How do I judge my outcome when I do not know the outcome of others? The psychology of the fair process effect

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

Volumn 72, Issue 5, 1997, Pages 1034-1046

  Van Den Bos, Kees ^a   Lind, E Allan ^b   Vermunt, Riël ^a   Wilke, Henk A M ^a  

^a LEIDEN UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

^b DUKE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; CLINICAL TRIAL; COMPARATIVE STUDY; CONTROL; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED STUDY; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; PERCEPTION; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; SATISFACTION; SOCIAL JUSTICE;

ADULT; FEMALE; HUMANS; INTERNAL-EXTERNAL CONTROL; MALE; PERSONAL SATISFACTION; SOCIAL JUSTICE; SOCIAL PERCEPTION;

EID: 0031135952     PISSN: 00223514     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.72.5.1034     Document Type: Article

References (61)

1. Adams, J. S. (1965). Inequity in social exchange. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 267-299). New York: Academic Press.
2. Austin, W., McGinn, N. C., & Susmilch, C. (1980). Internal standards revisited: Effects of social comparisons and expectancies on judgments of fairness and satisfaction. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 16, 426-441.
3. Austin, W., & Walster, E. (1974). Reactions to confirmations and disconfirmations of expectancies of equity and inequity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 30, 208-216.
4. Blau, P. M. (1964). Exchange and power in social life. New York: Wiley.
5. Brockner, J. (1990). Scope of justice in the workplace: How survivors react to co-worker layoffs. Journal of Social Issues, 46, 95-106.
6. Brockner, J. (1994). Perceived fairness and survivors' reactions to layoffs, or how downsizing organizations can do well by doing good. Social Justice Research, 7, 345-363.
7. Brockner, J., & Greenberg, J. (1990). The impact of layoffs on survivors: An organizational justice perspective. In J. S. Caroll (Ed.), Applied social psychology and organizational settings (pp. 45-75). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
8. Brockner, J., Konovsky, M., Cooper-Schneider, R., Folger, R., Martin, C., & Bies, R. J. (1994). Interactive effects of procedural justice and outcome negativity on victims and survivors of job loss. Academy of Management Journal, 37, 397-409.
9. Brockner, J., & Wiesenfeld, B. M. (1996). An integrative framework for explaining reactions to decisions: Interactive effects of outcomes and procedures. Psychological Bulletin, 102, 189-208.
10. Brockner, J., Wiesenfeld, B. M., & Martin, C. L. (1995). Decision frame, procedural justice, and survivors' reactions to job layoffs. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 63, 59-68.
11. Buunk, B. P., & Van Yperen, N. W. (1989). Social comparison, equality, and relationship satisfaction: Gender differences over a ten-year period. Social Justice Research, 3, 157-180.
12. Cropanzano, R., & Folger, R. (1989). Referent cognitions and task decision autonomy: Beyond equity theory. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74, 293-299.
13. Cropanzano, R., & Folger, R. (1991). Procedural justice and worker motivation. In R. M. Steers & L. W. Porter (Eds.), Motivation and work behavior (Vol. 5, pp. 131-143). New York: McGraw-Hill.
14. Cropanzano, R., & Greenberg, J. (in press). Progress in organizational justice: Tunneling through the maze. In C. L. Cooper & I. T. Robertson (Eds.), International review of industrial and organizational psychology. New York: Wiley.
15. Crosby, F. (1976). A model of egoistical relative deprivation. Psychological Review, 83, 85-112.
16. Daly, J. P., & Tripp, T. M. (1996). Is outcome fairness used to make procedural fairness judgments when procedural information is inaccessible? Social Justice Research, 9, 327-349.
17. Deutsch, M. (1975). Equity, equality, or need?: What determines which value will be used as the basis of distributive justice? Journal of Social Issues, 31, 137-149.
18. Deutsch, M. (1985). Distributive justice: A social psychological perspective. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
19. Folger, R. (1977). Distributive and procedural justice: Combined impact of "voice" and improvement on experienced inequity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35, 108-119.
20. Folger, R. (1984). Emerging issues in the social psychology of justice. In R. Folger (Ed.), The sense of injustice: Social psychological perspectives (pp. 3-24). New York: Plenum.
21. Folger, R., & Konovsky, M. (1989). Effects of procedural and distributive justice on reactions to pay raise decisions. Academy of Management Journal, 32, 115-130.
22. Folger, R., & Martin, C. (1986). Relative deprivation and referent cognitions: Distributive and procedural justice effects. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 22, 531-546.
23. Folger, R., Rosenfield, D., Grove, J., & Corkran, L. (1979): Effects of "voice" and peer opinions on responses to inequity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 2253-2261.
24. Folger, R., Rosenfield, D., & Robinson, T. (1983). Relative deprivation and procedural justifications. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 268-273.
25. Greenberg, J. (1986). Determinants of perceived fairness of performance evaluations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71, 340-342.
26. Greenberg, J. (1987a). Reactions to procedural injustice in payment distributions: Do the ends justify the means? Journal of Applied Psychology, 72, 55-61.
27. Greenberg, J. (1987b). A taxonomy of organizational justice theories. Academy of Management Review, 12, 9-22.
28. Greenberg, J. (1987c). Using diaries to promote procedural justice in performance appraisals. Social Justice Research, 1, 219-234.
29. Greenberg, J. (1990). Organizational justice: Yesterday, today, and tomorrow. Journal of Management, 16, 399-432.
30. Greenberg, J. (1993). Stealing in the name of justice: Informational and interpersonal moderators of theft reactions to underpayment inequity. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 54, 81-103.
31. Greenberg, J., & Folger, R. (1983). Procedural justice, participation, and the fair process effect in groups and organizations. In P. B. Paulus (Ed.), Basic group processes (pp. 235-256). New York: Springer-Verlag.
32. Homans, G. C. (1961). Social behavior: Its elementary forms. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World.
33. Huo, Y. J., Smith, H. J., Tyler, T. R., & Lind, E. A. (1996). Superordinate identification, subgroup identification, and justice concerns: Is separatism the problem; is assimilation the answer? Psychological Science, 7, 40-45.
34. Kanfer, R., Sawyer, J., Earley, P. C., & Lind, E. A. (1987). Fairness and participation in evaluation procedures: Effects on task attitudes and performance. Social Justice Research, 1, 235-249.
35. Lerner, M. J., & Whitehead, L. A. (1980). Procedural justice viewed in the context of justice motive theory. In G. Mikula (Ed.), Justice and social interaction: Experimental and theoretical contributions from psychological research (pp. 219-256). Bern, Austria: Huber.
36. Lind, E. A. (1992, March). The fairness heuristic: Rationality and "relationality" in procedural evaluations. Paper presented at the Fourth International Conference of the Society for the Advancement of Socio-Economics, Irvine, CA.
37. Lind, E. A. (1994). Procedural justice, disputing, and reactions to legal authorities (ABF Working Paper No. 9403). Chicago: American Bar Foundation.
38. Lind, E. A. (1995, June). Social conflict and social justice: Lessons from the social psychology of justice judgments. Inaugural oration, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
39. Lind, E. A., & Earley, P. C. (1992). Procedural justice and culture. International Journal of Psychology, 27, 227-242.
40. Lind, E. A., Kanfer, R., & Earley, P. C. (1990). Voice, control, and procedural justice: Instrumental and noninstrumental concerns in fairness judgments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 952-959.
41. Lind, E. A., Kulik, C. T., Ambrose, M., & De Vera Park, M. V. (1993). Individual and corporate dispute resolution: Using procedural fairness as a decision heuristic. Administrative Science Quarterly, 38, 224-251.
42. Lind, E. A., Kurtz, S., Musante, L., Walker, L., & Thibaut, J. (1980). Procedure and outcome effects on reactions to adjudicated resolution of conflicts of interest. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 643-653.
43. Lind, E. A., & Lissak, R. I. (1985). Apparent impropriety and procedural fairness judgments. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 21, 19-29.
44. Lind, E. A., & Tyler, T. R. (1988). The social psychology of procedural justice. New York: Plenum.
45. Messick, D. M., & Sentis, K. (1983). Fairness, preference, and fairness biases. In D. M. Messick & K. S. Cook (Eds.), Equity theory: Psychological and sociological perspectives (pp. 61-94). New York: Praeger.
46. Rutte, C. G., & Messick, D. M. (1995). An integrated model of perceived unfairness in organizations. Social Justice Research, 8, 239-261.
47. Stouffer, S. A., Suchman, E. A., DeVinney, L. C., Star, S. A., & Williams, R. M. (1949). The American soldier: Adjustment during Army life (Vol. 1). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
48. Sweeney, P. D., & McFarlin, D. B. (1993). Workers' evaluations of the "ends" and the "means": An examination of four models of distributive and procedural justice. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 54, 23-40.
49. Tyler, T. R. (1994). Psychological models of the justice motive: Antecedents of distributive and procedural justice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 850-863.
50. Tyler, T. R. (1996). The relationship of outcome and procedural fairness: How does knowing the outcome influence judgments about the procedure? Social Justice Research, 9, 311-325.
51. Tyler, T. R., & Caine, A. (1981). The influence of outcomes and procedures on satisfaction with formal leaders. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 41, 642-655.
52. Tyler, T. R., & DeGoey, P. (1995). Collective restraint in social dilemmas: Procedural justice and social identification effects on support for authorities. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 482-497.
53. Tyler, T. R., & Folger, R. (1980). Distributional and procedural aspects of satisfaction with citizen-police encounters. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 1, 281-292.
54. Tyler, T. R., & Lind, E. A. (1992). A relational model of authority in groups. In M. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 25, pp. 115-191). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
55. Tyler, T. R., Rasinski, K. A., & McGraw, K. M. (1985). The influence of perceived injustice on the endorsement of political leaders. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 15, 700-725.
56. Van den Bos, K. (1996). Procedural justice and conflict. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
57. Van den Bos, K., Vermunt, R., & Wilke, H. A. M. (1996). The consistency rule and the voice effect: The influence of expectations on procedural fairness judgements and performance. European Journal of Social Psychology, 26, 411-428.
58. Van den Bos, K., Vermunt, R., & Wilke, H. A. M. (1997). Procedural and distributive justice: What is fair depends more on what comes first than on what comes next. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 95-104.
59. Walker, L., LaTour, S., Lind, E. A., & Thibaut, J. (1974). Reactions of participants and observers to modes of adjudication. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 4, 295-310.
60. Walster, E., Berscheid, E., & Walster, G. W. (1973). New directions in equity research. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 25, 151-176.
61. Walster, E., Walster, G. W., & Berscheid, E. (1978). Equity: Theory and research. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.