User education in automated driving: Owner's manual and interactive tutorial support mental model formation and human-automation interaction

Information (Switzerland)

Volumn 10, Issue 4, 2019, Pages

  Forster, Yannick ^a,b   Hergeth, Sebastian ^a   Naujoks, Frederik ^a   Krems, Josef ^b   Keinath, Andreas ^a  

^a BMW GROUP   (Germany)

^b CHEMNITZ UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Germany)

Author keywords

Automated driving; Driving simulator study; Human machine interface; Mental model formation; User education

Indexed keywords

AUTOMATION; AUTOMOBILE DRIVERS; AUTOMOBILE SIMULATORS; COGNITIVE SYSTEMS; MAN MACHINE SYSTEMS;

AUTOMATED DRIVING; DRIVING SIMULATOR STUDY; HUMAN MACHINE INTERFACE; MENTAL MODEL; USER EDUCATION;

ADVANCED DRIVER ASSISTANCE SYSTEMS;

EID: 85065879086     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20782489     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/info10040143     Document Type: Article

References (60)

1. SAE. Taxonomy and Definitions for Terms Related to On-Road Motor Vehicle Automated Driving Systems; SAE International: Warrendale, PE, USA, 2018
2. Naujoks, F.; Wiedemann, K.; Schömig, N.; Hergeth, S.; Keinath, A. Towards guidelines and verification methods for automated vehicle HMIs. Transp. Res. Part F Traff. Psychol. Behav. 2019, 60, 121-136
3. NHTSA. Federal Automated Vehicles Policy. Accelerating the Next Revolution in Roadway Safety; NHTSA: Washington, DC, USA, 2016
4. Crundall, D.; Andrews, B.; Van Loon, E.; Chapman, P. Commentary training improves responsiveness to hazards in a driving simulator. Accid. Anal. Prev. 2010, 42, 2117-2124
5. Pradhan, A.K.; Pollatsek, A.; Knodler, M.; Fisher, D.L. Can younger drivers be trained to scan for information that will reduce their risk in roadway traffic scenarios that are hard to identify as hazardous? Ergonomics 2009, 52, 657-673
6. Bainbridge, L. Ironies of automation. Automatica 1983, 19, 775-779
7. Endsley, M.R. Autonomous driving systems: A preliminary naturalistic study of the Tesla Model S. J. Cogn. Eng. Decis. Mak. 2017, 11, 225-238
8. Pradhan, A.K.; Sullivan, J.; Schwarz, C.; Feng, F.; Bao, S. Training and Education: Human Factors Considerations for Automated Driving Systems. In Road Vehicle Automation 5; Meyer, G., Beiker, S., Eds.; Springer: Cham, Switzerland, 2019; pp. 77-84
9. Jarosch, O.; Kuhnt, M.; Paradies, S.; Bengler, K. It's Out of Our Hands Now! Effects of Non-Driving Related Tasks during Highly Automated Driving on Drivers' Fatigue. In Proceedings of the 9th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle Design, Manchester Village, VT, USA, 26-29 June 2017
10. Forster, Y.; Naujoks, F.; Neukum, A. Increasing anthropomorphism and trust in automated driving functions by adding speech output. In Proceedings of the IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium, Redondo Beach, CA, USA, 11-14 June 2017
11. Hergeth, S.; Lorenz, L.; Krems, J.F. Prior familiarization with takeover requests affects drivers' takeover performance and automation trust. Hum. Factors 2017, 59, 457-470
12. Feldhütter, A.; Segler, C.; Bengler, K. Does Shifting Between Conditionally and Partially Automated Driving Lead to a Loss of Mode Awareness? In Proceedings of the International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics, Los Angeles, CA, USA, 17-21 July 2017
13. Naujoks, F.; Mai, C.; Neukum, A. The effect of urgency take-over requests during highly automated driving under distraction conditions. Adv. Hum. Asp. Transp. 2014, 7, 431
14. Forster, Y.; Hergeth, S.; Naujoks, F.; Krems, J.F. How Usability can Save the Day. Methodological Considerations for Making Automated Driving a Success Story. In Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications, Toronto, ON, Canada, 23-25 September 2018; Donmez, B.,Walker, B.N., Fröhlich, K., Eds.; ACM: New York, NY, USA, 2018
15. Forster, Y.; Hergeth, S.; Naujoks, F.; Beggiato, M.; Krems, J.F.; Keinath, A. Learning to Use Automation: Behavioral Changes in Interaction with Automated Driving Systems. Transp. Res. Part F Traff. Psychol. Behav. 2019, 62, 599-614
16. Beggiato, M.; Pereira, M.; Petzoldt, T.; Krems, J. Learning and development of trust, acceptance and the mental model of ACC. A longitudinal on-road study. Transp. Res. Part F Traff. Psychol. Behav. 2015, 35, 75-84
17. Forster, Y.; Hergeth, S.; Naujoks, F.; Beggiato, M.; Krems, J.F.; Keinath, A. Learning and Development of Mental Models in Interaction with Driving Automation: A Simulator Study. In Proceedings of the 10th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle Design, Santa Fe, NM, USA, 24-27 June 2019
18. Naujoks, F.; Hergeth, S.; Wiedemann, K.; Schömig, N.; Keinath, A. Use Cases for Assessing, Testing, and Validating the Human Machine Interface of Automated Driving Systems. Proc. Hum. Factors Ergon. Soc. Annu. Meet. 2018, 62, 1873-1877
19. Wickens, C.D. Multiple resources and performance prediction. Theor. Issues Ergon. Sci. 2002, 3, 159-177
20. Knappe, G.; Keinath, A.; Meinecke, C. Empfehlungen für die Bestimmung der Spurhaltegüte im Kontext der Fahrsimulation. MMi-Interaktiv 2006, 11, 3-13
21. AAM. Statement of Principles, Criteria and Verification Procedures on Driver Interactions with Advanced in-Vehicle Information and Communication Systems; Alliance of Automobile Manufactures: Washington, DC, USA, 2006
22. NHTSA. Visual-Manual NHTSA Driver Distraction Guidelines for in-Vehicle Electronic Devices; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), Department of Transportation (DOT): Washington, DC, USA, 2012
23. Forster, Y.; Naujoks, F.; Neukum, A.; Huestegge, L. Driver compliance to take-over requests with different auditory outputs in conditional automation. Accid. Anal. Prev. 2017, 109, 18-28
24. Beller, J.; Heesen, M.; Vollrath, M. Improving the driver-automation interaction: An approach using automation uncertainty. Hum. Factors 2013, 55, 1130-1141
25. Louw, T.; Merat, N. Are you in the loop? Using gaze dispersion to understand driver visual attention during vehicle automation. Transp. Res. Part C Emerg. Technol. 2017, 76, 35-50
26. Trösterer, S.; Meschtscherjakov, A.; Mirnig, A.G.; Lupp, A.; Gärtner, M.; McGee, F.; McCall, R.; Tscheligi, M.; Engel, T. What We Can Learn from Pilots for Handovers and (De)Skilling in Semi-Autonomous Driving. In Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications, Oldenburg, Germany, 24-27 September 2017; Boll, S., Pfleging, B., Donmez, B., Eds.; ACM: New York, NY, USA, 2017; pp. 173-182
27. Fitts, P.M.; Posner, M.I. Human Performance; Brooks/Cole: Oxford, UK, 1967
28. Mehlenbacher, B.; Wogalter, M.S.; Laughery, K.R. On the Reading of Product Owner's Manuals: Perceptions and Product Complexity. Proc. Hum. Factors Ergon. Soc. Annu. Meet. 2002, 46, 730-734
29. Wickens, C.D.; Hollands, J.G.; Banbury, S.; Parasuraman, R. Engineering Psychology & Human Performance; Psychology Press: Hove, UK, 2015
30. Van Loggem, B. User Documentation: The Cinderella of Information Systems. In Advances in Information Systems and Technologies; Rocha, á., Correia, A.M., Wilson, T., Stroetmann, K.A., Eds.; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2013; pp. 167-177
31. Beggiato, M.; Krems, J.F. The evolution of mental model, trust and acceptance of adaptive cruise control in relation to initial information. Transp. Res. Part F Traff. Psychol. Behav. 2013, 18, 47-57
32. Blömacher, K.; Nöcker, G.; Huff, M. The role of system description for conditionally automated vehicles. Transp. Res. Part F Traff. Psychol. Behav. 2018, 54, 159-170
33. Forster, Y.; Kraus, J.; Feinauer, S.; Baumann, M. Calibration of Trust Expectancies in Conditionally Automated Driving by Brand, Reliability Information and Introductionary Videos: An online study. In Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications, Toronto, ON, Canada, 23-25 September 2018; Donmez, B., Walker, B.N., Fröhlich, K., Eds.; ACM: New York, NY, USA, 2018
34. Körber, M.; Baseler, E.; Bengler, K. Introduction matters: Manipulating trust in automation and reliance in automated driving. Appl. Ergon. 2018, 66, 18-31
35. Hock, P.; Kraus, J.; Walch, M.; Lang, N.; Baumann, M. Elaborating Feedback Strategies for Maintaining Automation in Highly Automated Driving. In Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications, Ann Arbor, MI, USA, 24-26 October 2016; pp. 105-112
36. Slater, M. A note on presence terminology. Presence Connect 2003, 3, 1-5
37. Brehm, J.W. A Theory of Psychological Reactance; Academic Press: New York, NY, USA, 1966
38. Pradhan, A.K.; Fisher, D.L.; Pollatsek, A. The effect of PC-based training on novice driver' risk awareness in a driving simulator. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle Design, Rockport, ME, USA, 27-30 June 2005
39. Yamani, Y.; Samuel, S.; Knodler, M.A.; Fisher, D.L. Evaluation of the effectiveness of a multi-skill program for training younger drivers on higher cognitive skills. Appl. Ergon. 2006, 52, 135-141
40. Payre,W.; Cestac, J.; Dang, N.T.; Vienne, F.; Delhomme, P. Impact of training and in-vehicle task performance on manual control recovery in an automated car. Transp. Res. Part F Traff. Psychol. Behav. 2017, 46, 216-227
41. Gagne, R. Learning Outcomes and Their Effects. Useful Categories of Human Performance. Am. Psychol. 1984, 39, 377-385
42. Forster, Y.; Naujoks, F.; Neukum, A. Your Turn or My Turn? Design of a Human-Machine Interface for Conditional Automation. In Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications, Ann Arbor, MI, USA, 24-26 October 2016; pp. 253-260
43. Manca, L.; de Winter, J.C.F.; Happee, R. Visual Displays for Autoamted Driving: A Survey. In Adjunct Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Itneractive Vehicular Applications; Association for Computing Machinery: New York, NY, USA, 2015
44. Naujoks, F.; Purucker, C.; Neukum, A.; Wolter, S.; Steiger, R. Controllability of Partially Automated Driving functions-Does it matter whether drivers are allowed to take their hands off the steering wheel? Transp. Res. Part F Traff. Psychol. Behav. 2015, 35, 185-198
45. Naujoks, F.; Forster, Y.;Wiedemann, K.; Neukum, A. A Human-Machine Interface for Cooperative Highly Automated Driving. In Advances in Human Aspects of Transportation; Springer: Cham, Switzerland, 2016; pp. 585-595
46. Nevitt, J.; Hancock, G.R. Performance of Bootstrapping Approaches to Model Test Statistics and Parameter Standard Error Estimation in Structural Equation Modeling. Struct. Equ. Model. 2001, 8, 353-377
47. Keselman, H.J.;Wilcox,R.R.; Othman, A.R.; Fradette, K. Trimming, Transforming Statistics, and Bootstrapping: Circumventing the Biasing Effects of Heterescedasticity and Nonnormality. J. Mod. Appl. Stat. Methods 2002, 1, 288-309
48. Schäfer, T. Die New Statistics in der Psychologie. Zeitschrift für Entwicklungspsychologie und Pädagogische Psychologie 2018, 50, 3-18
49. Cumming, G. Understanding the New Statistics: Effect Sizes, Confidence Intervals, and Meta-Analysis; Routledge: Abingdon, UK, 2013
50. Cumming, G.; Finch, S. Inference by eye: Confidence intervals and how to read pictures of data. Am. Psychol. 2005, 60, 170
51. Davis, F.D. Perceived Usefulness, Perceived Ease of Use, and User Acceptance of Information Technology. MIS Q. 1989, 13, 319
52. Sarter, N.B.; Mumaw, R.J.; Wickens, C.D. Pilots' monitoring strategies and performance on automated flight decks: An empirical study combining behavioral and eye-tracking data. Hum. Factors 2007, 49, 347-357
53. Hart, C.A. Self Driving Safety Steps into the Unknown. Available online: http://www.thedrive.com/tech/26896/self-driving-safety-steps-into-the-unknown (accessed on 14 March 2019)
54. McIlwraith, A. Information Security and Employee Behaviour: How to Reduce Risk through Employee Education, Training and Awareness; Routledge: Abingdon, UK, 2016
55. Michon, J.A. A critical view of driver behavior models: What do we know, what should we do? In Human Behavior and Traffic Safety; Springer: Boston, MA, USA, 1985; pp. 485-524
56. Forster, Y.; Hergeth, S.; Naujoks, F.; Krems, J.F. Unskilled and Unaware: Subpar Users of Automated Driving Systems Make Spurious Decisions. In Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications, Toronto, ON, Canada, 23-25 September 2018; ACM: New York, NY, USA, 2018
57. Norman, G. Likert scales, levels of measurement and the "laws" of statistics. Adv. Health Sci. Educ. Theory Pract. 2010, 15, 625-632
58. Kauffmann, N.; Winkler, F.; Vollrath, M. What Makes an Automated Vehicle a Good Driver? In Proceedings of the CHI Conference, Montreal, QC, Canada, 21-26 April 2018
59. Neukum, A.; Lübbecke, T.; Krüger, H.-P.; Mayser, C.; Steinle, J. ACC-Stop&Go: Fahrerverhalten an Funktionalen SYSTEMGRENZEN, 5. Workshop Fahrerassistenzsysteme-FAS. 2008. Available online: http://www2.psychologie.uni-wuerzburg.de/izvw/texte/2008_Neukum_etal_ACC_Stop&Go.pdf (accessed on 16 April 2019)
60. Norman, D. The Design of Everyday Things: Revised and Expanded Edition; Basic Books: New York, NY, USA, 2013