The Justice/Morality Link: Implied, then Ignored, yet Inevitable

Handbooks of Sociology and Social Research

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages 331-360

  Hegtvedt, Karen A ^a   Scheuerman, Heather L ^a  

^a EMORY UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Distributive Justice; Moral Community; Moral Conviction; Moral Emotion; Procedural Justice

Indexed keywords

EID: 85125889091     PISSN: 13896903     EISSN: 2542839X     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-6896-8_18     Document Type: Chapter

References (146)

1. Abend, G. 2008. “Two Main Problems in the Sociology of Morality.” Theory and Society 37:87–125.
2. Adams, J. S. 1965. “Inequity in Social Exchange.” PP. 267–299 in Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, v. 2, edited by L. Berkowitz. New York: Academic Press.
3. Aderman, D., S. S. Brehm, and L. B. Katz. 1974. “The Just World Revisited.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 29:342–347.
4. Ahmed, E., and J. Braithwaite. 2005. “Forgiveness, Shaming, Shame and Bullying.” The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology 38:298–323.
5. Aryee, S., P. S. Budhwar, and Z. X. Chen. 2002. “Trust as a Mediator of the Relationship between Organizational Justice and Work Outcomes: Test of a Social Exchange Model.” Journal of Organizational Behavior 23:267–285.
6. Barry, B. 1989. Theories of Justice. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
7. Batson, C. Daniel, C. L. Kennedy, L. A. Nord, E. L. Stocks, D. A. Fleming, C. M. Marzette, D. A. Lishner, R. E. Hayes, L. M. Kolchinsky, and T. Zerger. 2007. “Anger at Unfairness: Is It Moral Outrage?” European Journal of Social Psychology 37:1272–1285.
8. Bauman, C. W. 2006. Procedural and Moral Influences on Fairness Judgments and Group Rejection. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Illinois at Chicago.
9. Bazerman, M. H., S. B. White, and G. F. Lowenstein. 1995. “Perceptions of Fairness in Interpersonal and Individual Choice Situations.” Current Directions in Psychological Science 4:39–42.
10. Beaton, A. M., and M. Deveau. 2005. “Helping the Less Fortunate: A Predictive Model of Collective Action.” Journal of Applied Social Psychology 35:1609–1629.
11. Bies, R. J. 2001. “Interactional (In)justice: The Sacred and the Profane.” PP. 89–118 in Advances in Organizational Justice, edited by J. Greenberg, and R. Cropanzano. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.
12. Bies, R. J. 2005. “Are Procedural Justice and Interactional Justice Conceptually Distinct?” PP. 85–112 in Handbook of Organizational Justice, edited by J. Greenberg, and J. A. Colquitt. NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
13. Bies, R. J., and J. S. Moag. 1986. “Interactional Justice: Communication Criteria of Fairness.” PP. 43–55 in Research on Negotiations in Organizations, edited by R. J. Lewicki, B. H. Sheppard, and M. H. Bazerman. Stamford, CT: JAI Press.
14. Blader, S. L., and T. R. Tyler. 2005. “Justice and Empathy: What Motivates People to Help Others?” PP. 226–250 in The Justice Motive in Everyday Life, edited by M. Ross and D. T. Miller. New York: Cambridge University Press.
15. Blau, P. M. 1964. Exchange and Power in Social Life. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
16. Botchkovar, E. V., and C. R. Tittle. 2005. “Crime, Shame and Reintegration in Russia.” Theoretical Criminology 9:401–442.
17. Braithwaite, J. 1989. Crime, Shame and Reintegration. New York: Cambridge University Press.
18. Brockner, J., and J. Greenberg. 1990. “The Impact of Layoffs on Survivors: An Organizational Justice Perspective.” PP. 45–75 in Applied Social Psychology and Organizational Settings, edited by J. S. Carroll. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
19. Brockner, J., M. Konovsky, R. Cooper-Schneider, R. Folger, C. Martin, and R. J. Bies. 1994. “Interactive Effects of Procedural Justice and Outcome Negativity on Victims and Survivors of Job Loss.” Academy of Management Journal 37:397–409.
20. Chapman, M., C. Zahn-Waxler, G. Cooperman, and R. J. Iannotti. 1987. “Empathy and Responsibility in the Motivation of Children’s Helping.” Developmental Psychology 23:140–145.
21. Cohen-Charash, Y., and P. E. Spector. 2001. “The Role of Justice in Organizations: A Meta-Analysis.” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 86:278–321.
22. Colquitt, J. A., D. E. Conlon, M. J. Wesson, C. O. L. H. Porter, and K. Yee Ng. 2001. “Justice at the Millennium: A Meta-Analytic Review of 25 Years of Organizational Justice Research.” Journal of Applied Psychology 86: 425–445.
23. Colquitt, J. A., J. Greenberg, and C. P. Zapata-Phelan. 2005. “What Is Organizational Justice? A Historical Overview.” PP. 3–56 in Handbook of Organizational Justice, edited by J. Greenberg, and J. A. Colquitt. NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
24. Cropanzano, R. S., H. M. Weiss, K. J. Suckow, and A. A. Grandey. 2000. “Doing Justice to Workplace Emotions.” PP. 49–62 in Emotions at Work, edited by N. Ashkanasy, C. Hartel, and W. Zerbe. Westport, CT: Quorum Books.
25. Curly, E., ed.1994. Hobbes Leviathan: With Selected Variants from the Latin Edition of 1668. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Publishing Company, Inc.
26. Davis, G., D. McAdam, W. Richard Scott, and M. N. Zald, eds. 2005. Social Movements and Organizations.New York: Cambridge University Press.
27. Diani, M., and D. McAdam, eds. 2003. Social Movements and Social Networks. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
28. Deutsch, M. 1975. “Equity, Equality, and Need: What Determines Which Value Will Be Used as the Basis for Distributive Justice?” Journal of Social Issues 31:137–149.
29. Durkheim, E. 1995 (1912). The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life. New York: The Free Press.
30. Ellard, J. H., C. D. Miller, T. L. Baumle, and J. M. Olson. 2002. “Just World Processes in Demonizing.” PP. 350–362 in The Justice Motive in Everyday Life: Essays in Honor of Melvin Lerner, edited by M. Ross. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
31. Ellard, J. H. and D. P. Skarlicki. 2002. “A Third-Party Observer’s Reactions to Employee Mistreatment: Motivational and Cognitive Processes in Deservingness Assessments.” PP. 133–158 in Emerging Perspectives on Managing Organizational Justice, vol. 2, Research in Social Issues in Management, edited by S. W. Gilliland, D. D. Steiner, and D. P. Skarlicki. Greenwich, CT: Information Age Publishing.
32. Feather, N. T. 1999. Values, Achievement, and Justice: Studies in the Psychology of Deservingness. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.
33. Fiske, S. T., and S. E. Taylor. 2008. Social Cognition: From Brains to Culture. Columbus, OH: McGraw-Hill.
34. Folger, R. 1986. “A Referent Cognitions Theory of Relative Deprivation.” PP. 33–55 in Relative Deprivation and Social Comparison: The Ontario Symposium, vol. 4, edited by J. M. Olson, C. P. Herman, and M. P Zanna. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
35. Folger, R. 1993. “Reactions to Mistreatment at Work.” PP. 161–183 in Social Psychology in Organizations: Advances in Theory and Research, edited by K. Murningham. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
36. Folger, R. 1998. “Fairness as Moral Virtue.” PP. 13–34 in Managerial Ethics: Moral Management of People and Processes, edited by M. Schminke. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
37. Folger, R. 2001. “Fairness as Deonance.” PP. 3–33 in Theoretical and Cultural Perspectives on Organizational Justice, edited by S. Gilliland, D. Steiner, and D. Skarlicki. Greenwich, CT: Information Age Publishing.
38. Folger, R., and R. J. Bies. 1989. “Managerial Responsibilities and Procedural Justice.” Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal 2:72–90.
39. Folger, R., and R. Cropanzano. 1998. Organizational Justice and Human Resource Mangement. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
40. Folger, R., and R. Cropanzano. 2001. “Fairness Theory: Justice as Accountability.” PP. 1–55 in Advances in Organizational Justice, edited by J. Greenberg, and R. Cropanzano. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
41. Folger, R., R. Cropanzano, and B. Goldman. 2005. “What Is the Relationship Between Justice and Morality?” PP. 215–245 in Handbook of Organizational Justice, edited by J. Greenberg, and J. A. Colquitt. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
42. Folger, R., and C. Martin. 1986. “Relative Deprivation and Referent Cognitions: Distributive and Procedural Justice Effects.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 22:531–546.
43. Gert, B., ed. 1991. Man and Citizen. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Publishing Company.
44. Gert, B. 2008. “The Definition of Morality.” The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, edited by E. N. Zalta. URL: http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2008/entries/morality-definition/.
45. Gillespie, J. Z., and J. Greenberg. 2005. “Are the Goals of Organizational Justice Self-Interested?” PP. 179–213 in Handbook of Organizational Justice, edited by J. Greenberg and J. A. Colquitt. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
46. Gilligan, C. 1982. In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women’s Development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
47. Gilligan, C., and J. Attanucci. 1988. “Two Moral Orientations: Gender Differences and Similarities.” Merrill-Palmer Quarterly 34:223–237.
48. Greenberg, J. 1993. “Stealing in the Name of Justice: Informational and Interpersonal Moderators of Theft Reactions to Underpayment Inequity.” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 54:81–103.
49. Greenberg, J., and R. L. Cohen. 1982. “The Justice Concept in Social Psychology.” PP. 1–47 in Equity and Justice in Social Behavior, edited by J. Greenberg, and R. L. Cohen. New York: Academic Press.
50. Greenberg, J., and J. A. Colquitt, eds. 2005. Handbook of Organizational Justice. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
51. Hafer, C. L. 2000a. “Do Innocent Victims Threaten the Belief in a Just World? Evidence from a Modified Stroop Task.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 79:165–173.
52. Hafer, C. L. 2000b. “Investment in Long-Term Goals and Commitment to Just Means Drive the Need to Believe in a Just World.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 28:1059–1073.
53. Hafer, C. L., and L. Bègue. 2005. “Experimental Research on Just-World Theory: Problems, Developments, and Future Challenges.” Psychological Bulletin 131:128–167.
54. Hafer, C. L., and B. L. Correy. 1999. “Mediators of the Relation Between Beliefs in a Just World and Emotional Responses to Negative Outcomes.” Social Justice Research 12:189–204.
55. Haidt, J. 2001. “The Emotional Dog and Its Rational Tail: A Social Intuitionist Approach to Moral Judgment.” Psychological Review 108:814–834.
56. Haidt, J. 2003. “The Moral Emotions.” PP. 852–870 in Handbook of Affective Sciences, edited by R. J. Davidson, K. R. Scherer, and H. H. Goldsmith. New York: Oxford University Press.
57. Haidt, J. 2007. “The New Synthesis in Moral Psychology.” Science 316:998–1002.
58. Haidt, J., and J. Graham. 2007. “When Morality Opposes Justice: Conservatives Have Moral Intuitions that Liberals May Not Recognize.” Social Justice Research 20:98–116.
59. Haidt, J., and C. Joseph. 2007. “The Moral Mind: How Five Sets of Innate Intuitions Guide the Development of Many Culture-Specific Virtues, and Perhaps Even Modules.” PP. 367–398 in The Innate Mind: Foundations and the Future, vol. 3, edited by P. Carruthers, S. Laurence, and S. Stich. New York: Oxford University Press.
60. Hareli, S. 1999. “Justice and Deservingness Judgments: Refuting the Interchangeability Assumption. New Ideas in Psychology 17:183–193.
61. Hay, C. 2001. “An Exploratory Test of Braithwaite’s Reintegrative Shaming Theory.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 38:132–153.
62. Hegtvedt, K. A. 2005. “Doing Justice to the Group: Examining the Roles of the Group in Justice Research.” Annual Review of Sociology 31:25–45.
63. Hegtvedt, K. A. 2006. “Justice Frameworks.” PP. 46–69 in Contemporary Social Psychological Theories, edited by P. J. Burke. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
64. Hegtvedt, K. A., and K. S. Cook. 2001. “Distributive Justice: Recent Theoretical Developments and Applications. PP. 93–132 in Handbook of Justice Research in Law, edited by J. Sanders and V. L. Hamilton. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum.
65. Hegtvedt, K., and C. Johnson. 2000. “Justice Beyond the Individual: A Future with Legitimation.” Social Psychology Quarterly 63:298–311.
66. Hegtvedt, K. A., C. Johnson, and N. M. Ganem. 2008. “Expressing Emotional Responses to the Injustice of Others: It’s Not Just What You Feel.” PP. 203–226 in Social Structure and Emotions, edited by J. Clay-Warner, and D. Robinson. New York: Elsevier.
67. Hegtvedt, K., C. Johnson, N. M. Ganem, K. W. Waldron, and L. Brody. 2009. “When Will the Unaffected Seek Justice for Others?: Perceptions of and Responses to Another’s Injustice.” Australian Journal of Psychology 61:22–31.
68. Hegtvedt, K. A. and B. Markovsky. 1995. “Justice and Injustice.” PP. 257–280 in Sociological Perspectives on Social Psychology, edited by K. S. Cook, G. A. Fine, and J. House. Boston: Allyn Bacon.
69. Hitlin, S. 2008. Moral Selves, Evil Selves: The Social Psychology of Conscience. New York: Palgrave-Macmillan.
70. Hoffman, M. L. 1982. “Development of Prosocial Motivation: Empathy and Guilt.” PP. 281–313 in The Development of Prosocial Behavior, edited by N. Eisenberg. New York: Academic Press.
71. Homans, G. C. 1974. Social Behavior: Its Elementary Forms. New York: Harcourt Brace.
72. Huo, Y. J. 2003. “Procedural Justice and Social Regulation Across Group Boundaries: Does Subgroup Identity Undermine Relationship-Based Governance?” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 29:336–348.
73. Jaffe, S., and J. S. Hyde. 2000. “Gender Differences in Moral Orientation: A Meta-Analysis.” Psychological Bulletin 126:703–726.
74. Jasso, G. 1980. “A New Theory of Distributive Justice.” American Sociological Review 45:3–32.
75. Jost, J. T., C. J. Wakslak, and T. R. Tyler. 2008. “System Justification Theory and the Alleviation of Emotional Distress: Palliative Effects of Ideology in an Arbitrary Social Hierarchy and in Society.” Advances in Group Processes 25:181–211.
76. Kals, E., and L. Montada. 1994. “Umweltschutz und die Verantwortung der Bürger.” Z. Sozialpsychol 25:326–337.
77. Kawakami, K., and K. L. Dion. 1993. “The Impact of Salient Self-Identities on Relative Deprivation and Action Intentions.” European Journal of Social Psychology 23:525–540.
78. Kohlberg, L. 1969. “Stage and Sequence: The Cognitive-Developmental Approach to Socialization.” PP. 347–480 in Handbook of Socialization Theory and Research, edited by D. A. Goslin. Chicago: Rand McNally.
79. Konovsky, M. A., and S. D. Pugh. 1994. “Citizenship Behavior and Social Exchange.” Academy of Management Journal 37:656–669.
80. Kray, L., and E. Allan Lind. 2002. “The Injustices of Others: Social Reports and the Integration of Others’ Experiences in Organizational Justice Judgments.” Organizational and Human Decision Processes 89:906–924.
81. Kroll, J., and E. Egan. 2004. “Psychiatry, Moral Worry, and Moral Emotions.” Journal of Psychiatric Practice 10: 352–360.
82. Lakoff, G. 1996. Moral Politics: What Conservatives Know That Liberals Don’t. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
83. Lerner, M. J. 1975. “The Justice Motive in Social Behavior: Introduction.” Journal of Social Issues 31:1–19.
84. Lerner, M. J. 1977. “The Justice Motive: Some Hypotheses as to Its Origins and Forms.” Journal of Personality 45:1–52.
85. Lerner, M. J. 1980. The Belief in a Just World: A Fundamental Delusion. New York: Plenum Press.
86. Lerner, M. J. 2003. “The Justice Motive: Where Social Psychologists Found It, How They Lost It, and Why They May Not Find It Again.” Personality and Social Psychology Review 7:388–399.
87. Lerner, J. S., J. H. Goldberg, and P. E. Tetlock. 1998. “Sober Second Thought: The Effects of Accountability, Anger, and Authoritarianism on Attributions of Responsibility.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 24:563–574.
88. Lerner, M. J., and G. Mikula. 1994. Entitlement and the Affectational Bond: Justice in Close Relationships. New York: Springer.
89. Leventhal, G. S. 1976. “The Distribution of Rewards and Resources in Groups and Organizations.” PP. 91–131 in Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, volume 9, edited by L. Berkowitz, and W. Walster. New York: Academic Press.
90. Leventhal, G. S. 1980. “What Should Be Done with Equity Theory? New Approaches to the Study of Fairness in Social Relationships.” PP. 27–55 in Social Exchange, edited by K. Gergen, M. Greenberg, and R. Willis. New York: Plenum.
91. Leventhal, G. S., J. Karuza Jr., and W. R. Fry. 1980. “Beyond Fairness: A Theory of Allocation Preferences.” PP. 167–218 in Justice and Social Interaction, edited by G. Mikula. New York: Springer.
92. Lind, E. A. 2001. “Fairness Heuristic Theory: Justice Judgments as Pivotal Cognitions in Organizational Relations.” PP. 56–88 in Advances in Organizational Justice edited by M. S. Greenberg, and R. Cropanzano. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
93. Lind, E. A., and T. R. Tyler. 1988. The Social Psychology of Procedural Justice. New York: Plenum.
94. Lind, E. A., R. E. Lissak, and D. E. Conlon. 1983. “Decision Control and Process Control Effects on Procedural Fairness Judgments.” Journal of Applied Social Psychology 4:338–350.
95. Lodewijkx, H. F. M., T. Wildschut, B. A. Nijstad, W. Savenije, and M. Smit. 2001. “In a Violent World a Just World Makes Sense: The Case of ‘Senseless’ Violence.” Social Justice Research 14:79–94.
96. Maes, J. 1998. “Immanent Justice and Ultimate Justice: Two Ways off Believing in Justice.” PP. 9–40 in Responses to Victimizations and belief in a Just World, edited by L. Montada, and M. J. Lerner. New York: Plenum.
97. Maes, J., and E. Kals. 2002. “Justice Beliefs in School: Distinguishing Ultimate and Immanent Justice.” Social Justice Research 15:227–244.
98. Mikula, G., K. R. Scherer, and U. Athenstaedt. 1998. “The Role of Injustice in the Elicitation of Differential Emotional Reactions.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 24:769–783.
99. Mikula, G., and M. Wenzel. 2000. “Justice and Social Conflict.” International Journal of Psychology 35:126–135.
100. Mohr, P. B., and G. Luscri. 1995. “Social Work Orientation and Just World Beliefs.” Journal of Social Psychology 135:101–103.
101. Montada, L. 1998. “Justice: Just a Rational Choice?” Social Justice Research 11:81–101.
102. Montada, L., M. J. Schmitt, and C. Dalbert. 1986. “Thinking about Justice and Dealing with One’s Own Privileges: A Study of Existential Guilt.” PP. 125–143 in Justice in Social Relations, edited by H. W. Bierhoff, R. Cohen, and J. Greenberg. New York: Plenum Press.
103. Mullen, E., and J. Nadler. 2008. “Moral Spillovers: The Effect of Moral Violation on Deviant Behavior.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 44:1239–1245.
104. Mullen, E., and L. J. Skitka. 2006. “Exploring the Psychological Underpinnings of the Moral Mandate Effect: Motivational Reasoning, Identification, or Affect?” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90: 629–643.
105. Nagata, D. K. 1993. Legacy of Injustice: Exploring the Cross-Generational Impact of the Japanese American Internment. New York: Plenum.
106. Olson, J. M., and C. Hafer. 2001. “Tolerance of Personal Deprivation.” PP. 157–175 in the Psychology of Legitimacy: Emerging Perspectives on Ideology, Justice, and Intergroup Relations, edited by J. T. Jost, and B. Major. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
107. Opotow, S. 1990a. “Deterring Moral Exclusion.” Journal of Social Issues 46:173–182.
108. Opotow, S. 1990b. “Moral Exclusion and Injustice: An Introduction.” Journal of Social Issues 46:1–20.
109. Opotow, S. 1995. “Drawing the Line: Social Categorization, Moral Exclusion, and the Scope of Justice.” PP. 347–369 in Conflict, Cooperation, and Justice, edited by B. B. Bunker, and J. Z. Rubin. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
110. Opotow, S. 2008. “Conflict and Justice after the American Civil War: Inclusion and Exclusion in the Reconstruction and Jim Crow Eras.” Advances in Group Processes 25:55–85.
111. Polletta, F., and J. M. Jasper. 2001. “Collective Identity and Social Movements.” Annual Review of Sociology 27: 283–305.
112. Rawls, J. 1971. A Theory of Justice. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
113. Reis, H. T. 1986. “Levels of Interest in the Study of Interpersonal Justice.” PP. 187–209 in Justice in Social Relations, edited by H. W. Bierhoff, R. L. Cohen, and J. Greenberg. New York: Plenum.
114. Rozin, P., L. Lowery, S. Imada, and J. Haidt. 1999. “The CAD Triad Hypothesis: A Mapping Between Three Moral Emotions (Contempt, Anger, Disgust) and Three Moral Codes (Community, Autonomy, Divinity).” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 76:574–586.
115. Shilling, C., and P. A. Mellor. 1998. “Durkheim, Morality, and Modernity: Collective Effervescence, Homo Duplex and the Sources of Moral Action.” British Journal of Sociology 49:193–209.
116. Skarlicki, D. P., J. Ellard, and B. Kelln. 1998. “Third-Party Perceptions of a Layoff: Procedural, Derogation, and Retributive Aspects of Justice.” Journal of Applied Psychology 83:119–127.
117. Skarlicki, D. P., and C. T. Kulik. 2005. “Third-Party Reactions to Employee (Mis)treatment: A Justice Perspective.” Research in Organizational Behavior 26:183–229.
118. Skitka, L. J., 2002. “Do the Means Always Justify the Ends, or Do the Ends Sometimes Justify the Means? A Value Protection Model of Justice Reasoning.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 28:588–597.
119. Skitka, L. J. 2006. “Legislating Morality: How Deep is the U.S. Supreme Court’s Reservoir of Good Will?” Paper presented at the meeting of the International Society for Justice Research, Berlin, Germany.
120. Skitka, L. J., and E. Mullen. 2002. “The Dark Side of Moral Conviction.” Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy 2:35–41.
121. Skitka, L. J., and E. Mullen. 2008. “Moral Convictions Often Override Concerns about Procedural Fairness: A Reply to Napier and Tyler.” Social Justice Research 21:529–546.
122. Skitka, L. J., C. W. Bauman, and E. Mullen. 2008. “Morality and Justice: An Expanded Theoretical Perspective and Empirical Review.” Advances in Group Processes 25:1–27.
123. Skitka, L. J., C. W. Bauman, and E. G. Sargis. 2005. “Moral Conviction: Another Contributor to Attitude Strength or Something More?” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 88:895–917.
124. Skitka, L. J., and D. A. Houston 2001. “When Due Process Is of No Consequence: Moral Mandates and Presumed Defendant Guilt or Innocence.” Social Justice Research 14:305–326.
125. Skoe, E. E. A., N. Eisenberg, and A. Cumberland. 2002. “The Role of Reported Emotion in Real Life and Hypothetical Moral Dilemmas.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 28:962–973.
126. Solomon, R. C., and M. C. Murphy, eds. 1990. What is Justice? Classic and Contemporary Readings. New York: Oxford University Press.
127. Stets, J. E., and M. J. Carter. 2006. “The Moral Identity: A Principle Level Identity.” PP. 293–316 in Purpose, Meaning, and Action: Control Systems Theories in Sociology, edited by K. McClelland, and T. J. Fararo. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
128. Tajfel, H., and J. C. Turner. 1986. “The Social Identity Theory of Intergroup Behavior.” PP. 7–24 in Psychology of Intergroup Relations, edited by S. Worchel, and W. G. Austin. Chicago: Nelson-Hall.
129. Tangney, J. P. 1994. “The Mixed Legacy of the Super-ego: Adaptive and Maladaptive Aspects of Shame and Guilt.” PP. 1–28 in Empirical Perspectives on Object Relations Theory, edited by J. M. Masling, and R. F. Burnstein, Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
130. Tangney, J. P., J. Stuewig, and D. J. Mashek. 2007. “Moral Emotions and Moral Behavior.” Annual Review of Psychology 58:345–372.
131. Thibaut, J., and L. Walker. 1975. Procedural Justice: A Psychological Analysis. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
132. Turiel, E. 1983. The Development of Social Knowledge: Morality and Convention. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
133. Turiel, E. 2006. “Thought, Emotions, and Social Interactional Processes in Moral Development.” PP. 7–35 in Handbook of Moral Development, edited by M. Killen, and J. G. Smetana. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
134. Turillo, C. J., R. Folger, J. J. Lavelle, E. E. Umphress, and J. O. Gee. 2002. “Is Virtue Its Own Reward? Self-sacrificial Decisions for the Sake of Fairness.” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 89:839–865.
135. Turner, J. H., and J. E. Stets. 2006. “Moral Emotions.” PP. 544–566 in Handbook of the Sociology of Emotions, edited by J. E. Stets, and J. H. Turner. New York: Springer.
136. Tyler, T. R., and S. L. Blader. 2000. Cooperation in Groups: Procedural Justice, Social Identity, and Behavioral Engagement. Philadelphia, PA: Psychology Press.
137. Tyler, T. R., R. J. Boeckmann, H. J. Smith, and Y. J. Huo. 1997. Social Justice in a Diverse Society. Boulder, CO: Westview.
138. Tyler, T. R., and E. Allan Lind. 1992. “A Relational Model of Authority in Groups.” Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 25:115–191.
139. Tyler, T. R., K. A. Rasinski, and N. Spodick. 1985. “Influence of Voice on Satisfaction with Leaders: Exploring the Meaning of Process Control.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 48:72–81.
140. Tyler, T. R., L. Sherman, H. Strang, G. C. Barnes, and D. Woods. 2007. “Reintegrative Shaming, Procedural Justice, and Recidivism: The Engagement of Offenders’ Psychological Mechanisms in the Canberra RISE Drinking-and-Driving Experiment.” Law and Society Review 41:553–586.
141. Van den Bos, K. 2005. “What Is Responsible for the Fair Process Effect?” PP. 273–300 in Handbook of Organizational Justice, edited by J. Greenberg, and J. A. Colquitt. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
142. Van den Bos, K., and E. Allan Lind. 2002. “Uncertainty Management by Means of Fairness Judgments.” Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 34:1–60.
143. Van den Bos, K., E. Allan Lind, R. Vermunt, and H. A. M. Wilke. 1997. “How Do I Judge My Outcome When I Do Not Know the Outcome of Others?” Journal of Personality and Social Psycholog 72:1034–1046.
144. Van den Bos, K., E. Allan Lind, and H. A. M. Wilke. 2001. “The Psychology of Procedural and Distributive Justice Viewed from the Perspective of Fairness Heuristic Theory.” PP. 49–66 in Justice in the Workplace, edited by R. Cropanzano. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
145. Van Prooijen, J. W. 2008. “Egocentrism in Procedural Justice Effects.” Advances in Group Processes 25:29–54.
146. Walster, E., G. W. Walster, and E. Berscheid. 1978. Equity: Theory and Research. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.