Acute Liver Failure

Sleisenger and Fordtran’s Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease- 2 Volume Set: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Management, Expert Consult Premium Edition - Enhanced Online Features and Print

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages 1557-1568

  Fontana, Robert J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85080140897     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-1-4160-6189-2.00093-7     Document Type: Chapter

References (176)

1. Bernal W., Donaldson N., Wyncoll D., et al. Blood lactate as an early predictor of outcome in paracetamol-induced acute liver failure: A cohort study Lancet 359 2002 558-563(Ref 85.)
2. Bernal W., Hall C., Karvellas CJ., et al. Arterial ammonia and clinical risk factors for encephalopathy and intracranial hypertension in acute liver failure Hepatology 46 2007 1844-1852(Ref 67.)
3. Davern TJ., James LP., Hinson JA., et al. Measurement of serum acetaminophen-protein adducts in patients with acute liver failure Gastroenterology 130 2006 687-694(Ref 62.)
4. Demetriou AA., Brown RS., Busuttil RW., et al. Prospective, randomized, multicenter controlled trial of a bioartificial liver in treating acute liver failure Ann Surg 239 2004 660-670(Ref 155.)
5. Fontana RJ Acute liver failure due to drugs Sem Liv Dis 28 2008 175-188(Ref 27.)
6. Houlihan DD., Newsome PN Critical review of clinical trials of bone marrow stem cells in liver Disease Gastroenterology 135 2008 438-450(Ref 161.)
7. Kumar M., Satapathy S., Monga R., et al. A randomized controlled trial of lamivudine to treat acute hepatitis B Hepatology 45 2007 97-101(Ref 102.)
8. Larson AM., Polson J., Fontana RJ., et al. Acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure: Results of a United States Multicenter prospective study Hepatology 43 2005 1364-1372(Ref 16.)
9. McDiarmid SV., Goodrich NP., Harper AM., et al. Liver transplantation for status 1: The consequences of good intentions Liver Transpl 13 2007 699-707(Ref 136.)
10. O’Grady JG., Alexander GJ., Hayllar KM., et al. Early indicators of prognosis in fulminant hepatic failure Gastroenterology 97 1989 439-445(Ref 83.)
11. Ostapowicz G., Fontana RJ., Schiodt FV., et al. Results of a prospective study of acute liver failure at 17 tertiary care centers in the United States Ann Intern Med 137 2002 947-954(Ref 8.)
12. Stravitz RT., Kramer AH., Davern TJ., et al. Intensive care of patients with acute liver failure: Recommendations of the U.S. Acute Liver Failure Study Group Crit Care Med 35 2007 2498-2508(Ref 104.)
13. Vaquero J., Fontana RJ., Larson AM., et al. Complications and use of intracranial pressure monitoring in patients with acute liver failure and severe encephalopathy Liver Transpl 11 2005 1581-1589(Ref 114.)
14. Wade J., Rolando N., Philpott-Howard J., et al. Timing and a cause of bacterial infections in a liver intensive care unit J Hosp Infection 53 2003 144-146(Ref 72.)
15. Watkins PB., Seeff LB Drug-induced liver injury: Summary of a single-topic clinical research conference Hepatology 43 2006 618-631(Ref 36.)
16. Hoofnagle JH., Carithers RL Jr., Shapiro C., et al. Fulminant hepatic failure: Summary of a workshop Hepatology 21 1995 240-252.
17. Riordan SM., Williams R Mechanisms of hepatocyte injury, multi-organ failure, and prognostic criteria in acute liver failure Sem Liv Dis 23 2003 203-215.
18. Trey C., Davidson C The management of fulminant hepatic failure Prog Liver Dis 3 1970 292-298.
19. O’Grady JG., Schalm SW., Williams R Acute liver failure: Redefining the syndromes Lancet 342 1993 273-275.
20. Dhiman RK., Makharia GK., Jain S., et al. Ascites and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in fulminant hepatic failure Am J Gastroenterol 95 2000 233-238.
21. Gimson AE., O’Grady J., Ede RJ., et al. Late-onset hepatic failure: Clinical, serological and histological features Hepatology 6 1986 288-294.
22. O’Grady JG., Alexander GJ., Thick M., et al. Outcome of orthotopic liver transplantation in the aetiological and clinical variants of acute liver failure Q J Med 68 1988 817-824.
23. Ostapowicz G., Fontana RJ., Schiodt FV., et al. Results of a prospective study of acute liver failure at 17 tertiary care centers in the United States Ann Intern Med 137 2002 947-954.
24. Makin AJ., Wendon J., Williams R A 7-year experience of severe acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity (1987-1993) Gastroenterology 109 1995 1907-1916.
25. Bernuau J., Rueff B., Benhamou JP Fulminant and subfulminant liver failure: Definitions and causes Semin Liv Dis 6 1986 97-106.
26. Fujiwara K., Mochida S Indications and criteria for liver transplantation for fulminant hepatic failure J Gastroenterol 37 2002 74-77.
27. Acharya SK., Panda SK., Saxena A., et al. Acute hepatic failure in India: A perspective from the east J Gastroenterol Hepatology 15 2000 473-479.
28. Polson J., Wians FH., Orsulak P., et al. False-positive acetaminophen concentrations in patients with liver injury Clinica Chimica Acta 391 2008 24-30.
29. Nourjah P., Ahmad SR., Karwoski C., et al. Estimates of acetaminophen (Paracetamol)-associated overdoses in the United States Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 15 2006 398-405.
30. Zimmerman HJ., Maddrey WC Acetaminophen (paracetamol) hepatotoxicity with regular intake of alcohol: Analysis of instances of therapeutic misadventure Hepatology 22 1995 767-773.
31. Larson AM., Polson J., Fontana RJ., et al. Acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure: Results of a United States Multicenter prospective study Hepatology 43 2005 1364-1372.
32. Schiodt FV., Rochling FJ., Casey DL., et al. Acetaminophen toxicity in an urban county hospital N Engl J Med 337 1997 1112-1117.
33. Osborne ZP., Bryant SM Patients discharged with a prescription for acetaminophen-containing narcotic analgesics do not receive appropriate written instructions Am J Emerg Med 21 2003 48-50.
34. Schmidt LE., Dalhoff K., Poulsen HE Acute versus chronic alcohol consumption in acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity Hepatology 35 2002 876-882.
35. Whitcomb DC., Block GD Association of acetaminophen hepatotoxicity with fasting and ethanol use JAMA 272 1994 1845-1850.
36. Watkins PB., Kaplowitz N., Slattery JT., et al. Aminotransferase elevations in healthy adults receiving 4 grams of acetaminophen daily JAMA 296 2006 87-93.
37. Bernal W Changing patterns of causation and the use of liver transplantation in the United Kingdom Sem Liv Disease 23 2003 227-237.
38. Hawton K., Townsend E., Deeks J., et al. Effects of legislation restricting pack sizes of paracetamol and salicylate poisoning in the United Kingdom: Before and after study BMJ 322 2001 1203-1207.
39. Fontana RJ., Adams PC Unintentional acetaminophen overdose on the rise: Who is responsible? Can J Gastroenterol 20 2006 319-324.
40. Lee WM Acetaminophen toxicity: Changing perceptions on a social/medical issue Hepatology 46 2007 966-970.
41. Navarro VJ., Senior JR Drug-related hepatotoxicity N Engl J Med 354 2006 731-739.
42. Fontana RJ Acute liver failure due to drugs Sem Liv Dis 28 2008 175-188.
43. Russo MW., Shrestha R., Fried MW., et al. Liver transplantation for acute liver failure from drug-induced liver injury in the United States Liver Transpl 10 2004 1018-1023.
44. Stickel F., Baumuller HM., Seitz K., et al. Hepatitis induced by kava J Hepatology 39 2003 62-67.
45. Favreau JT., Ryu ML., Braunstein G., et al. Severe hepatotoxicity associated with the dietary supplement LipoKinetix Ann Intern Med 136 2002 590-595.
46. Palmer ME., Haller C., McKinney PE., et al. Adverse events associated with dietary supplements: An observational study Lancet 361 2003 101-106.
47. Watt K., Molinari M., Kruszyna T., et al. Acute liver failure induced by green tea extracts: Case reports and review of the literature Liver Transpl 12 2006 1892-1895.
48. Lyncy CR., Folkers ME., Hutson WR Fulminant hepatic failure associated with the use of black cohosh: A case report Liver Transpl 12 2006 989-992.
49. Wai CT., Tan BH., Chan CL., et al. Drug-induced liver injury at an Asian center: A prospective study Liver Int 2007 465-474.
50. Lucena MI., Camargo R., Andrade RJ., et al. Comparison of two clinical scales for causality assessment in hepatotoxicity Hepatology 33 2001 123-130.
51. Watkins PB., Seeff LB Drug-induced liver injury: Summary of a single-topic clinical research conference Hepatology 43 2006 618-631.
52. Sharp JR., Ishak KG., Zimmerman HJ Chronic active hepatitis and severe hepatic necrosis associated with nitrofurantoin Ann Intern Med 92 1980 14-19.
53. Gough A., Chapman S., Wagstaff K., et al. Minocycline-induced autoimmune hepatitis and systemic lupus erythematous-like syndrome BMJ 312 1996 169-172.
54. Taylor R., Davern T., Munoz S., et al. Fulminant hepatitis A virus infection in the United States: Incidence, prognosis, and outcomes Hepatology 44 2006 1589-1597.
55. Jaiswal SP., Chitnis DS., Artwani KK., et al. Prevalence of anti-delta antibodies in central India Trop Gastroenterol 20 1999 29-32.
56. Sato S., Suzuki K., Akahane Y., et al. Hepatitis B virus strains with mutations in the core promoter in patients with fulminant hepatitis Ann Int Med 122 1995 241-248.
57. Teo EK., Ostapowicz G., Hussain M., et al. Hepatitis B Infection in patients with acute liver failure in the United States Hepatology 33 2001 972-976.
58. Wai CT., Fontana RJ Clinical significance of hepatitis B virus genotypes, variants, and mutants Clinics Liv Dis 8 2004 321-352.
59. Lee WM., Brown KE., Young NS., et al. Brief report: No evidence for parvovirus B19 or hepatitis E virus as a cause of acute liver failure Dig Dis Sci 51 2006 1712-1715.
60. Kamar N., Selves J., Mansuy JM., et al. Hepatitis E virus and chronic hepatitis in organ-transplant recipients N Engl J Med 358 2008 811-817.
61. Haagsma EB., van den Berg AP., Porte RJ., et al. Chronic hepatitis E virus infection in liver transplant recipients Liver Transpl 14 2008 547-553.
62. Pishvaian AC., Bahrain M., Lewis JH Fatal varicella-zoster hepatitis presenting with severe abdominal pain: A case report and review of the literature Dig Dis Sci 51 2006 1221-1225.
63. Roque-Alfonso AM., Bralet MP., Ichai P., et al. Chickenpox-associated fulminant hepatitis that led to liver transplantation in a 63 year-old woman Liver Transpl 14 2008 1309-1312.
64. Norvell JP., Blei AT., Jovanovic BD., et al. Herpes simplex virus hepatitis: An analysis of the published literature and institutional cases Liver Transpl 13 2007 1428-1434.
65. Knox TA., Olans LB Liver disease in pregnancy N Engl J Med 335 1996 569-576.
66. Ibdah JA., Bennett MJ., Rinaldo P., et al. A fetal fatty-acid oxidation disorder as a cause of liver disease in pregnant women N Engl J Med 340 1999 1723-1731.
67. Korman JD., Volenberg I., Balko J., et al. Screening for Wilson disease in acute liver failure: A comparison of currently available diagnostic tests Hepatology 48 2008 1167-1174.
68. Feray C., Gigou M., Samuel D., et al. Hepatitis C virus RNA and hepatitis B virus DNA in serum and liver of patients with fulminant hepatitis Gastroenterology 104 1993 549-555.
69. Kuwada SK., Patel VM., Hollinger FB., et al. Non-A, non-B fulminant hepatitis is also non-E and non-C Am J Gastroenterol 89 1994 57-61.
70. Farci P., Alter HJ., Shimoda A., et al. Hepatitis C virus-associated fulminant hepatic failure N Engl J Med 335 1996 631-634.
71. Fagan EA., Ellis DS., Tovey GM., et al. Toga virus-like particles in acute liver failure attributed to sporadic non-A, non-B hepatitis and recurrence after liver transplantation J Med Virol 38 1992 71-77.
72. Charlton M., Adjei P., Poterucha J., et al. TT-virus infection in North American blood donors, patients with fulminant hepatic failure, and cryptogenic cirrhosis Hepatology 28 1998 839-842.
73. Das K., Kar P., Gupta RK., et al. Role of transfusion-transmitted virus in acute viral hepatitis and fulminant hepatic failure of unknown cause J Gastroenterol Hepatol 19 2004 406-412.
74. Hadziyannis SJ Fulminant hepatitis and the new G/GBV-C flavivirus J Viral Hepat 5 1998 15-19.
75. Karetnyi YV., Beck PR., Markin RS., et al. Human parvovirus B19 infection in acute fulminant liver failure Arch Virol 144 1999 1713-1724.
76. Umemura T., Tanaka E., Ostapowicz G., et al. Investigation of SEN virus infection in patients with cryptogenic acute liver failure, hepatitis-associated aplastic anemia, or acute and chronic nonA-E hepatitis J Inf Dis 188 2003 1545-1552.
77. Davern TJ., James LP., Hinson JA., et al. Measurement of serum acetaminophen-protein adducts in patients with acute liver failure Gastroenterology 130 2006 687-694.
78. Polson J., Ocama P., Larson AM., et al. Role of acetaminophen in acute liver failure due to viral hepatitis [abstract] Hepatology 38 Suppl 1 2003 544A.
79. Blei AT., Larsen FS Pathophysiology of cerebral edema in fulminant hepatic failure J Hepatol 31 1999 771-776.
80. Rolando N., Harvey F., Brahm J., et al. Prospective study of bacterial infection in acute liver failure: An analysis of fifty patients Hepatology 11 1990 49-53.
81. Clemmesen JO., Larsen FS., Kondrup J., et al. Cerebral herniation in patients with acute liver failure is correlated with arterial ammonia concentration Hepatology 29 1999 648-653.
82. Bernal W., Hall C., Karvellas CJ., et al. Arterial ammonia and clinical risk factors for encephalopathy and intracranial hypertension in acute liver failure Hepatology 46 2007 1844-1852.
83. Pereira SP., Langley PG., Williams R The management of abnormalities of hemostasis in acute liver failure Sem Liv Dis 16 1996 403-414.
84. Schiodt FV., Balko J., Schilsky M., et al. Thrombopoietin in acute liver failure Hepatology 37 2003 558-561.
85. Cook DJ., Fuller HD., Guyatt GH., et al. Risk factors for gastrointestinal bleeding in critically ill patients. Canadian Critical Care Trials Group N Engl J Med 330 1994 377-381.
86. Wyke RJ., Canalese JC., Gimson AE., Williams R Bacteraemia in patients with fulminant hepatic failure Liver 2 1982 45-52.
87. Wade J., Rolando N., Philpott-Howard J., et al. Timing and a cause of bacterial infections in a liver intensive care unit J Hosp Infection 53 2003 144-146.
88. Rolando N., Harvey F., Brahm J., et al. Fungal infection: A common, unrecognised complication of acute liver failure J Hepatol 12 1991 1-9.
89. Castells A., Salmeron JM., Navasa M., et al. Liver transplantation for acute liver failure: Analysis of applicability Gastroenterology 105 1993 532-538.
90. Rolando N., Wade J., Davalos M., et al. The systemic inflammatory response syndrome in acute liver failure Hepatology 32 2000 734-739.
91. Vaquero J., Polson J., Chung C., et al. Infection and the progression of hepatic encephalopathy in acute liver failure Gastroenterology 125 2003 755-764.
92. Lee WM., Galbraith RM The extracellular actin-scavenger system and actin toxicity N Engl J Med 326 1992 1335-1341.
93. Bihari DJ., Gimson AE., Williams R Cardiovascular, pulmonary and renal complications of fulminant hepatic failure Semin Liver Dis 6 1986 119-128.
94. Parekh NK., Hynan LS., DeLemos J., et al. Elevated troponin I levels in acute liver failure: Is myocardial injury an integral part of acute liver failure? Hepatology 45 2007 1489-1495.
95. Parbhoo SP., Welch J., Sherlock S Acute pancreatitis in patients with fulminant hepatic failure Gut 14 1973 428.
96. Trewby PN., Warren R., Contini S., et al. Incidence and pathophysiology of pulmonary edema in fulminant hepatic failure Gastroenterology 74 1978 859-865.
97. Baudouin SV., Howdle P., O’Grady JG., Webster NR Acute lung injury in fulminant hepatic failure following paracetamol poisoning Thorax 50 1995 399-402.
98. O’Grady JG., Alexander GJ., Hayllar KM., et al. Early indicators of prognosis in fulminant hepatic failure Gastroenterology 97 1989 439-445.
99. Pitre J., Soubrane O., Dousset B., et al. How valid is emergency liver transplantation for acute liver necrosis in patients with multiple-organ failure? Liver Transpl Surg 2 1996 1-7.
100. Bernal W., Donaldson N., Wyncoll D., et al. Blood lactate as an early predictor of outcome in paracetamol-induced acute liver failure: A cohort study Lancet 359 2002 558-563.
101. Anand AC., Nightingale P., Neuberger JM Early indicators of prognosis in fulminant hepatic failure: An assessment of the King’s criteria J Hepatol 26 1997 62-68.
102. Fontana RJ. Acute liver failure including acetaminophen overdose. Med Clin N Am 92 2008 761-794.
103. Cholongitas EB., Betrossian A., Leandro G., et al. King’s criteria, APACHE II, and SOFA scores in acute liver failure Hepatology 43 2006 881.
104. Hanau C., Munoz SJ., Rubin R Histopathological heterogeneity in fulminant hepatic failure Hepatology 21 1995 345-351.
105. Schiodt FV., Rossaro L., Stravitz RT., et al. Gc-globulin and prognosis in acute liver failure Liver Transpl 11 2005 123-127.
106. Pauwels A., Mostefa-Kara N., Florent C., Lévy VG Emergency liver transplantation for acute liver failure. Evaluation of London and Clichy criteria J Hepatol 17 1993 124-127.
107. Sekiyama K., Yoshiba M., Inoue K., Sugata F Prognostic value of hepatic volumetry in fulminant hepatic failure Dig Dis Sci 39 1994 240-244.
108. Davern TJ., Brown RS., Shakil AO., et al. Serum phosphate as a predictor of clinical outcome in acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure [abstract] Hepatology 38 2003 212A.
109. Schmidt LE., Dalhoff K Serum phosphate is an early predictor of outcome in severe acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity Hepatology 36 2002 659-663.
110. Macquillan GC., Seyam MS., Nightingale P., et al. Blood lactate but not serum phosphate levels can predict patient outcome in fulminant hepatic failure Liver Transpl 11 2005 1073-1079.
111. Schmidt LE., Dalhoff K Alpha-fetoprotein is a predictor of outcome in acetaminophen-induced liver injury Hepatology 41 2005 26-31.
112. Harrison PM., Keays R., Bray GP., et al. Improved outcome of paracetamol-induced fulminant hepatic failure by late administration of acetylcysteine Lancet 335 1990 1572-1573.
113. Kao LW., Kirk MA., Furbee RB., et al. What is the rate of adverse events after oral N-acetylcysteine administered by the intravenous route to patients with suspected acetaminophen poisoning? Ann Emerg Med 42 2003 741-750.
114. Busi C., Fiume L., Costantino D., et al. Amanita toxins in gastroduodenal fluid of patients poisoned by the mushroom, Amanita phalloides N Engl J Med 300 1979 800.
115. Bartoloni SO., Giannini A., Botti P., et al. Amanita poisoning: A clinical histopathological study of 64 cases of intoxication Hepatogastroenterology 32 1985 229-231.
116. Klein NA., Mabie WC., Shaver DC., et al. Herpes simplex virus hepatitis in pregnancy. Two patients successfully treated with acyclovir Gastroenterology 100 1991 239-244.
117. Kumar M., Satapathy S., Monga R., et al. A randomized controlled trial of lamivudine to treat acute hepatitis B Hepatology 45 2007 97-101.
118. Seremba E., Sanders C., Jain M., et al. Use of nucleoside analogues in HBV related acute liver failure [abstract] Hepatology 46 Suppl 1 2007 70.
119. Stravitz RT., Kramer AH., Davern TJ., et al. Intensive care of patients with acute liver failure: Recommendations of the U.S. Acute Liver Failure Study Group Crit Care Med 35 2007 2498-2508.
120. Walsh TS., Hopton P., Phillips BJ., et al. The effect of N-acetylcysteine on oxygen transport and uptake in patients with fulminant hepatic failure Hepatology 27 1998 1332-1340.
121. Lee WM., Hynan LS., Rossaro L., et al. Intravenous N-acetylcysteine improves transplant-free survival in early stage non-acetaminophen acute liver failure Gastroenterology 137 2009 856-864.
122. Kortsalioudaki C., Taylor RM., Cheeseman P., et al. Safety and efficacy of N-acetylcysteine in children with non-acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure Liver Transpl 14 2008 25-30.
123. Ananthakrishnan AN., McGinley EL., Saeian K Effect of hospital volume and teaching status on outcomes of acute liver failure Liver Transpl 14 2008 1347-1356.
124. Ellis AJ., Wendon JA., Williams R Subclinical seizure activity and prophylactic phenytoin infusion in acute liver failure: A controlled clinical trial Hepatology 32 2000 536-541.
125. Lidofsky SD., Bass NM., Prager MC., et al. Intracranial pressure monitoring and liver transplantation for fulminant hepatic failure Hepatology 16 1992 1-7.
126. Muñoz SJ., Robinson M., Northrup B., et al. Elevated intracranial pressure and computed tomography of the brain in fulminant hepatocellular failure Hepatology 13 1991 209-212.
127. Aggarwal S., Brooks DM., Kang Y., et al. Noninvasive monitoring of cerebral perfusion pressure in patients with acute liver failure using transcranial doppler ultrasonography Liver Transpl 14 2008 1048-1057.
128. Blei AT., Olafsson S., Webster S., Levy R Complications of intracranial pressure monitoring in fulminant hepatic failure Lancet 341 1993 157-158.
129. Vaquero J., Fontana RJ., Larson AM., et al. Complications and use of intracranial pressure monitoring in patients with acute liver failure and severe encephalopathy Liver Transpl 11 2005 1581-1589.
130. Canalese J., Gimson AE., Davis C., et al. Controlled trial of dexamethasone and mannitol for the cerebral oedema of fulminant hepatic failure Gut 23 1982 625-629.
131. Murphy N., Auzinger G., Bernel W., et al. The effect of hypertonic sodium chloride on intracranial pressure in patients with acute liver failure Hepatology 39 2004 464-470.
132. Forbes A., Alexander GJ., O’Grady JG., et al. Thiopental infusion in the treatment of intracranial hypertension complicating fulminant hepatic failure Hepatology 10 1989 306-310.
133. Jalan R., Olde Damink SWM., Deutz NEP., et al. Restoration of cerebral blood flow autoregulation and reactivity to carbon dioxide in acute liver failure by moderate hypothermia Hepatology 34 2001 50-54.
134. Jalan R., Olde Damink SWM., Deutz NEP., et al. Moderate hypothermia prevents cerebral hyperemia and increase in intracranial pressure in patients undergoing liver transplantation for acute liver failure Transplantation 75 2003 2034-2039.
135. Martin LF., Booth FV., Karlstadt RG., et al. Continuous intravenous cimetidine decreases stress-related upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage without promoting pneumonia Crit Care Med 21 1993 19-30.
136. Shami VM., Caldwell SH., Hespenheide EE., et al. Recombinant activated factor VII for coagulopathy in fulminant hepatic failure compared with conventional therapy Liver Transpl 9 2003 138-143.
137. Rolando N., Gimson A., Wade J., et al. Prospective controlled trial of selective parenteral and enteral antimicrobial regimen in fulminant liver failure Hepatology 17 1993 196-201.
138. Rolando N., Wade JJ., Stangou A., et al. Prospective study comparing the efficacy of prophylactic parenteral antimicrobials, with or without enteral decontamination, in patients with acute liver failure Liver Transpl Surg 2 1996 8-13.
139. Wendon JA., Harrison PM., Keays R., et al. Effects of vasopressor agents and epoprostenol on systemic hemodynamics and oxygen transport in fulminant hepatic failure Hepatology 15 1992 1067-1071.
140. Shawcross DL., Davies NA., Mookerjee RP., et al. Worsening of cerebral hyperemia by the administration of terlipressin in acute liver failure with severe encephalopathy Hepatology 39 2004 471-475.
141. Harrison PM., Wendon JA., Gimson AE., et al. Improvement by acetylcysteine of hemodynamics and oxygen transport in fulminant hepatic failure N Engl J Med 324 1991 1852-1857.
142. Davenport A., Will EJ., Davidson AM Improved cardiovascular stability during continuous modes of renal replacement therapy in critically ill patients with acute hepatic and renal failure Crit Care Med 21 1993 328-338.
143. Muñoz SJ., Moritz MJ., Martin P., et al. Liver transplantation for fulminant hepatic failure Transplant Proc 25 1993 1773-1775.
144. Ascher NL., Lake JR., Emond J., et al. Liver transplantation for fulminant hepatic failure Arch Surg 128 1993 677-682.
145. Schiodt FV., Atillasoy E., Shakil AO., et al. Cause and outcome for 295 patients with acute liver failure in the United States Liver Transpl Surg 5 1999 29-34.
146. Campbell DA., Ham JM., McCurry KR Liver transplant for fulminant hepatic failure American Surg 57 1991 546-549.
147. Emond JC., Aran PP., Whitington PF., et al. Liver transplantation in the management of fulminant hepatic failure Gastroenterology 96 1989 583-589.
148. Iwatsuki S., Steiber AC., Marsh HW., et al. Liver transplantation for fulminant hepatic failure Transplant Proc 21 1989 2431-2434.
149. Schafer DF., Shaw BW Jr Fulminant hepatic failure and orthotopic liver transplantation Semin Liver Dis 9 1989 189-194.
150. Higgins PDR., Fontana RJ Liver transplantation in acute liver failure Panminerva Medica 52 2002 93-97.
151. McDiarmid SV., Goodrich NP., Harper AM., et al. Liver transplantation for status 1: The consequences of good intentions Liver Transpl 13 2007 699-707.
152. Detre K., Belle S., Beringer K., et al. Liver transplantation for fulminant hepatic failure in the United States: October 1987 through December 1991 Clin Transpl 8 1994 274-280.
153. Devlin J., Williams R Transplantation for fulminant hepatic failure Transplantation 62 1996 151-155.
154. Mohamed R., Hubscher SG., Mirza DF., et al. Postransplantation chronic hepatitis in fulminant hepatic failure Hepatology 25 1997 1003-1007.
155. Jackson EW., Zacks S., Zinn S., et al. Delayed neuropsychologic dysfunction after liver transplantation for acute liver failure: A matched, case-controlled study Liver Transpl 8 2002 932-936.
156. Uemoto S., Inomata Y., Sakurai T., et al. Living donor liver transplantation for fulminant hepatic failure Transplantation 70 2000 152-157.
157. Miwa S., Hashikura Y., Mita A., et al. Living-related liver transplantation for patients with fulminant and subfulminant hepatic failure Hepatology 30 1999 1521-1526.
158. Campsen J., Blei AT., Emond JC., et al. Outcomes of living donor liver transplantation for acute liver failure: The adult-to-adult living donor Transplantation Cohort Study Liver Transpl 14 2008 1273-1280.
159. O’Grady JG., Gimson AE., O’Brien CJ., et al. Controlled trials of charcoal hemoperfusion and prognostic factors in fulminant hepatic failure Gastroenterology 94 1988 1186-1192.
160. 1 Liver Transpl Surg 4 1998 424-431.
161. Larsen FS., Hansen BA., Jorgensen LG., et al. High-volume plasmapheresis and acute liver transplantation in fulminant hepatic failure Transplant Proc 26 1994 1788.
162. Ejlersen E., Larsen FS., Pott F., et al. Hepatectomy corrects cerebral hyperperfusion in fulminant hepatic failure Transplant Proc 26 1994 1794-1795.
163. Sudan DL., Shaw BW Jr., Fox IJ., Langnas AN Long-term follow-up of auxiliary orthotopic liver transplantation for the treatment of fulminant hepatic failure Surgery 122 1997 771-777.
164. van Hoek B., de Boer J., Boudjema K., et al. Auxiliary versus orthotopic liver transplantation for acute liver failure. EURALT Study Group. European Auxiliary Liver Transplant Registry J Hepatol 30 1999 699-705.
165. Allen JW., Hassanein T., Bhatia SN Advances in bioartificial liver devices Hepatology 34 2001 447-455.
166. Heemann U., Treichel U., Loock J., et al. Albumin dialysis in cirrhosis with superimposed acute liver injury: A prospective, controlled study Hepatology 36 2003 949-958.
167. Hassanein TI., Tofteng F., Brown RS., et al. Randomized controlled study of extracorporeal albumin dialysis for hepatic encephalopathy in advanced cirrhosis Hepatology 46 2007 1853-1862.
168. Schmidt LE., Wang LP., Hansen BA., et al. Systemic hemodynamic effects of treatment with the molecular adsorbents recirculating system in patients with hyperacute liver failure: A prospective, controlled trial Liver Transpl 9 2003 290-297.
169. Rifai K., Ernst T., Kretschmer U., et al. The Prometheus device for extracorporeal support of combined liver and renal failure Blood Purif 23 2005 298-302.
170. Demetriou AA., Brown RS., Busuttil RW., et al. Prospective, randomized, multicenter controlled trial of a bioartificial liver in treating acute liver failure Ann Surg 239 2004 660-670.
171. Pitkin Z., Switzer W., Chapman L An interim analysis of PERV infection in 74 patients treated with a bioartificial liver in a prospective, randomized, multicenter controlled trial [abstract] Hepatology 34 2001 249A.
172. Strom SC., Fisher RA., Thompson MT., et al. Hepatocyte transplantation as a bridge to orthotopic liver transplantation in terminal liver failure Transplantation 63 1997 559-569.
173. Fox I., Chowdhury J., Kaufman S., et al. Treatment of the Crigler-Najjar syndrome type I with hepatocyte transplantation NEJM 338 1998 1422-1426.
174. Bilir B., Guinette D., Karrer F., et al. Hepatocyte transplantation in acute liver failure Liver Transpl 6 2000 32-40.
175. Petersen BE., Bowen WC., Patrene KD., et al. Bone marrow as a potential source of hepatic oval cells Science 284 1999 1168-1170.
176. Houlihan DD., Newsome PN Critical review of clinical trials of bone marrow stem cells in liver disease Gastroenterology 135 2008 438-450.