induced weight loss. Ann Surg 237:751-756; discussion 757-758.
15. Wittgrove AC, Clark GW. 2000. Laparoscopic gastric bypass, Roux-en-Y-500 patients: Technique and results, with 3-60 month follow-up. Obes Surg 10:233-239.
16. Schauer PR, Ikramuddin S, Gourash W, Ramanathan R, Luketich J. 2000. Outcomes after laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass for morbid obesity. Ann Surg 232:515-529.
17. Long SD, O’Brien K, MacDonald Jr KG, Leggett-Frazier N, Swanson MS, Pories WJ, Caro JF. 1994. Weight loss in severely obese subjects prevents the progression of impaired glucose tolerance to type II diabetes. A longitudinal interventional study. Diabetes Care 17:372-375.
18. Pories WJ. 2004. Diabetes: The evolution of a new paradigm. Ann Surg 239:12-13.
19. Polyzogopoulou EV, Kalfarentzos F, Vagenakis AG, Alexandrides TK. 2003. Restoration of euglycemia and normal acute insulin response to glucose in obese subjects with type 2 diabetes following bariatric surgery. Diabetes 52:1098-1103.
20. Sjostrom L, Lindroos AK, Peltonen M, Torgerson J, Bouchard C, Carlsson B, Dahlgren S, Larsson B, Narbro K, Sjostrom CD, Sullivan M, Wedel H. 2004. Lifestyle, diabetes, and cardiovascular risk factors 10 years after bariatric surgery. N Engl J Med 351:2683-2693.
21. Kopelman PG. 2000. Obesity as a medical problem. Nature 404:635-643.
22. Brolin RE. 2002. Bariatric surgery and long-term control of morbid obesity. JAMA 288:2793-2796.
23. Guidone C, Manco M, Valera-Mora E, Iaconelli A, Gniuli D, Mari A, Nanni G, Castagneto M, Calvani M, Mingrone G. 2006. Mechanisms of recovery from type 2 diabetes after malabsorptive bariatric surgery. Diabetes 55:2025-2031.
24. Rubino F, R’bibo SL, del Genio F, Mazumdar M, McGraw TE. 2010. Metabolic surgery: The role of the gastrointestinal tract in diabetes mellitus. Nat Rev Endocrinol 6:102-109.
25. Bo O, Modalsli O. 1983. Gastric banding, a surgical method of treating morbid obesity: Preliminary report. Int J Obes 7:493-499.
26. Kuzmak L. 1992. Stoma adjustable silicone gastric banding. Prob Gen Surg 9:298-317.
27. Pace WG, Martin EW, Tetrick T, Fabri PJ, Carey LC. 1979. Gastric partitioning for morbid obesity. Ann Surg 190:392-400.
28. Howard L, Malone M, Michalek A, Carter J, Alger S, Van Woert J. 1995. Gastric bypass and vertical banded gastroplasty-A prospective randomized comparison and 5-year follow-up. Obes Surg 5:55-60.
29. Sugerman HJ, Starkey J, Birkenhauer R. 1987. A randomized prospective trial of gastric bypass versus vertical banded gastroplasty for morbid obesity and their effects on sweets versus non-sweets eaters. Ann Surg 205:613-624.
30. Naslund I. 1986. A prospective randomized comparison of gastric bypass and gastroplasty. Acta Chir Scand 152:681-689.
31. Rubino F, Marescaux J. 2004. Effect of duodenal-jejunal exclusion in a non-obese animal model of type 2 diabetes: A new perspective for an old disease. Ann Surg 239:1-11.
32. Cohen RV, Schiavon CA, Pinheiro JS, Correa JL, Rubino F. 2007. Duodenal-jejunal bypass for the treatment of type 2 diabetes in patients with body mass index of 22-34 kg/m2: A report of 2 cases. Surg Obes Relat Dis 3:195-197.
33. Koopmans HS, Sclafani A, Fichtner C, Aravich PF. 1982. The effects of ileal transposition on food intake and body weight loss in VMH-obese rats. Am J Clin Nutr 35:284-293.
34. Strader AD, Vahl TP, Jandacek RJ, Wods SC, D’Alessio DA, Seeley RJ. 2005. Weight loss through ileal transposition is accompanied by increased ileal hormone secretion and synthesis in rats. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 288:E447-E453.
35. Brolin RE, Gorman RC, Milgrim LM, Kenler HA. 1991. Multivitamin prophylaxis in prevention of post-gastric bypass vitamin and mineral deficiencies. Int J Obes 15:661-667.
36. Halverson JD. 1986. Micronutrient deficiencies after gastric bypass for morbid obesity. Am Surg 52:594-598.
37. le Roux CW, Welbourn R, Werling M, Osborne A, Kokkinos A, Laurenius A, Lönroth H, Fändriks L, Ghatei MA, Bloom SR, Olbers T. 2007. Gut hormones as mediators of appetite and weight loss after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Ann Surg 246:780-785.
38. Marceau P, Hould FS, Simard S, Lebel S, Bourque RA, Potvin M, Biron S. 1998. Biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch. World J Surg 22:947-954.
39. Dixon JB, O’Brien PE, Playfair J, Chapman L, Schachter LM, Skinner S, Proietto J, Bailey M, Anderson M. 2008. Adjustable gastric banding and conventional therapy for type 2 diabetes: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 23;299:316-323.
40. Manco M, Calvani M, Nanni G, Greco AV, Iaconelli A, Gasbarrini G, Castagneto M, Mingrone G. 2005. Low 25-hydroxyvitamin D does not affect Insulin Sensitivity in obese women after bariatric surgery. Obes Res 13:1692-1700.
41. Bloomberg RD, Fleishman A, Nalle JE, Herron DM, Kini S. 2005. Nutritional deficiencies following bariatric surgery: What have we learned? Obes Surg 15:145-154.
42. MacDonald Jr KG, Long SD, Swanson MS, Brown BM, Morris P, Dohm GL, Pories WJ. 1997. The gastric bypass operation reduces the progression and mortality of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Gastrointest Surg 1:213-220.
43. Adams TD, Gress RE, Smith SC, Halverson RC, Simper SC, Rosamond WD, Lamonte MJ, Stroup AM, Hunt SC. 2007. Long-term mortality after gastric bypass surgery. N Engl J Med 357:753-761.
44. Buchwald H, Estok R, Fahrbach K, Banel D, Sledge I. 2007. Trends in mortality in bariatric surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Surgery 142:621-632.
45. Cummings DE, Schwartz MW. 2003. Genetics and pathophysiology of human obesity. Annu Rev Med 54:453-471.
46. Yanovski SZ, Yanovski JA. 2002. Obesity. N Engl J Med 346:591-602.
47. Bray GA, Tartaglia LA. 2000. Medicinal strategies in the treatment of obesity. Nature 404:672-677.
48. McTigue KM, Harris R, Hemphill B, Lux L, Sutton S, Bunton AJ, Lohr KN. 2003. Screening and interventions for obesity in adults: Summary of the evidence for the US Prevention Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med 139:933-949.
49. Safer DJ. 1991. Diet, behavior modification, and exercise: A review of obesity treatments from a long-term perspective. Southern Med J 84:1470-1474.
50. Muscelli E, Mingrone G, Camastra S, Manco M, Pereira JA, Pareja JC, Ferrannini E. 2005. Differential effect of weight loss on insulin resistance in surgically treated obese patients. Am J Med 118:51-57.
51. Pereira JA, Lazarin MACT, Pareja JC. 2003. Insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia in non-diabetic morbidly obese patients (effect of weight loss induced by bariatric surgery). Obes Res 11:1495-1501.
52. Astrup A, Anderson T, Christensen NJ, Bülow J, Madsen J, Breum L, Quaade F. 1990. Impaired glucose-induced thermogenesis and arterial norepinephrine response persist after weight reduction in obese humans. Am J Clin Nutr 51:331-337.
53. Leibel RL, Rosenbaum M, Hirsch J. 1995. Changes in energy expenditure resulting from altered body weight. N Engl J Med 332:621-628.
54. Bessard T, Schutz Y, Jéquier E. 1983. Energy expenditure and postprandial thermogenesis in obese women before and after weight loss. Am J Clin Nutr 38:680-693.
55. Katzeff HL, Danforth E. 1989. Decreased thermic effect of a mixed meal during overnutrition in human obesity. Am J Clin Nutr 50:15-21.
56. Swaminathan R, King RFGJ, Holmfield J, Siwek RA, Baker M, Wales JK. 1985. Thermic effect of feeding carbohydrate, fat, protein and mixed meal in lean and obese subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 42:177-181.
57. Felig P, Cunningham J, Levitt M, Hendler R, Nadel E. 1983. Energy expenditure in obesity, in fasting and postprandial state. Am J Physiol 244:E45-E51.
58. Nair KS, Halliday D, Garrow JS. 1983. Thermic response to isoenergetic protein, carbohydrate or fat meals in lean and obese subjects. Clin Sci 65:307-312.
59. Welle SL, Campbell RG. 1983. Normal thermic effect of glucose in obese women. Am J Clin Nutr 37:87-92.
60. Astrup A, Buemann B, Christensen NJ, Toubro S. 1994. Failure to increase lipid oxidation in response to increasing dietary fat content in formerly obese women. Am J Physiol 266:E592-E599.
61. Larson DE, Ferraro RT, Robertson DS, Ravussin E. 1995. Energy metabolism in weight stable post-obese individuals. Am J Clin Nutr 62:735-739.
62. Sims EAH, Danforth E Jr, Horton ES, Bray GA, Glennon JA, Salans LB. 1973. Endocrine and metabolic effects of experimental obesity in man. Recent Prog Horm Res 29:457-496.
63. Mingrone G, Manco M, Granato L, Calvani M, Scarfone A, Valera Mora E, Greco AV, Vidal H, Castagneto M, Ferrannini E. 2005. Leptin pulsatility in formerly obese women. FASEB J 19:1380-1385.
64. Tataranni A, Larson DE, Snitker S, Ravussin E. 1995. Thermic effect of food in humans: Methods and results from use of a respiratory chamber. Am J Clin Nutr 61:1013-1019.
65. Kelley DE, He J, Menshikova EV, Ritov VB. 2002. Dysfunction of mitochondria in human skeletal muscle in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 51:2944-2950.
66. Kelley DE. 2005. Skeletal muscle fat oxidation: Timing and flexibility are everything. J Clin Invest 115:1699-1702.
67. Letiexhe MR, Desaive C, Lefebvre PJ, Scheen AJ. 2004. Cross-talk between insulin secretion and insulin action after postgastroplasty recovery of ideal body weight in severely obese patients. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 28:821-823.
68. Greco AV, Mingrone G, Giancaterini A, Manco M, Morroni M, Cinti S, Granzotto M, Vettor R, Camastra S, Ferranini E. 2002. Insulin resistance in morbid obesity: Reversal with intramyocellular fat depletion. Diabetes 51:1-8.
69. Unger RH. 1995. Lipotoxicity in the pathogenesis of obesity-dependent NIDDM. Genetic and clinical implications. Diabetes 44:863-870.
70. Manco M, Calvani M, Mingrone G. 2004. Effects of dietary fatty acids on insulin sensitivity and secretion. Obes Diabetes Metab 6:402-413.
71. Ferrannini E, Camastra S, Gastaldelli A, Maria Sironi A, Natali A, Muscelli E, Mingrone G, Mari A. 2004. Beta-cell function in obesity: Effects of weight loss. Diabetes 53:S26-S33.
72. Burstein R, Epstein Y, Charuzi I, Suessholz A, Karnieli E, Shapiro Y. 1995. Glucose utilization in morbidly obese subjects before and after weight loss by gastric bypass operation. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 19:558-561.
73. Bergman RN. 1989. Toward physiological understanding of glucose tolerance. Minimal-model approach. Lilly lecture. Diabetes 38:1512-1527.
74. Valensi P, Moura I, Le Magoarou M, Paries J, Perret G, Attali JR. 1997. Short-term effects of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion treatment on insulin secretion in non-insulin-dependent overweight patients with poor glycaemic control despite maximal oral anti-diabetic treatment. Diabete Metab 23:515-517.
75. Jimenez J, Zuniga-Guajardo S, Zinman B, Angel A. 1987. Effects of weight loss in massive obesity on insulin and C-peptide dynamics: Sequential changes in insulin production, clearance, and sensitivity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 64:661-668.
76. Guldstrand M, Ahrén B, Adamson U. 2003. Improved ß-cell function after standardized weight loss in severely obese subjects. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 284:E557-E565.
77. Carpenter T, Trautmann ME, Baron AD. 2005. Hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia with nesidioblastosis after gastric-bypass surgery. N Engl J Med 353:2192-2194.
78. Rehfeld JF. 2004. A centenary of gastrointestinal endocrinology. Horm Metab Res 36:735-741.
79. Pederson RA. 1993. Gastric inhibitory polypeptide. In: Walsh JH, Dockray GJ, eds., Gut Peptides: Biochemistry and Physiology. New York: Raven Press, pp. 217-259.
80. Miyawaki K, Yamada Y, Yano H, Niwa H, Ban N, Ihara Y, Kubota A, Fujimoto S, Kajikawa M, Kuroe A, Tsuda K, Hashimoto H, Yamashita T, Jomori T, Tashiro F, Miyazaki J, Seino Y. 1999. Glucose intolerance caused by a defect in the entero-insular axis: A study in gastric inhibitory polypeptide receptor knockout mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:14843-1484.
81. Sirinek KR, O’Dorisio TM, Hill D, McFee AS. 1986. Hyperinsulinism, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, and the enteroinsular axis in morbidly obese patients before and after gastric bypass. Surgery 100:781-787.
82. MacDonald PE, El-koly M, Riedel MJ. 2002. The multiple actions of GLP-1 on the process of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Diabetes 51:S434-S442.
83. Mason EE. 1999. Ilial transposition and enteroglucagon/GLP-1 in obesity (and diabetic?) surgery. Obes Surg 9:223-228.
84. Naslund E, Gryback P, Hellstrom PM. 1997. Gastrointestinal hormones and gastric emptying 20 years after jejunoileal bypass for massive obesity. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 21:387-392.
85. Rubino F, Schauer PR, Kaplan LM, Cummings DE. 2010. Metabolic surgery to treat type 2 diabetes: Clinical outcomes and mechanisms of action. Annu Rev Med 61:393-411.
86. Hickey MS, Pories WJ, MacDonald KG.. 1998. A new paradigm for type 2 diabetes mellitus: Could it be a disease of the foregut? Ann Surg 227:637-643; discussion 643-644.
87. Nauck MA, Heimesaat MM, Orskov C, Holst JJ, Ebert R, Creutzfeldt W. 1993. Preserved incretin activity of glucagon-like peptide 1 [7-36 amide] but not of synthetic human gastric inhibitory polypeptide in patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus. J Clin Invest 91:301-307.
88. Buchwald H, Estok R, Fahrbach K, Banel D, Jensen MD, Pories WJ, Bantle JP, Sledge I. 2009. Weight and type 2 diabetes after bariatric surgery: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Med Mar 122:248-256.e5.
89. Sjöström L, Narbro K, Sjöström CD, Karason K, Larsson B, Wedel H, Lystig T, Sullivan M, Bouchard C, Carlsson B, Bengtsson C, Dahlgren S, Gummesson A, Jacobson P, Karlsson J, Lindroos AK, Lönroth H, Näslund I, Olbers T, Stenlöf K, Torgerson J, Agren G, Carlsson LM, Swedish Obese Subjects Study. 2007. Effects of bariatric surgery on mortality in Swedish obese subjects. N Engl J Med 357:741-752.
90. Vidal J, Ibarzabal A, Romero F, Delgado S, Momblán D, Flores L, Lacy A. 2008. Type 2 diabetes mellitus and the metabolic syndrome following sleeve gastrectomy in severely obese subjects. Obes Surg 18:1077-1082.
91. Scopinaro N, Marinari GM, Camerini GB, Papadia FS, Adami GF. 2005. Specific effects of biliopancreatic diversion on the major components of metabolic syndrome: A long-term follow-up study. Diabetes Care 28:2406-2411.
92. Dornfeld LP, Maxwell MH, Waks AU, Schroth P, Tuck ML. 1985. Obesity and hypertension: Long-term effects of weight reduction on blood pressure. Int J Obes 9:381-389.
93. Hypertension Prevention Treatment Group. 1990. The hypertension prevention trial: Three year effects of dietary changes on blood pressure. Arch Intern Med 150:153-162.
94. Reisin E, Frohilic ED. 1982. Effect of weight reduction on arterial pressure. J Chronic dis 35:887-891.
95. Nelson VL, Legro RS, Strauss III JF, McAllister JM. 1999. Augmented androgen production is a stable steroidogenic phenotype of propagated theca cells from polycystic ovaries. Mol Endocrinol 13:946-957.
96. Nelson VL, Qin KN, Rosenfield RL, Wood JR, Penning TM, Legro RS, Strauss JF, McAllister JN. 2001. The biochemical basis for increased testosterone production in theca cells propagated from patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86:5925-5933.
97. Dunaif A. 1997. Insulin resistance and the polycystic ovary syndrome: Mechanism and implications for pathogenesis. Endocr Rev 18:774-800.
98. Gambineri A, Pelusi C, Vicennati V, Pagotto U, Pasquali R. 2002. Obesity and the polycystic ovary syndrome. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 26:883-896.
99. Asunción M, Calvo RM, San Millán JL, Sancho J, Avila S, Escobar-Morreale HF. 2000. A prospective study of the prevalence of the polycystic ovary syndrome in unselected Caucasian women from Spain. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85:2434-2438.
100. Manco M, Castagneto M, Nanni G, Guidone C, Tondolo V, Greco AV, Gasbarrini G, Mingrone G. 2005. Biliopancreatic diversion as a novel approach to the HAIR-AN syndrome. Obesity Surgery 15:286-289.
101. Escobar-Morreale HF, Botella-Carretero JI, Álvarez-Blasco F, Sancho J, San Millán JL. 2006. The polycystic ovary syndrome associated with morbid obesity may resolve after weight loss induced by bariatric surgery. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90:6364-6369.
102. Blackburn GL, Mun EC. 2004. Effects of weight loss surgeries on liver disease. Semin Liver Dis 24:371-379.
103. Charlton M, Sreekumar R, Rasmussen D, Lindor K, Nair KS. 2002. Apolipoprotein synthesis in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology 35:898-904.
104. Samuel VT, Liu ZX, Qu X, Elder BD, Bilz S, Befroy D. 2004. Mechanism of hepatic insulin resistance in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Biol Chem 279:32345-32353.
105. Schattenberg JM, Wang Y, Singh R, Rigoli RM, Czaja MJ. 2005. Hepatocyte CYP2E1 overexpression and steatohepatitis lead to impaired hepatic insulin signaling. J Biol Chem 280:9887-9894.
106. Day CP, James OF.. 1998. Steatohepatitis: A tale of two ‘hits’? Gastroenterology 114:842-845.
107. Dixon JB, Bhathal PS, Hughes NR. 2004. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Improvement in liver histological analysis with weight loss. Hepatology 39:1647-1654.
108. Luyckx FH, Desaive C, Thiry A. 1998. Liver abnormalities in severely obese subjects: Effect of drastic weight loss after gastroplasty. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 22:222-226.
109. Mattar SG, Velcu LM, Rabinovitz M, Demetris AJ, Krasinskas AM, Barinas-Mitchell E, Eid GM, Ramanathan R, Taylor DS, Schauer PR. 2005. Surgically-induced weight loss significantly improves nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and the metabolic syndrome. Ann Surg 242:610-620.
110. Kral JG, Thung SN, Biron S, Hould FS, Lebel S, Marceau S, Simard S, Marceau P. 2004. Effects of surgical treatment of the metabolic syndrome on liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. Surgery 135:48-58.
111. Manco M, Fernandez-Real JM, Vecchio FM, Vellone V, Moreno JM, Tondolo V, Bottazzo G, Nanni G, Mingrone G. 2010. The decrease of serum levels of human neutrophil alpha-defensins parallels with the surgery- induced amelioration of NASH in obesity. Obes Surg 20:1682-1689.
112. Manco M, Putignani L, Bottazzo GF. 2010. Gut microbiota, lipopolysaccharides, and innate immunity in the pathogenesis of obesity and cardiovascular risk. Endocr Rev 31:817-844.
113. Manco M, Fernandez-Real JM, Equitani F, Vendrell J, Valera Mora ME, Nanni G, Tondolo V, Calvani M, Ricart W, Castagneto M, Mingrone G. 2007. Effect of massive weight loss on inflammatory adipocytokines and the innate immune system in morbidly obese women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92:483-490.