The discipline gap and African Americans: Defiance or cooperation in the high school classroom

Journal of School Psychology

Volumn 46, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 455-475

  Gregory, Anne ^a   Weinstein, Rhona S ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Adolescents; African Americans; Discipline; High School; Teacher

Indexed keywords

EID: 43749118689     PISSN: 00224405     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jsp.2007.09.001     Document Type: Article

References (66)

1. T.M. Achenbach S.H. McConaughy C.T. Howell Child/adolescent behavioral and emotional problems: Implications of cross-informant correlations for situational specificity Psychological Bulletin 101 2 1987 213 232
2. American Academy of Pediatrics Out-of-school suspension and expulsion Pediatrics 112 5 2003 1206 1209
3. APA Zero Tolerance Task Force (2006). Are zero tolerance policies effective in the schools? An evidentiary review and recommendations. Adopted by APA council of representatives. Washington, DC.
4. D. Baumrind Discipline encounters: Contemporary issues Aggression and Violent Behaviour 2 1997 321 335
5. D. Baumrind Authoritarian vs. authoritative parental control Adolescence 3 1968 255 272
6. U. Bronfenbrenner The ecology of human development. 1979 Harvard University Press Cambridge
7. A.S. Bryk S.W. Raudenbush Hierarchical linear models: Applications and data analysis methods 1992 Sage Publications Newbury Park, CA
8. A.S. Bryk B. Schneider Trust in schools: A core resource for improvement 2002 Russell Sage Foundation New York
9. Children's Defense Fund School suspensions: Are they helping children? 1975 Washington Research Project Cambridge, MA
10. V. Costenbader S. Markson School suspension: A study with secondary school students Journal of School Psychology 36 1998 59 82
11. T.J. Dishion G.R. Patterson The timing and severity of antisocial behavior: Three hypotheses within an ecological framework D.M. Stoff J. Breiling D.J. Maser Handbook of antisocial behavior 1997 J. Wiley & Sons New York 205 217
12. W. Doyle Classroom management techniques E. Oliver C. Moles Student discipline strategies: Research and practice 1990 State University of New York Press Albany, NY 113 127
13. A.A. Ferguson Bad boys: Public school and the making of Black masculinity 2000 University of Michigan Press Ann Arbor
14. Florida Department of Education (1995). Florida school discipline study. Office of Policy Research (ED384981).
15. A.M. Garibaldi Educating and motivating African American males to succeed Journal of Negro Education 61 1992 4 11
16. H.A. Giroux Theories of reproduction and resistance in the new sociology of education: A critical analysis Harvard Educational Review 53 1983 257 293
17. R. Gordon L. Della Piana T. Keleher Facing the consequences 2000 Applied Research Center Oakland, CA
18. D.C. Gottfredson Schools and delinquency 2001 Cambridge University Press Cambridge, UK
19. A. Gregory R.S. Weinstein Connection and regulation at home and in school: Predicting growth in achievement for adolescents Journal of Adolescent Research 19 2004 405 427
20. A. Gregory K. Nygreen D. Moran The normalization of failure P. Noguera J. Wing Unfinished Business. 2006 Jossey Bass Thousand Oaks
21. S.P. Hinshaw S. Lee Conduct and oppositional defiant disorders E.J. Mash R.A. Barkley Child psychopathology 2nd ed. 2003 Guilford Press New York 144 198
22. J.J. Irvine In search of wholeness: African American teachers and their culturally competent classroom practices 2002 Palgrave New York, NY
23. S. Jimerson B. Egeland L.A. Sroufe B. Carlson A prospective longitudinal study of high school dropouts: Examining multiple predictors across development Journal of School Psychology 38 2000 525 549
24. Justice Policy Institute (2002). Cellblocks or Classrooms? The Funding of Higher Education and Corrections and Its Impact on African American Men. Retrieved Oct. 2, 2006, from http://www.justicepolicy.org
25. G. Keppel Design and analysis 1982 Prentice–Hall, Inc Englewood Cliffs, NJ
26. I. Kreft J. De Leeuw Introducing multilevel modeling 1998 Sage Publications Inc Thousand Oaks, CA
27. T. Kvalseth Note on Cohen's kappa Psychological Reports 65 1989 223 226
28. G. Ladson-Billings The dreamkeepers: Successful teachers of African American children 1994 Jossey–Bass San Francisco
29. P.E. Leone M.J. Mayer K. Malmgren S.M. Meisel School violence and disruption. Rhetoric, reality, and reasonable balance Focus on Exceptional Children 33 2002 1 19
30. R. Loeber J.D. Burke B.B. Lahey A. Winters M. Zera Oppositional defiant and conduct disorder: A review of the past 10 years, Part I Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 39 2000 1468 1484
31. J.D. McCarthy Hoge Social construction of school punishment Social Forces 65 1987 1101 1120
32. C. McKown R.S. Weinstein The development and consequences of stereotype consciousness in middle childhood Child Development 74 2003 498 515
33. B.T. Meehan J.N. Hughes T.A. Cavell Teacher–student relationships as compensatory for aggressive children Child Development 74 2003 1145 1157
34. R. Mendoza-Denton G. Downey V. Purdie A. Davis J. Pietrzak Sensitivity to status based rejection: Implications for African American students' college experience Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 83 2002 896 918
35. C. Midgley M. Maehr L. Hruda E. Anderman K. Freeman Manual for patterns of adaptive learning 2000 University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI
36. W. Mischel Y. Shoda A cognitive–affective system theory of personality: Reconceptualizing situations, dispositions, dynamics, and invariance in personality structure Psychological Review 102 1995 246 268
37. NCES, National Center for Educational Statistics School survey on crime and safety. U.S. Department of education http://www.nces.ed.gov/ 2000 (Retrieved Oct. 12, 2006 from)
38. NCES, National Center For Educational Statistics. School Survey On Crime And Safety. U.S. Department Of Education http://ww.Nces.Ed.Gov 2005 (Retrieved Oct. 12, 2006, from)
39. M.D. Newcomb R.D. Abbott R.F. Catalano J.D. Hawkins S. Battin-Pearson K. Hill Mediational and deviance theories of late high school failure: Process roles of structural strains, academic competence, and general versus specific problem behavior Journal of Counseling Psychology 49 2002 172 186
40. N. Noddings The challenge to care in schools: An alternative approach to education 1992 Teachers College Press New York, NY
41. P. Noguera Preventing and producing violence: A critical analysis of responses to school violence Harvard Educational Review 65 1995 219 237
42. G.R. Patterson J.B. Reid Social interactional processes within the family: The study of the moment-by-moment family transactions in which human social development is imbedded Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology 5 1984 237 262
43. L.M. Raffaele Mendez H.M. Knoff J.M. Ferron School demographic variables and out-of-school suspension rates: A quantitative and qualitative analysis of large ethnically diverse school district Psychology in the Schools 39 2002 259 276
44. S.E. Rimm-Kaufman R.C. Pianta M.J. Cox Teachers' judgments of problems in the transition to kindergarten Early Childhood Research Quarterly 15 2000 147 166
45. E.W. Saft R.C. Pianta Teachers' perceptions of their relationships with students: Effects of child age, gender, and ethnicity of teachers and students School Psychology Quarterly 16 2001 125 140
46. T.M. Scott S.B. Barrett Using staff and student time engaged in disciplinary procedures to evaluate the impact of schoolwide PBS Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions 6 2004 21 27
47. R.H. Sheets Urban classroom conflict: Student–teacher perception ethnic integrity, solidarity and resistance Urban Review 28 1996 165 183
48. R. Skiba R.S. Michael A.C. Nardo R. Peterson The color of discipline: Sources of racial and gender disproportionality in school punishment Urban Review 34 2002 317 342
49. R.J. Skiba R.L. Peterson T. Williams Office referrals and suspension: Disciplinary intervention in middle schools Education & Treatment of Children 20 1997 295 313
50. E.A. Skinner M.J. Belmont Motivation in the classroom: Reciprocal effects of teacher behavior and student engagement across the school year Journal of Educational Psychology 85 1993 571 581
51. J.G. Smetana B. Bitz Adolescents' conceptions of teachers' authority and their relations to rule violations in school Child Development 67 1996 1153 1172
52. M.B. Spencer E. Noll J. Stoltzfus V. Harpalani Identity and school adjustment: Revisiting the “acting White” assumption Educational Psychologist. Special issue: The schooling of ethnic minority children and youth 36 2001 21 30
53. Swanson Assessment and treatment of ADD 1992 K.C. Press Irvine, CA
54. J.E. Talbert M.W. McLaughlin Assessing the school environment: Embedded contexts and bottom-up research strategies E. Sarah L. Friedman E. Theodore D. Wachs Measuring environment across the life span: Emerging methods and concepts 1999 American Psychological Association Washington, DC 197 227
55. F. Terrell S.L. Terrell An inventory to measure cultural mistrust among blacks Western Journal of Black Studies 5 1981 180 185
56. A. Thernstrom S. Thernstrom No excuses: Closing the racial gap in learning 2003 Simon & Schuster Paperbacks New York
57. B.L. Townsend The disproportionate discipline of African American learners: Suspensions and expulsions Exceptional Children 66 2000 381 391
58. T. Tyler Psychological perspectives on legitimacy and legitimation Annual Review of Psychology 57 2006 375 400
59. T.R. Tyler P. Degoey Collective restraint in social dilemmas: Procedural justice and social identification effects on support for authorities Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 69 1995 482 497
60. A. Valenzuela Subtractive schooling: U.S.-Mexican youth and the politics of caring 1999 State University of New York Press Albany
61. J.A. Vasquez Context of learning for minority students Educational Forum 56 1988 6 11
62. I.E. Watts N. Erevelles These deadly times: Reconceptualizaing school violence by using critical race theory and disability studies American Educational Research Journal 41 2004 271 299
63. R.S. Weinstein Reaching higher: The power of expectations in schooling 2002 Harvard University Press Cambridge
64. J.G. Wellborn Engaged and dissaffected action: The conceptualization and measurement of motivation in the academic domain 1991 University of Rochester Rochester, NY
65. K.R. Wentzel Are effective teachers like good parents? Teaching styles and student adjustment in early adolescence Child Development 73 2002 287 301
66. S. Wu W. Pink R.L. Crain O. Moles Student suspension: A critical reappraisal Urban Review 14 1982 245 272