메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 81, Issue , 2019, Pages 66-72

Prevalence of Clostridium difficile infections among Kenyan children with diarrhea

Author keywords

C. difficile co infection; C. difficile epidemiology; C. difficile pathogenesis; CDI in infants; CDI in young children; Clostridium difficile infections in Africa

Indexed keywords

BACTERIAL DNA; BACTERIAL RNA; CLOSTRIDIUM TOXIN; GENOMIC DNA; RNA 16S; ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT;

EID: 85061776153     PISSN: 12019712     EISSN: 18783511     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2019.01.024     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (20)

References (42)
  • 1
    • 0032861475 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Case-control study of enteropathogens associated with childhood diarrhea in Dhaka, Bangladesh
    • Albert, M.J., Faruque, A.S., Faruque, S.M., Sack, R.B., Mahalanabis, D., Case-control study of enteropathogens associated with childhood diarrhea in Dhaka, Bangladesh. J Clin Microbiol 37:11 (1999), 3458–3464.
    • (1999) J Clin Microbiol , vol.37 , Issue.11 , pp. 3458-3464
    • Albert, M.J.1    Faruque, A.S.2    Faruque, S.M.3    Sack, R.B.4    Mahalanabis, D.5
  • 2
    • 34247634750 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New PCR ribotypes of Clostridium difficile detected in children in Brazil: prevalent types of Clostridium difficile in Brazil
    • Alcides, A.P., Brazier, J.S., Pinto, L.J., Balassiano, I.T., Boente, R.F., de Paula, G.R., et al. New PCR ribotypes of Clostridium difficile detected in children in Brazil: prevalent types of Clostridium difficile in Brazil. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 92:1 (2007), 53–59.
    • (2007) Antonie van Leeuwenhoek , vol.92 , Issue.1 , pp. 53-59
    • Alcides, A.P.1    Brazier, J.S.2    Pinto, L.J.3    Balassiano, I.T.4    Boente, R.F.5    de Paula, G.R.6
  • 3
    • 80055072760 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The anti-sigma factor TcdC modulates hypervirulence in an epidemic BI/NAP1/027 clinical isolate of Clostridium difficile
    • Carter, G.P., Douce, G.R., Govind, R., Howarth, P.M., Mackin, K.E., Spencer, J., et al. The anti-sigma factor TcdC modulates hypervirulence in an epidemic BI/NAP1/027 clinical isolate of Clostridium difficile. PLoS Pathog, 7(10), 2011, e1002317.
    • (2011) PLoS Pathog , vol.7 , Issue.10
    • Carter, G.P.1    Douce, G.R.2    Govind, R.3    Howarth, P.M.4    Mackin, K.E.5    Spencer, J.6
  • 5
    • 84948951125 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of rho GTPases in toxicity of Clostridium difficile toxins
    • Chen, S., Sun, C., Wang, H., Wang, J., The role of rho GTPases in toxicity of Clostridium difficile toxins. Toxins 7:12 (2015), 5254–5267.
    • (2015) Toxins , vol.7 , Issue.12 , pp. 5254-5267
    • Chen, S.1    Sun, C.2    Wang, H.3    Wang, J.4
  • 6
    • 84880691277 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidemiology of community-associated Clostridium difficile infection, 2009 through 2011
    • Chitnis, A.S., Holzbauer, S.M., Belflower, R.M., Winston, L.G., Bamberg, W.M., Lyons, C., et al. Epidemiology of community-associated Clostridium difficile infection, 2009 through 2011. JAMA Intern Med 173:14 (2013), 1359–1367.
    • (2013) JAMA Intern Med , vol.173 , Issue.14 , pp. 1359-1367
    • Chitnis, A.S.1    Holzbauer, S.M.2    Belflower, R.M.3    Winston, L.G.4    Bamberg, W.M.5    Lyons, C.6
  • 7
    • 33846253977 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • tcdC genotypes associated with severe TcdC truncation in an epidemic clone and other strains of Clostridium difficile
    • Curry, S.R., Marsh, J.W., Muto, C.A., O'Leary, M.M., Pasculle, A.W., Harrison, L.H., tcdC genotypes associated with severe TcdC truncation in an epidemic clone and other strains of Clostridium difficile. J Clin Microbiol 45:1 (2007), 215–221.
    • (2007) J Clin Microbiol , vol.45 , Issue.1 , pp. 215-221
    • Curry, S.R.1    Marsh, J.W.2    Muto, C.A.3    O'Leary, M.M.4    Pasculle, A.W.5    Harrison, L.H.6
  • 8
    • 82455174941 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Novel one-step method for detection and isolation of active-toxin-producing Clostridium difficile strains directly from stool samples
    • Darkoh, C., DuPont, H.L., Kaplan, H.B., Novel one-step method for detection and isolation of active-toxin-producing Clostridium difficile strains directly from stool samples. J Clin Microbiol 49:12 (2011), 4219–4224.
    • (2011) J Clin Microbiol , vol.49 , Issue.12 , pp. 4219-4224
    • Darkoh, C.1    DuPont, H.L.2    Kaplan, H.B.3
  • 9
    • 79960953643 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Harnessing the glucosyltransferase activities of Clostridium difficile for functional studies of toxins A and B
    • Darkoh, C., Kaplan, H.B., Dupont, H.L., Harnessing the glucosyltransferase activities of Clostridium difficile for functional studies of toxins A and B. J Clin Microbiol 49:8 (2011), 2933–2941.
    • (2011) J Clin Microbiol , vol.49 , Issue.8 , pp. 2933-2941
    • Darkoh, C.1    Kaplan, H.B.2    Dupont, H.L.3
  • 10
    • 84931568840 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Co-infection as a confounder for the role of Clostridium difficile infection in children with diarrhoea: a summary of the literature
    • de Graaf, H., Pai, S., Burns, D.A., Karas, J.A., Enoch, D.A., Faust, S.N., Co-infection as a confounder for the role of Clostridium difficile infection in children with diarrhoea: a summary of the literature. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 34:7 (2015), 1281–1287.
    • (2015) Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis , vol.34 , Issue.7 , pp. 1281-1287
    • de Graaf, H.1    Pai, S.2    Burns, D.A.3    Karas, J.A.4    Enoch, D.A.5    Faust, S.N.6
  • 11
    • 85016329413 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of nested polymerase chain reaction and immunoassay for rapid diagnosis of Clostridium difficile in children with community acquired diarrhea
    • Elewa, A., Sayed-Zaki, M.E., Evaluation of nested polymerase chain reaction and immunoassay for rapid diagnosis of Clostridium difficile in children with community acquired diarrhea. Clin Lab 63:2 (2017), 321–326.
    • (2017) Clin Lab , vol.63 , Issue.2 , pp. 321-326
    • Elewa, A.1    Sayed-Zaki, M.E.2
  • 12
    • 0025501964 scopus 로고
    • Incidence of cytotoxin producing isolates of Clostridium difficile in faeces of neonates and children in Nigeria
    • Emeruwa, A.C., Oguike, J.U., Incidence of cytotoxin producing isolates of Clostridium difficile in faeces of neonates and children in Nigeria. Microbiologica 13:4 (1990), 323–328.
    • (1990) Microbiologica , vol.13 , Issue.4 , pp. 323-328
    • Emeruwa, A.C.1    Oguike, J.U.2
  • 13
    • 84938073650 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Conventional and molecular methods in the diagnosis of community-acquired diarrhoea in children under 5 years of age from the north-eastern region of Poland
    • Fiedoruk, K., Daniluk, T., Rozkiewicz, D., Zaremba, M.L., Oldak, E., Sciepuk, M., et al. Conventional and molecular methods in the diagnosis of community-acquired diarrhoea in children under 5 years of age from the north-eastern region of Poland. Int J Infect Dis 37 (2015), 145–151.
    • (2015) Int J Infect Dis , vol.37 , pp. 145-151
    • Fiedoruk, K.1    Daniluk, T.2    Rozkiewicz, D.3    Zaremba, M.L.4    Oldak, E.5    Sciepuk, M.6
  • 14
    • 84862743279 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antimicrobial resistance, toxinotype, and genotypic profiling of Clostridium difficile isolates of swine origin
    • Fry, P.R., Thakur, S., Abley, M., Gebreyes, W.A., Antimicrobial resistance, toxinotype, and genotypic profiling of Clostridium difficile isolates of swine origin. J Clin Microbiol 50:7 (2012), 2366–2372.
    • (2012) J Clin Microbiol , vol.50 , Issue.7 , pp. 2366-2372
    • Fry, P.R.1    Thakur, S.2    Abley, M.3    Gebreyes, W.A.4
  • 16
    • 0030890152 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transcription analysis of the genes tcdA-E of the pathogenicity locus of Clostridium difficile
    • Hundsberger, T., Braun, V., Weidmann, M., Leukel, P., Sauerborn, M., von Eichel-Streiber, C., Transcription analysis of the genes tcdA-E of the pathogenicity locus of Clostridium difficile. Eur J Biochem 244:3 (1997), 735–742.
    • (1997) Eur J Biochem , vol.244 , Issue.3 , pp. 735-742
    • Hundsberger, T.1    Braun, V.2    Weidmann, M.3    Leukel, P.4    Sauerborn, M.5    von Eichel-Streiber, C.6
  • 17
    • 77954426370 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Asymptomatic colonization by Clostridium difficile in infants: implications for disease in later life
    • Jangi, S., Lamont, J.T., Asymptomatic colonization by Clostridium difficile in infants: implications for disease in later life. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 51:1 (2010), 2–7.
    • (2010) J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr , vol.51 , Issue.1 , pp. 2-7
    • Jangi, S.1    Lamont, J.T.2
  • 18
    • 85000869926 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High prevalence of nontoxigenic Clostridium difficile isolated from hospitalized and non-hospitalized individuals in rural Ghana
    • Janssen, I., Cooper, P., Gunka, K., Rupnik, M., Wetzel, D., Zimmermann, O., et al. High prevalence of nontoxigenic Clostridium difficile isolated from hospitalized and non-hospitalized individuals in rural Ghana. Int J Med Microbiol 306:8 (2016), 652–656.
    • (2016) Int J Med Microbiol , vol.306 , Issue.8 , pp. 652-656
    • Janssen, I.1    Cooper, P.2    Gunka, K.3    Rupnik, M.4    Wetzel, D.5    Zimmermann, O.6
  • 19
    • 85048262958 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Morbidity, mortality, and long-term consequences associated with diarrhoea from Cryptosporidium infection in children younger than 5 years: a meta-analyses study
    • Khalil, I.A., Troeger, C., Rao, P.C., Blacker, B.F., Brown, A., Brewer, T.G., et al. Morbidity, mortality, and long-term consequences associated with diarrhoea from Cryptosporidium infection in children younger than 5 years: a meta-analyses study. Lancet Glob Health 6:7 (2018), e758–e768.
    • (2018) Lancet Glob Health , vol.6 , Issue.7 , pp. e758-e768
    • Khalil, I.A.1    Troeger, C.2    Rao, P.C.3    Blacker, B.F.4    Brown, A.5    Brewer, T.G.6
  • 20
    • 57649179716 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The epidemiology of human rotavirus associated with diarrhoea in Kenyan children: a review
    • Kiulia, N.M., Kamenwa, R., Irimu, G., Nyangao, J.O., Gatheru, Z., Nyachieo, A., et al. The epidemiology of human rotavirus associated with diarrhoea in Kenyan children: a review. J Trop Pediatr 54:6 (2008), 401–405.
    • (2008) J Trop Pediatr , vol.54 , Issue.6 , pp. 401-405
    • Kiulia, N.M.1    Kamenwa, R.2    Irimu, G.3    Nyangao, J.O.4    Gatheru, Z.5    Nyachieo, A.6
  • 21
    • 84880508179 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Burden and aetiology of diarrhoeal disease in infants and young children in developing countries (the Global Enteric Multicenter Study, GEMS): a prospective, case-control study
    • Kotloff, K.L., Nataro, J.P., Blackwelder, W.C., Nasrin, D., Farag, T.H., Panchalingam, S., et al. Burden and aetiology of diarrhoeal disease in infants and young children in developing countries (the Global Enteric Multicenter Study, GEMS): a prospective, case-control study. Lancet 382:9888 (2013), 209–222.
    • (2013) Lancet , vol.382 , Issue.9888 , pp. 209-222
    • Kotloff, K.L.1    Nataro, J.P.2    Blackwelder, W.C.3    Nasrin, D.4    Farag, T.H.5    Panchalingam, S.6
  • 22
    • 84928023485 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile infection
    • Leffler, D.A., Lamont, J.T., Clostridium difficile infection. New Engl J Med 372:16 (2015), 1539–1548.
    • (2015) New Engl J Med , vol.372 , Issue.16 , pp. 1539-1548
    • Leffler, D.A.1    Lamont, J.T.2
  • 23
    • 10844293286 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multiplex PCR targeting tpi (triose phosphate isomerase), tcdA (Toxin A), and tcdB (Toxin B) genes for toxigenic culture of Clostridium difficile
    • Lemee, L., Dhalluin, A., Testelin, S., Mattrat, M.A., Maillard, K., Lemeland, J.F., et al. Multiplex PCR targeting tpi (triose phosphate isomerase), tcdA (Toxin A), and tcdB (Toxin B) genes for toxigenic culture of Clostridium difficile. J Clin Microbiol 42:12 (2004), 5710–5714.
    • (2004) J Clin Microbiol , vol.42 , Issue.12 , pp. 5710-5714
    • Lemee, L.1    Dhalluin, A.2    Testelin, S.3    Mattrat, M.A.4    Maillard, K.5    Lemeland, J.F.6
  • 24
    • 85030214243 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preliminary screening of type IV secretion system in divergent geographic sources of Clostridium difficile
    • Li, N., Jia, H., Yang, H., Ji, B., Liu, Y., Peng, X., et al. Preliminary screening of type IV secretion system in divergent geographic sources of Clostridium difficile. Exp Ther Med 14:5 (2017), 4405–4410.
    • (2017) Exp Ther Med , vol.14 , Issue.5 , pp. 4405-4410
    • Li, N.1    Jia, H.2    Yang, H.3    Ji, B.4    Liu, Y.5    Peng, X.6
  • 25
    • 84861926839 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality: an updated systematic analysis for 2010 with time trends since 2000
    • Liu, L., Johnson, H.L., Cousens, S., Perin, J., Scott, S., Lawn, J.E., et al. Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality: an updated systematic analysis for 2010 with time trends since 2000. Lancet 379:9832 (2012), 2151–2161.
    • (2012) Lancet , vol.379 , Issue.9832 , pp. 2151-2161
    • Liu, L.1    Johnson, H.L.2    Cousens, S.3    Perin, J.4    Scott, S.5    Lawn, J.E.6
  • 26
    • 85046688593 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular characterization of Clostridium difficile isolates in China from 2010 to 2015
    • Liu, X.S., Li, W.G., Zhang, W.Z., Wu, Y., Lu, J.X., Molecular characterization of Clostridium difficile isolates in China from 2010 to 2015. Front Microbiol, 9, 2018, 845.
    • (2018) Front Microbiol , vol.9 , pp. 845
    • Liu, X.S.1    Li, W.G.2    Zhang, W.Z.3    Wu, Y.4    Lu, J.X.5
  • 27
    • 0035826910 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regulation of toxin synthesis in Clostridium difficile by an alternative RNA polymerase sigma factor
    • Mani, N., Dupuy, B., Regulation of toxin synthesis in Clostridium difficile by an alternative RNA polymerase sigma factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98:10 (2001), 5844–5849.
    • (2001) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , vol.98 , Issue.10 , pp. 5844-5849
    • Mani, N.1    Dupuy, B.2
  • 28
    • 0036837792 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Environmental response and autoregulation of Clostridium difficile TxeR, a sigma factor for toxin gene expression
    • Mani, N., Lyras, D., Barroso, L., Howarth, P., Wilkins, T., Rood, J.I., et al. Environmental response and autoregulation of Clostridium difficile TxeR, a sigma factor for toxin gene expression. J Bacteriol 184:21 (2002), 5971–5978.
    • (2002) J Bacteriol , vol.184 , Issue.21 , pp. 5971-5978
    • Mani, N.1    Lyras, D.2    Barroso, L.3    Howarth, P.4    Wilkins, T.5    Rood, J.I.6
  • 29
    • 34249782307 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile toxin expression is inhibited by the novel regulator TcdC
    • Matamouros, S., England, P., Dupuy, B., Clostridium difficile toxin expression is inhibited by the novel regulator TcdC. Mol Microbiol 64:5 (2007), 1274–1288.
    • (2007) Mol Microbiol , vol.64 , Issue.5 , pp. 1274-1288
    • Matamouros, S.1    England, P.2    Dupuy, B.3
  • 30
    • 67650766698 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Truncation in the tcdC region of the Clostridium difficile PathLoc of clinical isolates does not predict increased biological activity of Toxin B or Toxin A
    • Murray, R., Boyd, D., Levett, P.N., Mulvey, M.R., Alfa, M.J., Truncation in the tcdC region of the Clostridium difficile PathLoc of clinical isolates does not predict increased biological activity of Toxin B or Toxin A. BMC Infect Dis, 9, 2009, 103.
    • (2009) BMC Infect Dis , vol.9 , pp. 103
    • Murray, R.1    Boyd, D.2    Levett, P.N.3    Mulvey, M.R.4    Alfa, M.J.5
  • 31
    • 84977576575 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Using multiplex molecular testing to determine the etiology of acute gastroenteritis in children
    • e2
    • Nicholson, M.R., Van Horn, G.T., Tang, Y.W., Vinje, J., Payne, D.C., Edwards, K.M., et al. Using multiplex molecular testing to determine the etiology of acute gastroenteritis in children. J Pediatr 176 (2016), 50–56 e2.
    • (2016) J Pediatr , vol.176 , pp. 50-56
    • Nicholson, M.R.1    Van Horn, G.T.2    Tang, Y.W.3    Vinje, J.4    Payne, D.C.5    Edwards, K.M.6
  • 32
    • 84929938700 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Whole-genome analyses of DS-1-like human G2P[4] and G8P[4] rotavirus strains from Eastern, Western and Southern Africa
    • Nyaga, M.M., Stucker, K.M., Esona, M.D., Jere, K.C., Mwinyi, B., Shonhai, A., et al. Whole-genome analyses of DS-1-like human G2P[4] and G8P[4] rotavirus strains from Eastern, Western and Southern Africa. Virus Genes 49:2 (2014), 196–207.
    • (2014) Virus Genes , vol.49 , Issue.2 , pp. 196-207
    • Nyaga, M.M.1    Stucker, K.M.2    Esona, M.D.3    Jere, K.C.4    Mwinyi, B.5    Shonhai, A.6
  • 33
    • 85049928202 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High rate of Clostridium difficile among young adults presenting with diarrhea at two hospitals in Kenya
    • Oyaro, M.O., Plants-Paris, K., Bishoff, D., Malonza, P., Gontier, C.S., DuPont, H.L., et al. High rate of Clostridium difficile among young adults presenting with diarrhea at two hospitals in Kenya. Int J Infect Dis 74 (2018), 24–28.
    • (2018) Int J Infect Dis , vol.74 , pp. 24-28
    • Oyaro, M.O.1    Plants-Paris, K.2    Bishoff, D.3    Malonza, P.4    Gontier, C.S.5    DuPont, H.L.6
  • 34
    • 1542750258 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Incidence and importance of Clostridium difficile in paediatric diarrhoea in Brazil
    • Pinto, L.J., Alcides, A.P., Ferreira, E.O., Avelar, K.E., Sabra, A., Domingues, R.M., et al. Incidence and importance of Clostridium difficile in paediatric diarrhoea in Brazil. J Med Microbiol 52:Pt 12 (2003), 1095–1099.
    • (2003) J Med Microbiol , vol.52 , pp. 1095-1099
    • Pinto, L.J.1    Alcides, A.P.2    Ferreira, E.O.3    Avelar, K.E.4    Sabra, A.5    Domingues, R.M.6
  • 35
  • 36
    • 84945377613 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile infections among adults and children in Mwanza/Tanzania: is it an underappreciated pathogen among immunocompromised patients in sub-Saharan Africa?
    • Seugendo, M., Mshana, S.E., Hokororo, A., Okamo, B., Mirambo, M.M., von Muller, L., et al. Clostridium difficile infections among adults and children in Mwanza/Tanzania: is it an underappreciated pathogen among immunocompromised patients in sub-Saharan Africa?. New Microbes New Infect 8 (2015), 99–102.
    • (2015) New Microbes New Infect , vol.8 , pp. 99-102
    • Seugendo, M.1    Mshana, S.E.2    Hokororo, A.3    Okamo, B.4    Mirambo, M.M.5    von Muller, L.6
  • 37
    • 84928626302 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cost-effectiveness of rotavirus vaccination in Kenya and Uganda
    • Sigei, C., Odaga, J., Mvundura, M., Madrid, Y., Clark, A.D., Cost-effectiveness of rotavirus vaccination in Kenya and Uganda. Vaccine 33:Suppl. 1 (2015), A109–A118.
    • (2015) Vaccine , vol.33 , pp. A109-A118
    • Sigei, C.1    Odaga, J.2    Mvundura, M.3    Madrid, Y.4    Clark, A.D.5
  • 38
    • 85018470603 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cryptosporidium and Giardia in Africa: current and future challenges
    • Squire, S.A., Ryan, U., Cryptosporidium and Giardia in Africa: current and future challenges. Parasit Vectors, 10(1), 2017, 195.
    • (2017) Parasit Vectors , vol.10 , Issue.1 , pp. 195
    • Squire, S.A.1    Ryan, U.2
  • 39
    • 85029667945 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimates of global, regional, and national morbidity, mortality, and aetiologies of diarrhoeal diseases: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015
    • Troeger, C., Forouzanfar, M., Rao, P.C., Khalil, I., Brown, A., Reiner, R.C., et al. Estimates of global, regional, and national morbidity, mortality, and aetiologies of diarrhoeal diseases: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet Infect Dis 17:9 (2017), 909–948.
    • (2017) Lancet Infect Dis , vol.17 , Issue.9 , pp. 909-948
    • Troeger, C.1    Forouzanfar, M.2    Rao, P.C.3    Khalil, I.4    Brown, A.5    Reiner, R.C.6
  • 40
    • 84884688162 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Concurrent infections of Giardia duodenalis, Enterocytozoon bieneusi, and Clostridium difficile in children during a Cryptosporidiosis outbreak in a pediatric hospital in China
    • Wang, L., Xiao, L., Duan, L., Ye, J., Guo, Y., Guo, M., et al. Concurrent infections of Giardia duodenalis, Enterocytozoon bieneusi, and Clostridium difficile in children during a Cryptosporidiosis outbreak in a pediatric hospital in China. PLoS Negl Trop Dis, 7(9), 2013, e2437.
    • (2013) PLoS Negl Trop Dis , vol.7 , Issue.9 , pp. e2437
    • Wang, L.1    Xiao, L.2    Duan, L.3    Ye, J.4    Guo, Y.5    Guo, M.6
  • 41
    • 25144469664 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toxin production by an emerging strain of Clostridium difficile associated with outbreaks of severe disease in North America and Europe
    • Warny, M., Pepin, J., Fang, A., Killgore, G., Thompson, A., Brazier, J., et al. Toxin production by an emerging strain of Clostridium difficile associated with outbreaks of severe disease in North America and Europe. Lancet 366:9491 (2005), 1079–1084.
    • (2005) Lancet , vol.366 , Issue.9491 , pp. 1079-1084
    • Warny, M.1    Pepin, J.2    Fang, A.3    Killgore, G.4    Thompson, A.5    Brazier, J.6
  • 42
    • 84898721140 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile infection among children across diverse US geographic locations
    • Wendt, J.M., Cohen, J.A., Mu, Y., Dumyati, G.K., Dunn, J.R., Holzbauer, S.M., et al. Clostridium difficile infection among children across diverse US geographic locations. Pediatrics 133:4 (2014), 651–658.
    • (2014) Pediatrics , vol.133 , Issue.4 , pp. 651-658
    • Wendt, J.M.1    Cohen, J.A.2    Mu, Y.3    Dumyati, G.K.4    Dunn, J.R.5    Holzbauer, S.M.6


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.