-
2
-
-
85058834578
-
-
How to Predict Bad Cops in Chicago, Fivethirtyeight., (accessed 19 June 2017)
-
Arthur, Rob (2015) How to Predict Bad Cops in Chicago, Fivethirtyeight. Available at: https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/how-to-predict-which-chicago-cops-will-commit-misconduct/ (accessed 19 June 2017)
-
(2015)
-
-
Arthur, R.1
-
3
-
-
0003576311
-
-
Washington, DC, US. Government Printing Office, (accessed on 28 September 2016)
-
Bittner, Egon (1970) The Functions of the Police in Modern Society. Washington, DC: US. Government Printing Office. Available at: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/147822NCJRS.pdf (accessed on 28 September 2016)
-
(1970)
The Functions of the Police in Modern Society
-
-
Bittner, E.1
-
4
-
-
85009952977
-
‘Police Don't Like Black People’: African American Young Men's Accumulated Police Experiences
-
Brunson, Rod K. (2007) “‘Police Don't Like Black People’: African American Young Men's Accumulated Police Experiences,” 6 Criminology & Public Policy 71–102
-
(2007)
Criminology & Public Policy
, vol.6
, pp. 71-102
-
-
Brunson, R.K.1
-
5
-
-
34249747371
-
We Never Call the Cops and Here is Why: A Qualitative Examination of Legal Cynicism in Three Neighborhoods
-
Carr, Patrick, Laura Napolitano, & Jessica Keating (2007) “We Never Call the Cops and Here is Why: A Qualitative Examination of Legal Cynicism in Three Neighborhoods,” 45 Criminology 445–80
-
(2007)
Criminology
, vol.45
, pp. 445-480
-
-
Carr, P.1
Napolitano, L.2
Keating, J.3
-
7
-
-
85058828505
-
-
“The Paranoid Style of American Policing,”, The Atlantic., Retrieved 4 January 2016
-
Coates, Ta-Nehisi (2015) “The Paranoid Style of American Policing,” The Atlantic. Retrieved 4 January 2016. Available at: http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/12/illegitimacy-and-american-policing/422094
-
(2015)
-
-
Coates, T.-N.1
-
8
-
-
0038797860
-
The Police Officer's Dilemma: Using Ethnicity to Disambiguate Potentially Threatening Individuals
-
Correll, Joshua, et al. (2002) “The Police Officer's Dilemma: Using Ethnicity to Disambiguate Potentially Threatening Individuals,” 83 J. of Personality and Social Psychology 1314–29
-
(2002)
J. of Personality and Social Psychology
, vol.83
, pp. 1314-1329
-
-
Correll, J.1
-
9
-
-
34547406734
-
Across the Thin Blue Line: Police Officers and Racial Bias in the Decision to Shoot
-
Correll, Joshua, et al. (2007) “Across the Thin Blue Line: Police Officers and Racial Bias in the Decision to Shoot,” 92 J. of Personality and Social Psychology 1006–23
-
(2007)
J. of Personality and Social Psychology
, vol.92
, pp. 1006-1023
-
-
Correll, J.1
-
10
-
-
84989227790
-
Police Violence and Citizen Reporting in the Black Community
-
Desmond, Matthew, Andrew V. Papachristos, & David S. Kirk (2016) “Police Violence and Citizen Reporting in the Black Community,” 81 American Sociological Rev. 857–76
-
(2016)
American Sociological Rev.
, vol.81
, pp. 857-876
-
-
Desmond, M.1
Papachristos, A.V.2
Kirk, D.S.3
-
11
-
-
85058833806
-
-
“Divide Between Blacks and Whites on Police Runs Deep,”, Pew Research Center Fact Tank., Retrieved 4 January 2016
-
Drake, Bruce (2015) “Divide Between Blacks and Whites on Police Runs Deep,” Pew Research Center Fact Tank. Retrieved 4 January 2016. Available at: http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/04/28/Blacks-Whites-police/
-
(2015)
-
-
Drake, B.1
-
12
-
-
85058829818
-
-
“Situational Determinants of Police Use of Force Who the Suspect Is vs. What the Suspect Does.” Technical Report. Geneva Geneva Center for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces
-
Durna, Tuncay (2011) “Situational Determinants of Police Use of Force: Who the Suspect Is vs. What the Suspect Does.” Technical Report. Geneva: Geneva Center for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces
-
(2011)
-
-
Durna, T.1
-
13
-
-
85058829095
-
-
&,) “Cost of Police-Misconduct Cases Soars in Big U.S. Cities. Wall Street Journal.”, (accessed July 2017)
-
Elinson, Zusha & Dan, Frosch (2015) “Cost of Police-Misconduct Cases Soars in Big U.S. Cities. Wall Street Journal.” Available at: https://www.wsj.com/articles/cost-of-police-misconduct-cases-soars-in-big-u-s-cities-1437013834 (accessed July 2017)
-
(2015)
-
-
Elinson, Z.1
Dan, F.2
-
14
-
-
0041928040
-
Explaining Suspects’ Resistance and Disrespect toward Police
-
Engel, Robin Shepard (2003) “Explaining Suspects’ Resistance and Disrespect toward Police,” 31 J. of Criminal Justice 475–92
-
(2003)
J. of Criminal Justice
, vol.31
, pp. 475-492
-
-
Engel, R.S.1
-
15
-
-
18344377057
-
Examining the Influences of Drivers’ Characteristics During Traffic Stops with Police: Results from a National Survey
-
&
-
Engel, Robin Shepard & Jennifer M. Calnon (2004) “Examining the Influences of Drivers’ Characteristics During Traffic Stops with Police: Results from a National Survey,” 21 Justice Q. 49–90
-
(2004)
Justice Q.
, vol.21
, pp. 49-90
-
-
Engel, R.S.1
Calnon, J.M.2
-
18
-
-
85058832491
-
-
An Empirical Analysis of Racial Differences in Police Use of Force. Working Paper
-
Fryer Jr, Roland G. (2016) An Empirical Analysis of Racial Differences in Police Use of Force. Working Paper. Available at: http://www.nber.org/papers/w22399.pdf
-
(2016)
-
-
Fryer, R.G.1
-
19
-
-
0019975043
-
Blind Justice: Police Shootings in Memphis
-
Fyfe, James J. (1982) “Blind Justice: Police Shootings in Memphis,” 73 J. of Criminal Law and Criminology 702–22
-
(1982)
J. of Criminal Law and Criminology
, vol.73
, pp. 702-722
-
-
Fyfe, J.J.1
-
20
-
-
84970396613
-
Measuring the Continuum of Force Used by and Against the Police
-
Garner, Joel H., et al. (1995) “Measuring the Continuum of Force Used by and Against the Police,” 20 Criminal Justice Rev. 146–68
-
(1995)
Criminal Justice Rev.
, vol.20
, pp. 146-168
-
-
Garner, J.H.1
-
21
-
-
0346355454
-
Characteristics Associated with the Prevalence and Severity of Force Used by the Police
-
Garner, Joel H., Christopher D. Maxwell, & Cedrick G. Heraux (2002) “Characteristics Associated with the Prevalence and Severity of Force Used by the Police,” 19 Justice Q. 705–46
-
(2002)
Justice Q.
, vol.19
, pp. 705-746
-
-
Garner, J.H.1
Maxwell, C.D.2
Heraux, C.G.3
-
22
-
-
84859195540
-
Pot as Pretext: Marijuana, Race, and The New Disorder in New York City Street Policing
-
&
-
Geller, Amanda & Jeffrey Fagan (2010) “Pot as Pretext: Marijuana, Race, and The New Disorder in New York City Street Policing,” 7 J. of Empirical Legal Studies 591–633
-
(2010)
J. of Empirical Legal Studies
, vol.7
, pp. 591-633
-
-
Geller, A.1
Fagan, J.2
-
23
-
-
84911072497
-
Aggressive Policing and the Mental Health of Young Urban Men
-
&
-
Geller, Amanda, Jeffrey, Fagan, Tom, Tyler & Bruce G. Link (2014) “Aggressive Policing and the Mental Health of Young Urban Men,” 104 American Journal of Public Health 2321–27
-
(2014)
American Journal of Public Health
, vol.104
, pp. 2321-2327
-
-
Geller, A.1
Jeffrey, F.2
Tom, T.3
Link, B.G.4
-
24
-
-
0037678375
-
Understanding and Controlling Police Abuse of Force
-
&, Geller, William A., &, Toch, Hans, eds.,, New Haven, Yale Univ. Press
-
Geller, William A. & Hans Toch (1996) “Understanding and Controlling Police Abuse of Force,” in Geller, William A. & Toch, Hans, eds., Police Violence: Understanding and Controlling Police Abuse of Force. New Haven: Yale Univ. Press. 292–328
-
(1996)
Police Violence: Understanding and Controlling Police Abuse of Force
, pp. 292-328
-
-
Geller, W.A.1
Toch, H.2
-
25
-
-
35348874496
-
Analysis of the New York City Police Department “Stop-and-Frisk” Policy in the Context of Claims of Racial Bias
-
Gelman, Andrew, Jeffrey Fagan, & Alex Kiss (2007) “Analysis of the New York City Police Department “Stop-and-Frisk” Policy in the Context of Claims of Racial Bias,” 102 J. of the American Statistical Association 813–23
-
(2007)
J. of the American Statistical Association
, vol.102
, pp. 813-823
-
-
Gelman, A.1
Fagan, J.2
Kiss, A.3
-
26
-
-
84897027039
-
The Essence of Innocence: Consequences of Dehumanizing Black Children
-
Goff, Phillip Atiba, et al. (2014) “The Essence of Innocence: Consequences of Dehumanizing Black Children,” 106 J. of Personality and Social Psychology 526–45
-
(2014)
J. of Personality and Social Psychology
, vol.106
, pp. 526-545
-
-
Goff, P.A.1
-
27
-
-
85058831938
-
-
“The Science of Justice Race, Arrest and Police Use of Force,” Center for Policing Equity., (accessed 20 January 2016)
-
Goff, Phillip Atiba, et al. (2016) “The Science of Justice: Race, Arrest and Police Use of Force,” Center for Policing Equity. Available at: http://policingequity.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/CPE_SoJ_Race-Arrests-UoF_2016-07-08-1130.pdf (accessed 20 January 2016)
-
(2016)
-
-
Goff, P.A.1
-
28
-
-
85058830959
-
-
&,) A Few Bad Apples? Racial Bias in Policing. Industrial Relations Section Working Paper #608
-
Goncalves, Felipe & Steven Mello (2017) A Few Bad Apples? Racial Bias in Policing. Industrial Relations Section Working Paper #608
-
(2017)
-
-
Goncalves, F.1
Mello, S.2
-
29
-
-
85056180508
-
Implicit Bias: Scientific Foundations
-
&
-
Greenwald, Anthony G. & Linda Hamilton Krieger (2006) “Implicit Bias: Scientific Foundations,” 949 California Law Rev. 45–67
-
(2006)
California Law Rev.
, vol.949
, pp. 45-67
-
-
Greenwald, A.G.1
Krieger, L.H.2
-
30
-
-
43749118689
-
The Discipline Gap and African Americans: Defiance or Cooperation in the High School Classroom
-
&
-
Gregory, Anne & Rhona S. Weinstein (2008) “The Discipline Gap and African Americans: Defiance or Cooperation in the High School Classroom,” 46 J. of School Psychology 455–75
-
(2008)
J. of School Psychology
, vol.46
, pp. 455-475
-
-
Gregory, A.1
Weinstein, R.S.2
-
31
-
-
33646419991
-
Testing for Racial Profiling in Traffic Stops From Behind a Veil of Darkness
-
&
-
Grogger, Jeffrey & Greg Ridgeway (2006) “Testing for Racial Profiling in Traffic Stops From Behind a Veil of Darkness,” 101 J. of the American Statistical Association 878–87
-
(2006)
J. of the American Statistical Association
, vol.101
, pp. 878-887
-
-
Grogger, J.1
Ridgeway, G.2
-
32
-
-
85058827626
-
-
() “The Counted People Killed by Police in the U.S.”, (accessed 12 July 2016)
-
Guardian (n.d.) “The Counted: People Killed by Police in the U.S.” Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/series/counted-us-police-killings (accessed 12 July 2016)
-
-
-
-
33
-
-
85058835487
-
-
“Did Stop, QuestionFrisk Policing Affect the Mental Health of New York City Residents?” Presented at the Population Studies Center Colloquium, Univ. of Pennsylvania, 14 Sept
-
Harknett, Kristen (2015) “Did Stop, Question, and Frisk Policing Affect the Mental Health of New York City Residents?” Presented at the Population Studies Center Colloquium, Univ. of Pennsylvania, 14 Sept
-
(2015)
-
-
Harknett, K.1
-
34
-
-
85058832136
-
-
“Here are the Racist Emails Ferguson Officials Passed Around.”, (accessed September 2016)
-
Hernandez, Rigoberto (2015) “Here are the Racist Emails Ferguson Officials Passed Around.” Available at: http://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2015/03/04/390725377/here-are-the-racist-emails-ferguson-officials-passed-around (accessed September 2016)
-
(2015)
-
-
Hernandez, R.1
-
35
-
-
84951304632
-
Looming Large in Others’ Eyes: Racial Stereotypes Illuminate Dual Adaptations for Representing Threat Versus Prestige as Physical Size
-
Holbrook, Colin, Daniel M. T. Fessler, & Carols David Navarrete (2016) “Looming Large in Others’ Eyes: Racial Stereotypes Illuminate Dual Adaptations for Representing Threat Versus Prestige as Physical Size,” 37 Evolution and Human Behavior 67–78
-
(2016)
Evolution and Human Behavior
, vol.37
, pp. 67-78
-
-
Holbrook, C.1
Fessler, D.M.T.2
Navarrete, C.D.3
-
36
-
-
85058828107
-
-
Police Use of Nonfatal Force, 2002–11. Bureau of Justice Statistics Special Report., (accessed 30 December 2015)
-
Hyland, Shelley, Lynn Langton, & Elizabeth Davis (2015) Police Use of Nonfatal Force, 2002–11. Bureau of Justice Statistics: Special Report. Available at: http://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/punf0211.pdf (accessed 30 December 2015)
-
(2015)
-
-
Hyland, S.1
Langton, L.2
Davis, E.3
-
37
-
-
0032326632
-
The Determinants of Deadly Force: A Structural Analysis of Police Violence
-
&
-
Jacobs, David & Robert M. O'Brien (1998) “The Determinants of Deadly Force: A Structural Analysis of Police Violence,” 103 American J. of Sociology 837–62
-
(1998)
American J. of Sociology
, vol.103
, pp. 837-862
-
-
Jacobs, D.1
O'Brien, R.M.2
-
38
-
-
85058827276
-
-
“A Year of Reckoning Police Fatally Shoot Nearly 1,000,”, Washingtonpost.com., Retrieved 4 January 2016
-
Kindy, Kimberly, et al. (2015) “A Year of Reckoning: Police Fatally Shoot Nearly 1,000,” Washingtonpost.com. Retrieved 4 January 2016. Available at: http://www.washingtonpost.com/sf/investigative/2015/12/26/a-year-of-reckoning-police-fatally-shoot-nearly-1000/
-
(2015)
-
-
Kindy, K.1
-
39
-
-
84958122405
-
Race, Crime, and the Micro-Ecology of Deadly Force
-
Klinger, David, et al. (2016) “Race, Crime, and the Micro-Ecology of Deadly Force,” 15 Criminology & Public Policy 193–222
-
(2016)
Criminology & Public Policy
, vol.15
, pp. 193-222
-
-
Klinger, D.1
-
40
-
-
84988556861
-
Racial Profiling and Use of Force in Police Stops: How Local Events Trigger Periods of Increased Discrimination
-
Legewie, Joscha (2016) “Racial Profiling and Use of Force in Police Stops: How Local Events Trigger Periods of Increased Discrimination,” 122 American J. of Sociology. 379–424
-
(2016)
American J. of Sociology.
, vol.122
, pp. 379-424
-
-
Legewie, J.1
-
41
-
-
84977270315
-
Do Precinct Characteristics Influence Stop-and-Frisk in New York City? A Multi-Level Analysis of Post-Stop Outcomes
-
Levchak, Philip (2017) “Do Precinct Characteristics Influence Stop-and-Frisk in New York City? A Multi-Level Analysis of Post-Stop Outcomes,” 34 Justice Q. 377–406
-
(2017)
Justice Q.
, vol.34
, pp. 377-406
-
-
Levchak, P.1
-
42
-
-
85058826221
-
-
“Group Comparisons in Logit and Probit Using Predicted Probabilities.” Working Paper., (accessed 26 June 2017)
-
Long, J. Scott (2009) “Group Comparisons in Logit and Probit Using Predicted Probabilities.” Working Paper. Available at: http://www.indiana.edu/~jslsoc/files_research/groupdif/groupwithprobabilities/groups-with-prob-2009-06-25.pdf (accessed 26 June 2017)
-
(2009)
-
-
Long, J.S.1
-
43
-
-
0005644747
-
The Myth of Racial Profiling
-
MacDonald, Heather (2011) “The Myth of Racial Profiling,” 11 City 14–27
-
(2011)
City
, vol.11
, pp. 14-27
-
-
MacDonald, H.1
-
44
-
-
85058830439
-
-
() “The Police Violence Report.”, (accessed 20 June 2016)
-
mappingpoliceviolence.org (n.d.) “The Police Violence Report.” Available at: http://mappingpoliceviolence.org/reports/ (accessed 20 June 2016)
-
-
-
-
46
-
-
84908703897
-
The Law and Social Science of Stop and Frisk
-
Meares, Tracey L. (2014) “The Law and Social Science of Stop and Frisk,” 10 Annual Rev. of Law and Social Science 335–52
-
(2014)
Annual Rev. of Law and Social Science
, vol.10
, pp. 335-352
-
-
Meares, T.L.1
-
47
-
-
0001554830
-
The Anatomy of Scientific Racism: Racialist Responses to Black Athletic Achievement
-
Miller, Patrick B. (1998) “The Anatomy of Scientific Racism: Racialist Responses to Black Athletic Achievement,” 25 J. of Sport History 119–51
-
(1998)
J. of Sport History
, vol.25
, pp. 119-151
-
-
Miller, P.B.1
-
48
-
-
77049103155
-
Logistic Regression: Why We Cannot Do What We Think We Can Do, and What We Can Do About It
-
Mood, Carina (2010) “Logistic Regression: Why We Cannot Do What We Think We Can Do, and What We Can Do About It,” 26 European Sociological Rev. 67–82
-
(2010)
European Sociological Rev.
, vol.26
, pp. 67-82
-
-
Mood, C.1
-
49
-
-
84923450502
-
Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Crime and Delinquency in the US
-
Tienda, M., &, Rutter, M., eds.,, New York, Cambridge Univ. Press
-
Morenoff, Jeffrey D. (2005) “Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Crime and Delinquency in the US,” in Tienda, M. & Rutter, M., eds., Ethnicity and Causal Mechanisms. New York: Cambridge Univ. Press. 139–73
-
(2005)
Ethnicity and Causal Mechanisms
, pp. 139-173
-
-
Morenoff, J.D.1
-
51
-
-
46249091364
-
Racial Disparity in Formal Social Control: An Investigation of Alternative Explanations of Arrest Rate Inequality
-
&
-
Ousey, Graham C. & Matthew R. Lee (2008) “Racial Disparity in Formal Social Control: An Investigation of Alternative Explanations of Arrest Rate Inequality,” 45 J. of Research in Crime and Delinquency 322–55
-
(2008)
J. of Research in Crime and Delinquency
, vol.45
, pp. 322-355
-
-
Ousey, G.C.1
Lee, M.R.2
-
52
-
-
84864065841
-
Controlling Other People's Children: Racialized Views of Delinquency and Whites’ Punitive Attitudes toward Juvenile Offenders
-
&
-
Pickett, Justin T. & Ted Chiricos (2012) “Controlling Other People's Children: Racialized Views of Delinquency and Whites’ Punitive Attitudes toward Juvenile Offenders,” 50 Criminology 673–710
-
(2012)
Criminology
, vol.50
, pp. 673-710
-
-
Pickett, J.T.1
Chiricos, T.2
-
53
-
-
15944423290
-
The Consequences of Race for Police Officers’ Responses to Criminal Suspects
-
&
-
Plant, E. Ashby & B. Michelle Peruche (2005) “The Consequences of Race for Police Officers’ Responses to Criminal Suspects,” 16 Psychological Science 180–3
-
(2005)
Psychological Science
, vol.16
, pp. 180-183
-
-
Plant, E.A.1
Peruche, B.M.2
-
54
-
-
77953750347
-
Estimating Risk: Stereotype Amplification and the Perceived Risk of Criminal Victimization
-
&
-
Quillian, Lincoln & Devah Pager (2010) “Estimating Risk: Stereotype Amplification and the Perceived Risk of Criminal Victimization,” 73 Social Psychology Q. 79–104
-
(2010)
Social Psychology Q.
, vol.73
, pp. 79-104
-
-
Quillian, L.1
Pager, D.2
-
55
-
-
84861378935
-
Race and the Fragility of the Legal Distinction between Juveniles and Adults
-
Rattan, Aneeta, et al. (2012) “Race and the Fragility of the Legal Distinction between Juveniles and Adults,” 7 PLoS ONE 1–5
-
(2012)
PLoS ONE
, vol.7
, pp. 1-5
-
-
Rattan, A.1
-
56
-
-
0007430347
-
Police Brutality—Answers to Key Questions
-
Reiss, Albert J., Jr. (1968) “Police Brutality—Answers to Key Questions,” 5 Trans-Action 10–19
-
(1968)
Trans-Action
, vol.5
, pp. 10-19
-
-
Reiss, A.J.1
-
57
-
-
85058828510
-
-
Racist Police Emails Put Florida Cases in Doubt., (accessed September 2016)
-
Robles, Frances (2015) Racist Police Emails Put Florida Cases in Doubt. Available at: https://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/16/us/miami-prosecutor-reviews-cases-of-police-officers-who-sent-racist-emails.html (accessed September 2016)
-
(2015)
-
-
Robles, F.1
-
58
-
-
84951294142
-
A Multi-Level Bayesian Analysis of Racial Bias in Police Shootings at the County-Level in the United States, 2011-14
-
Ross, Cody (2015) “A Multi-Level Bayesian Analysis of Racial Bias in Police Shootings at the County-Level in the United States, 2011-14,” 10 PLOS One e0141854. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0141854
-
(2015)
PLOS One
, vol.10
-
-
Ross, C.1
-
59
-
-
0000792346
-
Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Crime And Criminal Justice in the United States
-
&
-
Sampson, Robert J. & Janet L. Lauritsen (1997) “Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Crime And Criminal Justice in the United States,” 21 Crime and Justice 311–74
-
(1997)
Crime and Justice
, vol.21
, pp. 311-374
-
-
Sampson, R.J.1
Lauritsen, J.L.2
-
60
-
-
84993723148
-
Citizen Satisfaction with Police Encounters
-
Skogan, Wesley (2005) “Citizen Satisfaction with Police Encounters,” 8 Police Q. 298–321
-
(2005)
Police Q.
, vol.8
, pp. 298-321
-
-
Skogan, W.1
-
61
-
-
84894123503
-
Police Use of Excessive Force in Minority Communities: A Test of the Minority Threat, Place, and Community Accountability Hypotheses
-
&
-
Smith, Brad W. & Malcolm D. Holmes (2014) “Police Use of Excessive Force in Minority Communities: A Test of the Minority Threat, Place, and Community Accountability Hypotheses,” 61 Social Problems 83–104
-
(2014)
Social Problems
, vol.61
, pp. 83-104
-
-
Smith, B.W.1
Holmes, M.D.2
-
62
-
-
0000287921
-
The Neighborhood Context of Police Behavior
-
Reiss, A. J., Jr., &, Tonry, M., eds.,, Chicago, Univ. of Chicago Press
-
Smith, Douglas A. (1986) “The Neighborhood Context of Police Behavior,” in Reiss, A. J., Jr. & Tonry, M., eds., Crime and Justice: A Review of Research, Vol. 8. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press. 313–41
-
(1986)
Crime and Justice: A Review of Research
, vol.8
, pp. 313-341
-
-
Smith, D.A.1
-
63
-
-
34748819957
-
Explaining Police Bias: A Theory of Social Conditioning and Illusory Correlation
-
&
-
Smith, Michael R. & Geoffrey P. Alpert (2007) “Explaining Police Bias: A Theory of Social Conditioning and Illusory Correlation,” 34 Criminal Justice and Behavior 1262–83
-
(2007)
Criminal Justice and Behavior
, vol.34
, pp. 1262-1283
-
-
Smith, M.R.1
Alpert, G.P.2
-
64
-
-
0041181131
-
The Interaction of Race, Gender, and Age in Criminal Sentencing: The Punishment Cost of Being Young, Black, and Male
-
” 36
-
Steffensmeier, Darrell, Jeffery Ulmer, & John Kramer (1998) “The Interaction of Race, Gender, and Age in Criminal Sentencing: The Punishment Cost of Being Young, Black, and Male.” 36 Criminology 36:763–98
-
(1998)
Criminology
, vol.36
, pp. 763-798
-
-
Steffensmeier, D.1
Ulmer, J.2
Kramer, J.3
-
65
-
-
85056156165
-
Criminalized Masculinities: How Policing Shapes the Construction of Gender and Sexuality in Poor Black Communities
-
&
-
Stuart, Forrest & Ava Benezra (2017) “Criminalized Masculinities: How Policing Shapes the Construction of Gender and Sexuality in Poor Black Communities,” 65 Social Problems 174–90
-
(2017)
Social Problems
, vol.65
, pp. 174-190
-
-
Stuart, F.1
Benezra, A.2
-
66
-
-
7444267957
-
Terry's Impossibility
-
Stuntz, William J. (1998) “Terry's Impossibility,” 72 St. John's Law Rev. 1213–30
-
(1998)
St. John's Law Rev.
, vol.72
, pp. 1213-1230
-
-
Stuntz, W.J.1
-
67
-
-
4744348854
-
Racial Differences in Resolving Conflicts: A Comparison Between Black and White Police Officers
-
&
-
Sun, Ivan Y. & Brian K. Payne (2004) “Racial Differences in Resolving Conflicts: A Comparison Between Black and White Police Officers,” 50 Crime and Delinquency 516–41
-
(2004)
Crime and Delinquency
, vol.50
, pp. 516-541
-
-
Sun, I.Y.1
Payne, B.K.2
-
68
-
-
85024011851
-
Situational and Officer-based Determinants of Police Coercion
-
&
-
Terrill, William & Stephen D. Mastrofski (2002) “Situational and Officer-based Determinants of Police Coercion,” 19 Justice Q. 215–48
-
(2002)
Justice Q.
, vol.19
, pp. 215-248
-
-
Terrill, W.1
Mastrofski, S.D.2
-
70
-
-
84993804612
-
Looking for the Driving While Black Phenomena: Conceptualizing Racial Bias Processes and Their Associated Distributions
-
Tomaskovic-Devey, Donald, Marcinda Mason, & Matthew Zingraff (2004) “Looking for the Driving While Black Phenomena: Conceptualizing Racial Bias Processes and Their Associated Distributions,” 7 Police Q. 3–29
-
(2004)
Police Q.
, vol.7
, pp. 3-29
-
-
Tomaskovic-Devey, D.1
Mason, M.2
Zingraff, M.3
-
71
-
-
85044886945
-
Explaining and Eliminating Racial Profiling
-
&
-
Tomaskovic-Devey, Donald & Patricia Warren (2009) “Explaining and Eliminating Racial Profiling,” 8 Contexts 34–9
-
(2009)
Contexts
, vol.8
, pp. 34-39
-
-
Tomaskovic-Devey, D.1
Warren, P.2
-
72
-
-
84929303010
-
Street Stops and Police Legitimacy: Teachable Moments in Young Urban Men's Legal Socialization
-
Tyler, Tom, Jeffrey Fagan, & Amanda Geller (2014) “Street Stops and Police Legitimacy: Teachable Moments in Young Urban Men's Legal Socialization,” 11 J. of Empirical Legal Studies 751–85
-
(2014)
J. of Empirical Legal Studies
, vol.11
, pp. 751-785
-
-
Tyler, T.1
Fagan, J.2
Geller, A.3
-
74
-
-
85058831915
-
-
() “Sun or Moon Rise/Set Table for One Year.”, (accessed 10 July 2016)
-
United States Naval Observatory (N.D.) “Sun or Moon Rise/Set Table for One Year.” Available at: http://aa.usno.navy.mil/data/docs/RS_OneYear.php (accessed 10 July 2016)
-
-
-
-
75
-
-
77955624864
-
Incarceration and Stratification
-
&
-
Wakefield, Sara & Christopher Uggen (2010) “Incarceration and Stratification,” 36 Annual Rev. of Sociology 387–406
-
(2010)
Annual Rev. of Sociology
, vol.36
, pp. 387-406
-
-
Wakefield, S.1
Uggen, C.2
-
76
-
-
33748307612
-
Driving while Black Bias Processes and Racial Disparity in Police Stops
-
Warren, Patricia, et al. (2006) “Driving while Black Bias Processes and Racial Disparity in Police Stops,” 44 Criminology 709–38
-
(2006)
Criminology
, vol.44
, pp. 709-738
-
-
Warren, P.1
-
77
-
-
3142773036
-
Race and Perceptions of Police Misconduct
-
&
-
Weitzer, Ronald & Stephen Tuch (2004) “Race and Perceptions of Police Misconduct,” 51 Social Problems 305–25
-
(2004)
Social Problems
, vol.51
, pp. 305-325
-
-
Weitzer, R.1
Tuch, S.2
-
78
-
-
20144372930
-
Racially Biased Policing: Determinants of Citizen Perceptions
-
&
-
Weitzer, Ronald & Steven Tuch (2005) “Racially Biased Policing: Determinants of Citizen Perceptions,” 83 Social Forces 1009–30
-
(2005)
Social Forces
, vol.83
, pp. 1009-1030
-
-
Weitzer, R.1
Tuch, S.2
-
79
-
-
76549131852
-
Racial Threat and Punitive School Discipline
-
&
-
Welch, Kelly & Allison Payne (2010) “Racial Threat and Punitive School Discipline,” 57 Social Problems 25–48
-
(2010)
Social Problems
, vol.57
, pp. 25-48
-
-
Welch, K.1
Payne, A.2
-
80
-
-
85056151583
-
Racial Bias in Judgments of Physical Size and Formidability: From Size to Threat
-
Wilson, John Paul, Kurt Hugenberg, & Nicholas O. Rule (2017) “Racial Bias in Judgments of Physical Size and Formidability: From Size to Threat,” 117 Interpersonal Relations and Group Processes 59–80
-
(2017)
Interpersonal Relations and Group Processes
, vol.117
, pp. 59-80
-
-
Wilson, J.P.1
Hugenberg, K.2
Rule, N.O.3
-
81
-
-
0002390110
-
The Causes of Police Brutality: Theory and Evidence on Police Use ofForce
-
Geller, W. A., &, Toch, H., eds.,, New Haven, Yale Univ. Press
-
Worden, Robert E. (1996) “The Causes of Police Brutality: Theory and Evidence on Police Use ofForce,” in Geller, W. A. & Toch, H., eds., Police Violence. New Haven: Yale Univ. Press. 23–51
-
(1996)
Police Violence
, pp. 23-51
-
-
Worden, R.E.1
|