High prevalence of nontoxigenic Clostridium difficile isolated from hospitalized and non-hospitalized individuals in rural Ghana

International Journal of Medical Microbiology

Volumn 306, Issue 8, 2016, Pages 652-656

  Janssen, Iryna ^a   Cooper, Paul ^b   Gunka, Katrin ^a   Rupnik, Maja ^c,d   Wetzel, Daniela ^a   Zimmermann, Ortrud ^a   Groß, Uwe ^a,e  

^a UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER GÖTTINGEN   (Germany)

^b St Martin's des Porres Hospital   (Ghana)

^c UNIVERSITY OF MARIBOR   (Slovenia)

^d National Laboratory for Health Environment and Food   (Slovenia)

^e Göttingen International Health Network   (Germany)

Author keywords

Africa; Clostridium difficile; Epidemiology; Nontoxigenic strain

Indexed keywords

CEFTRIAXONE; METRONIDAZOLE; VANCOMYCIN; ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; BACTERIAL TOXIN;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGE; AGED; ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY; ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY; ARTICLE; ASYMPTOMATIC INFECTION; BACTERIAL COLONIZATION; BACTERIAL STRAIN; BACTERIUM ISOLATE; BACTERIUM ISOLATION; CHILD; CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE INFECTION; CONTROLLED STUDY; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY; DIARRHEA; FECES ANALYSIS; FEMALE; GHANA; HOSPITAL PATIENT; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; INFECTION RISK; LIFESTYLE; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MEDICAL HISTORY; NONHUMAN; PRESCHOOL CHILD; PREVALENCE; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; RURAL POPULATION; SCHOOL CHILD; VERY ELDERLY; YOUNG ADULT; CLASSIFICATION; CLOSTRIDIUM INFECTIONS; DRUG EFFECTS; FECES; GENETICS; HETEROZYGOTE; HOSPITALIZATION; INFANT; ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION; METABOLISM; MICROBIAL SENSITIVITY TEST; MICROBIOLOGY; MIDDLE AGED; NEWBORN; PEPTOCLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE; RIBOTYPING; RISK FACTOR;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGE FACTORS; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS; BACTERIAL TOXINS; CARRIER STATE; CEFTRIAXONE; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE; CLOSTRIDIUM INFECTIONS; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; DIARRHEA; FECES; FEMALE; GHANA; HOSPITALIZATION; HUMANS; INFANT; INFANT, NEWBORN; MALE; METRONIDAZOLE; MICROBIAL SENSITIVITY TESTS; MIDDLE AGED; PREVALENCE; PROSPECTIVE STUDIES; RIBOTYPING; RISK FACTORS; RURAL POPULATION; VANCOMYCIN; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 85000869926     PISSN: 14384221     EISSN: 16180607     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2016.09.004     Document Type: Article

References (25)

1. Adlerberth, I., Huang, H., Lindberg, E., Aberg, N., Hesselmar, B., Saalman, R., Nord, C.E., Wold, A.E., Weintraub, A., Toxin-producing Clostridium difficile strains as long-term gut colonizers in healthy infants. J. Clin. Microbiol. 52 (2014), 173–179.
2. Androga, G.O., Hart, J., Foster, N.F., Charles, A., Forbes, D., Riley, T.V., Infection with toxin A-negative, toxin B-negative, binary toxin-positive Clostridium difficile in a young patient with ulcerative colitis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 53 (2015), 3702–3704.
3. Beadsworth, M.B.J., Keeley, A.J., Roberts, P.P., Farragher, B., Watson, A., Beeching, N.J., Clostridium difficile toxin in adult inpatients in an urban hospital in Malawi: associations with HIV status, CD4 count and diarrhoea. Int. J. Trop. Med. 9 (2014), 7–9 (15. 17).
4. Becker, J., Drucker, E., Enyong, P., Marx, P., Availability of injectable antibiotics in a town market in southwest Cameroon. Lancet Infect. Dis. 2 (2002), 325–326.
5. Cohen, S.H., Gerding, D.N., Johnson, S., Kelly, C.P., Loo, V.G., McDonald, L.C., Pepin, J., Wilcox, M.H., Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America, Infectious Diseases Society of America, Clinical practice guidelines for Clostridium difficile infection in adults: 2010 update by the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA) and The Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA). Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 31 (2010), 431–455.
6. Drekonja, D.M., Butler, M., MacDonald, R., Bliss, D., Filice, G.A., Rector, T.S., Wilt, T.J., Comparative effectiveness of Clostridium difficile treatments. A systematic review. Ann. Int. Med. 155 (2011), 839–847.
7. DuPont, H.L., The search for effective treatment of Clostridium difficile infection. N. Engl. J. Med. 364 (2011), 473–475.
8. Eckert, C., Emirian, A., Le Monnier, A., Cathala, L., De Montclos, H., Goret, J., Berger, P., Petit, A., De Chevigny, A., Jean-Pierre, H., Nebbad, B., Camiade, S., Meckenstock, R., Lalande, V., Marchandin, H., Barbut, F., Prevalence and pathogenicity of binary toxin-positive Clostridium difficile strains that do not produce toxins A and B. New Microbes New Infect. 3 (2014), 12–17.
9. Golledge, C.L., Riley, T.V., Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea after doxycycline malaria prophylaxis. Lancet 345 (1995), 1377–1378.
10. Jain, T., Crosswell, C., Urday-Cornejo, V., Awali, R., Cutright, J., Salimnia, H., Reddy Banavasi, H.V., Liubakka, A., Lephart, P., Chopra, T., Revankar, S.G., Chandrasekar, P., Alangaden, G., Clostridium difficile colonization in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients: a prospective study of the epidemiology and outcomes involving toxigenic and nontoxigenic strains. Biol. Blood Marrow Transpl., 2016 pii, S1083-9791(15)00497-8.
11. Janezic, S., Rupnik, M., Molecular typing methods for Costridium difficile: pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and PCR ribotyping. Methods Mol. Biol. 646 (2010), 55–65.
12. Lessa, F.C., Winston, L.G., McDonald, L.C., Emerging Infections Program C. difficile Surveillance Team, Burden of Clostridium difficile infection in the United States. N. Engl. J. Med. 372 (2015), 2369–2370.
13. Magill, S.S., Edwards, J.R., Bamberg, W., Beldavs, Z.G., Dumyati, G., Kainer, M.A., Lynfield, R., Maloney, M., McAllister-Hollod, L., Nadle, J., Ray, S.M., Thompson, D.L., Wilson, L.E., Fridkin, S.K., Emerging Infections Program Healthcare-Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Use Prevalence Survey Team, Multistate point-prevalence survey of health care-associated infections. N. Engl. J. Med. 370 (2012), 1198–1208.
14. Mwachari, C., Batchelor, B.I., Paul, J., Waiyaki, P.G., Gilks, C.F., Chronic diarrhoea among HIV-infected adult patients in Nairobi, Kenya. J. Infect. 37 (1998), 48–53.
15. Onwueme, K., Fadairo, Y., Idoko, L., Onuh, J., Alao, O., Agaba, P., Lawson, L., Ukomadu, C., Idoko, J., High prevalence of toxinogenic Clostridium difficile in Nigerian adult HIV patients. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 105 (2011), 667–669.
16. Rajabally, N.M., Pentecost, M., Pretorius, G., Whitelaw, A., Mendelson, M., Watermeyer, G., The Clostridium difficile problem: a South African tertiary institution's prospective perspective. S. Afr. Med. J. 103 (2013), 168–172.
17. Rousseau, C., Poilane, I., De Pontual, L., Maherault, A.-C., Le Monnier, A., Collignon, A., Clostridium difficile carriage in healthy infants in the community: a potential reservoir for pathogenic strains. Clin. Infect. Dis. 55 (2012), 1209–1215.
18. Rupnik, M., Wilcox, M.H., Gerding, D.N., Clostridium difficile infection: new developments in epidemiology and pathogenesis. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 7 (2009), 526–536.
19. Rupnik, M., Clostridium difficile toxinotyping. Methods Mol. Biol. 646 (2010), 67–76.
20. Seugendo, M., Mshana, S.E., Hokororo, A., Okamo, B., Mirambo, M.M., von Müller, L., Gunka, K., Zimmermann, O., Groß, U., Clostridium difficile infections among adults and children in Mwanza/Tanzania: is it an underappreciated pathogen among immunocompromised patients in sub-Saharan Africa?. New Microbes New Infect. 8 (2015), 99–102.
21. Simango, C., Uladi, S., Detection of Clostridium difficile diarrhoea in Harare, Zimbabwe. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 108 (2014), 354–357.
22. St. Martin de Porres Hospital, Eikwe, Ghana. Annual Health Service Report 2013.
23. Tamma, P.D., Sandora, T.J., Clostridium difficile infection in children: current state and unanswered questions. J. Pediatric. Infect. Dis. Soc. 1 (2012), 230–243.
24. Vesteinsdottir, I., Gudlaugsdottir, S., Einarsdottir, R., Kalaitzakis, E., Sigurdardottir, O., Bjornsson, E.S., Risk factors for Clostridium difficile toxin-positive diarrhea: a population-based prospective case-control study. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 31 (2012), 2601–2610.
25. Zulu, I., Kelly, P., Mwansa, J., Veitch, A., Farthing, M.J., Contrasting incidence of Clostridium difficile and other enteropathogens in AIDS patients in London and Lusaka. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 94 (2000), 167–168.