Novel one-step method for detection and isolation of active-toxin-producing Clostridium difficile strains directly from stool samples

Journal of Clinical Microbiology

Volumn 49, Issue 12, 2011, Pages 4219-4224

  Darkoh, Charles ^a,c   DuPont, Herbert L ^a,b,c,d,e   Kaplan, Heidi B ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

^d ST LUKE S EPISCOPAL HOSPITAL   (United States)

^e BAYLOR COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE TOXIN A; CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE TOXIN B; URIDINE DIPHOSPHATE GLUCOSE;

ACCURACY; AGAR MEDIUM; ARTICLE; BACTERIAL GROWTH; BACTERIAL METABOLISM; BACTERIAL STRAIN; BACTERIAL VIRULENCE; BACTERIUM DETECTION; BACTERIUM IDENTIFICATION; BACTERIUM ISOLATION; CDIFFTOX PLATE ASSAY; CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE; CONTROLLED STUDY; CYTOTOXICITY; FECES CULTURE; GENE AMPLIFICATION; NONHUMAN; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; STEREOCHEMISTRY; STRAIN DIFFERENCE; TISSUE CULTURE; TOXIN ANALYSIS; TOXIN SYNTHESIS;

BACTERIAL TOXINS; BACTERIOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES; CHROMOGENIC COMPOUNDS; CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE; CLOSTRIDIUM INFECTIONS; COLOR; CULTURE MEDIA; FECES; HUMANS; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY;

EID: 82455174941     PISSN: 00951137     EISSN: 1098660X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1128/JCM.01033-11     Document Type: Article

References (48)

1. Bartlett, J. G. 2002. Clinical practice: antibiotic-associated diarrhea. N. Engl. J. Med. 346:334-339.
2. Darkoh, C., H. B. Kaplan, and H. L. Dupont. 2011. Harnessing the glucosyltransferase activities of Clostridium difficile for functional studies of toxins A and B. J. Clin. Microbiol. 49:2933-2941.
3. Delmee, M. 2001. Laboratory diagnosis of Clostridium difficile disease. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 7:411-416. (Pubitemid 34960331)
4. Dillon, S. T., et al. 1995. Involvement of Ras-related Rho proteins in the mechanisms of action of Clostridium difficile toxin A and toxin B. Infect. Immun. 63:1421-1426.
5. Dineen, S. S., A. C. Villapakkam, J. T. Nordman, and A. L. Sonenshein. 2007. Repression of Clostridium difficile toxin gene expression by CodY. Mol. Microbiol. 66:206-219. (Pubitemid 47414797)
6. Dowell, V. R., Jr. 1975. Methods for isolation of anaerobes in the clinical laboratory. Am. J. Med. Technol. 41:402-410.
7. Eggertson, L., and B. Sibbald. 2004. Hospitals battling outbreaks of Clostridium difficile. CMAJ 171:19-21.
8. Elliott, B., B. J. Chang, C. L. Golledge, and T. V. Riley. 2007. Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea. Intern. Med. J. 37:561-568. (Pubitemid 47084173)
9. Fedorko, D. P., et al. 1999. Evaluation of two rapid assays for detection of Clostridium difficile toxin A in stool specimens. J. Clin. Microbiol. 37:3044-3047. (Pubitemid 29391938)
10. Feltis, B. A., et al. 2000. Clostridium difficile toxins A and B can alter epithelial permeability and promote bacterial paracellular migration through HT-29 enterocytes. Shock 14:629-634.
11. Genth, H., S. C. Dreger, J. Huelsenbeck, and I. Just. 2008. Clostridium difficile toxins: more than mere inhibitors of Rho proteins. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 40:592-597.
12. George, W. L., V. L. Sutter, D. Citron, and S. M. Finegold. 1979. Selective and differential medium for isolation of Clostridium difficile. J. Clin. Microbiol. 9:214-219. (Pubitemid 9123787)
13. Goorhuis, A., et al. 2008. Emergence of Clostridium difficile infection due to a new hypervirulent strain, polymerase chain reaction ribotype 078. Clin. Infect. Dis. 47:1162-1170.
14. Goorhuis, A., et al. 2008.Clostridium difficile PCR ribotype 078: an emerging strain in humans and in pigs? J. Clin. Microbiol. 46:1157. (Author Reply, 46:1158.)
15. Govind, R., G. Vediyappan, R. D. Rolfe, B. Dupuy, and J. A. Fralick. 2009. Bacteriophage-mediated toxin gene regulation in Clostridium difficile. J. Virol. 83:12037-12045.
16. Hammond, G. A., and J. L. Johnson. 1995. The toxigenic element of Clostridium difficile strain VPI 10463. Microb. Pathog. 19:203-213.
17. Hammond, G. A., D. M. Lyerly, and J. L. Johnson. 1997. Transcriptional analysis of the toxigenic element of Clostridium difficile. Microb. Pathog. 22:143-154. (Pubitemid 27160260)
18. Haslam, S. C., et al. 1986. Growth of Clostridium difficile and production of toxins A and B in complex and defined media. J. Med. Microbiol. 21:293-297. (Pubitemid 16053517)
19. Hofmann, F., C. Busch, U. Prepens, I. Just, and K. Aktories. 1997. Localization of the glucosyltransferase activity of Clostridium difficile toxin B to the N-terminal part of the holotoxin. J. Biol. Chem. 272:11074-11078. (Pubitemid 27184097)
20. Hundsberger, T., et al. 1997. Transcription analysis of the genes tcdA-E of the pathogenicity locus of Clostridium difficile. Eur. J. Biochem. 244:735-742. (Pubitemid 27130508)
21. Johnson, S., et al. 2001. Fatal pseudomembranous colitis associated with a variant Clostridium difficile strain not detected by toxin A immunoassay. Ann. Intern. Med. 135:434-438. (Pubitemid 32845868)
22. Just, I., and R. Gerhard. 2004. Large Clostridial cytotoxins. Rev. Physiol. Biochem. Pharmacol. 152:23-47. (Pubitemid 44404356)
23. Just, I., et al. 1995. Glucosylation of Rho proteins by Clostridium difficile toxin B. Nature 375:500-503.
24. Just, I., et al. 1995. The enterotoxin from Clostridium difficile (ToxA) monoglucosylates the Rho proteins. J. Biol. Chem. 270:13932-13936.
25. Kader, H. A., D. A. Piccoli, A. F. Jawad, K. L. McGowan, and E. S. Maller. 1998. Single toxin detection is inadequate to diagnose Clostridium difficile diarrhea in pediatric patients. Gastroenterology 115:1329-1334. (Pubitemid 28545981)
26. Kuehne, S. A., et al. 2010. The role of toxin A and toxin B in Clostridium difficile infection. Nature 467:711-713.
27. Kyne, L., M. B. Hamel, R. Polavaram, and C. P. Kelly. 2002. Health care costs and mortality associated with nosocomial diarrhea due to Clostridium difficile. Clin. Infect. Dis. 34:346-353. (Pubitemid 34062235)
28. Limaye, A. P., D. K. Turgeon, B. T. Cookson, and T. R. Fritsche. 2000. Pseudomembranous colitis caused by a toxin A(-) B(+) strain of Clostridium difficile. J. Clin. Microbiol. 38:1696-1697. (Pubitemid 30216720)
29. Loo, V. G., et al. 2005. A predominantly clonal multi-institutional outbreak of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea with high morbidity and mortality. N. Engl. J. Med. 353:2442-2449. (Pubitemid 41770165)
30. Lyerly, D. M., H. C. Krivan, and T. D. Wilkins. 1988. Clostridium difficile: its disease and toxins. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 1:1-18.
31. Lyerly, D. M., D. E. Lockwood, S. H. Richardson, and T. D. Wilkins. 1982. Biological activities of toxins A and B of Clostridium difficile. Infect. Immun. 35:1147-1150.
32. Lyerly, D. M., C. J. Phelps, J. Toth, and T. D. Wilkins. 1986. Characterization of toxins A and B of Clostridium difficile with monoclonal antibodies. Infect. Immun. 54:70-76. (Pubitemid 16021215)
33. Lyerly, D. M., K. E. Saum, D. K. MacDonald, and T. D. Wilkins. 1985. Effects of Clostridium difficile toxins given intragastrically to animals. Infect. Immun. 47:349-352. (Pubitemid 15169828)
34. McDonald, L. C., et al. 2005. An epidemic, toxin gene-variant strain of Clostridium difficile. N. Engl. J. Med. 353:2433-2441. (Pubitemid 41770164)
35. Moncrief, J. S., L. A. Barroso, and T. D. Wilkins. 1997. Positive regulation of Clostridium difficile toxins. Infect. Immun. 65:1105-1108. (Pubitemid 27088018)
36. O'Brien, J. A., B. J. Lahue, J. J. Caro, and D. M. Davidson. 2007. The emerging infectious challenge of Clostridium difficile-associated disease in Massachusetts hospitals: clinical and economic consequences. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 28:1219-1227. (Pubitemid 47596558)
37. Pothoulakis, C. 2000. Effects of Clostridium difficile toxins on epithelial cell barrier. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 915:347-356. (Pubitemid 32059401)
38. Redelings, M. D., F. Sorvillo, and L. Mascola. 2007. Increase in Clostridium difficile-related mortality rates, United States, 1999-2004. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 13:1417-1419. (Pubitemid 47510317)
39. Rolfe, R. D., and S. M. Finegold. 1979. Purification and characterization of Clostridium difficile toxin. Infect. Immun. 25:191-201. (Pubitemid 9226962)
40. Shikita, M., J. W. Fahey, T. R. Golden, W. D. Holtzclaw, and P. Talalay. 1999. An unusual case of "uncompetitive activation" by ascorbic acid: purification and kinetic properties of a myrosinase from Raphanus sativus seedlings. Biochem. J. 341(Pt. 3):725-732. (Pubitemid 29389204)
41. Thelestam, M., and E. Chaves-Olarte. 2000. Cytotoxic effects of the Clostridium difficile toxins. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 250:85-96. (Pubitemid 30463103)
42. Ticehurst, J. R., et al. 2006. Effective detection of toxigenic Clostridium difficile by a two-step algorithm including tests for antigen and cytotoxin. J. Clin. Microbiol. 44:1145-1149.
43. von Eichel-Streiber, C., P. Boquet, M. Sauerborn, and M. Thelestam. 1996. Large clostridial cytotoxins: a family of glycosyltransferases modifying small GTP-binding proteins. Trends Microbiol. 4:375-382. (Pubitemid 26325127)
44. Voth, D. E., and J. D. Ballard. 2005. Clostridium difficile toxins: mechanism of action and role in disease. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 18:247-263. (Pubitemid 40548293)
45. Warny, M., et al. 2005. Toxin production by an emerging strain of Clostridium difficile associated with outbreaks of severe disease in North America and Europe. Lancet 366:1079-1084. (Pubitemid 41338761)
46. Wilkins, T. D., and D. M. Lyerly. 2003. Clostridium difficile testing: after 20 years, still challenging. J. Clin. Microbiol. 41:531-534. (Pubitemid 36184156)
47. Yamakawa, K., S. Kamiya, X. Q. Meng, T. Karasawa, and S. Nakamura. 1994. Toxin production by Clostridium difficile in a defined medium with limited amino acids. J. Med. Microbiol. 41:319-323. (Pubitemid 24353612)
48. Zilberberg, M. D., A. F. Shorr, and M. H. Kollef. 2008. Increase in adult Clostridium difficile-related hospitalizations and case-fatality rate, United States, 2000-2005. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 14:929-931. (Pubitemid 351838602)