Police Violence and Citizen Crime Reporting in the Black Community

American Sociological Review

Volumn 81, Issue 5, 2016, Pages 857-876

  Desmond, Matthew ^a   Papachristos, Andrew V ^b   Kirk, David S ^c  

^a HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b YALE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

crime; crime reporting; inner city; police; police violence; race

Indexed keywords

BLACK POPULATION; CRIME; INNER CITY AREA; POLICE FORCE; RACE; VIOLENCE;

MILWAUKEE; UNITED STATES; WISCONSIN;

EID: 84989227790     PISSN: 00031224     EISSN: 19398271     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0003122416663494     Document Type: Article

References (72)

1. Associated Press. 2009. “Police Crack Down after Train Shooting Protests, Businesses Smashed, Cars Set Blaze in Oakland after Transit Cop Killed Man.” January 8.
2. Barton Gina. 2006. “2 Plead Guilty in Federal Jude Case.” Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, November 4.
3. Board of Fire and Police Commissioners of the City of Milwaukee. 2008. In the Matter of the Appeal of Police Officer Zoe Jackson from MPD Personnel Order Number 2007-184, March 5.
4. Borowski Greg. 2007. “2nd Jude Trail Stands as a Rarity.” Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, July 28.
5. Buckley Cara, Rashbaum William. 2006. “A Day after a Fatal Shooting, Questions, Mourning, and Protest.” New York Times, November 27.
6. Chideya Farai. 2009. “Hundreds Protest in Oakland over BART Shooting.” National Public Radio, January 8.
7. CNN. 2007. “Police Fire 50 Rounds, Kill Groom on Day of Wedding.” November 26.
8. Diedrich John. 2005a. “Police Suspected in Man’s Beating.” Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, February 6.
9. Diedrich John. 2005b. “8 More Fired in Jude Case.” Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, May 24.
10. Diedrich John. 2007a. “Force Blurs the Line.” Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, February 18.
11. Diedrich John. 2007b. “3 Ex-Officers Guilty.” Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, July 27.
12. Diedrich John. 2012. “City Reaches Tentative Settlement in Jude Lawsuit.” Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, January 20.
13. Francisco Stacey, Frieden Terry, Rose Ellen. 2006. “N.Y. Mayor Meets with Dead Groom’s Family.” CNN, November 29.
14. McKinley Jesse. 2009. “Oakland Turns Violent Over Shooting.” New York Times, January 7.
15. McLaughlin Eliott, Martin Augie, Simon Dan, Simon Mallory. 2009. “Hundreds Demand Answers, Action in Subway Shooting.” CNN, January 8.
16. Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. 2007. “Timeline of Events in Frank Jude Beating Case.” July 27.
17. Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. 2012. “Timeline: Deaths in Milwaukee Police Custody, Proposed Reforms.” October 27.
18. Nunnally Derrick. 2005. “100 Protest Progress of Police Beating Case.” Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, February 11.
19. Stingl Jim. 2006. “Jude Case Plays out Like a Tragedy.” Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, April 16.
20. USA v. Bartlett, Spengler, and Masarik. 2009. Appeals from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Wisconsin. No. 06-CR-273, June 8.
21. Wilson Michael. 2006. “50 Shots Fired, and the Experts Offer a Theory.” New York Times, November 27.
22. Anderson Elijah. 1999. Code of the Street: Decency, Violence, and the Moral Life of the Inner City. New York City: Norton.
23. Andrews Kenneth, Biggs Michael. 2006. “The Dynamics of Protest Diffusion: Movement Organizations, Social Networks, and News Media in the 1960 Sit-Ins.” American Sociological Review 71(5):752–77.
24. Avakame Edem, Fyfe James, McCoy Candace. 1999. “‘Did You Call the Police? What Did They Do?’ An Empirical Assessment of Black’s Theory of Mobilization of Law.” Justice Quarterly 16(4):765–92.
25. Banton Michael. 1964. The Policeman in the Community. New York: Basic Books.
26. Baumer Eric. 2002. “Neighborhood Disadvantage and Police Notification by Victims of Violence.” Criminology 40(3):579–616.
27. Black Donald. 1970. “The Production of Crime Rates.” American Sociological Review 35(4):733–48.
28. Bobo Lawrence, Thompson Victor. 2006. “Unfair by Design: The War on Drugs, Race, and the Legitimacy of the Criminal Justice System.” Social Research 73(2):445–72.
29. Brown Ethan. 2007. Snitch: Informants, Cooperators, and the Corruption of Justice. New York: PublicAffairs.
30. Brunson Rod. 2007. “‘Police Don’t Like Black People’: African-American Young Men’s Accumulated Police Experiences.” Criminology and Public Policy 6(1):71–102
31. Brunson Rod, Miller Jody. 2006. “Young Black Men and Urban Policing in the United States.” British Journal of Criminology 46(4):613–40.
32. Carr Patrick, Napolitano Laura, Keating Jessica. 2007. “We Never Call the Cops and Here Is Why: A Qualitative Examination of Legal Cynicism in Three Philadelphia Neighborhoods.” Criminology 45(2):445–80.
33. Desmond Matthew, Gershenson Carl, Kiviat Barbara. 2015. “Forced Relocation and Residential Instability among Urban Renters.” Social Service Review 89(2):227–62.
34. Holmes Malcolm D., Smith Brad W., 2008. Race and Police Brutality: Roots of an Urban Dilemma. Albany: SUNY Press.
35. Jefferis Eric, Kaminski Robert, Holmes Stephen, Hanley Dena. 1997. “The Effect of a Videotaped Arrest on Public Perceptions of Police Use of Force.” Journal of Criminal Justice 25(5):381–95.
36. King Ryan D., Sutton Gretchen M., 2013. “High Times for Hate Crimes: Explaining the Temporal Clustering of Hate-Motivated Offending.” Criminology 51(4):871–94.
37. Kirk David, Matsuda Mauri. 2011. “Legal Cynicism, Collective Efficacy, and the Ecology of Arrest.” Criminology 49(2):443–72.
38. Kirk David, Papachristos Andrew. 2011. “Cultural Mechanisms and the Persistence of Neighborhood Violence.” American Journal of Sociology 116(4):1190–1233.
39. Kirk David, Papachristos Andrew, Fagan Jeffrey, Tyler Tom R., 2012. “The Paradox of Law Enforcement in Immigrant Communities: Does Tough Immigration Enforcement Undermine Public Safety?” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 641(1):79–98.
40. Kish-Gephart Jennifer, Harrison David, Treviño Linda Klebe. 2010. “Bad Apples, Bad Cases, and Bad Barrels: Meta-Analytic Evidence about Sources of Unethical Decisions at Work.” Journal of Applied Psychology 95(1):1–31.
41. Klinger David. 1997. “Negotiating Order in Patrol Work: An Ecological Theory of Police Response to Deviance.” Criminology 35(2):277–306.
42. Koopmans Ruud. 2004. “Movements and Media: Selection Processes and Evolutionary Dynamics in the Public Sphere.” Theory and Society 33(3):367–91.
43. Land Kenneth C., McCall Patricia L., Cohen Lawrence E., 1990. “Structural Covariates of Homicide Rates: Are There Any Invariances across Time and Social Space?” American Journal of Sociology 95(4):922–63.
44. Lasley James. 1994. “The Impact of the Rodney King Incident on Citizen Attitudes toward Police.” Policing and Society 3(4):245–55.
45. Legewie Joscha. 2013. “Terrorist Events and Attitudes toward Immigrants: A Natural Experiment.” American Journal of Sociology 118(5):1199–1245.
46. Legewie Joscha. Forthcoming. “Racial Profiling and Use of Force in Police Stops: How Local Events Trigger Periods of Increased Discrimination.” American Journal of Sociology.
47. Lersch Kim Michelle, Mieczkowski Tom. 2005. “Violent Police Behavior: Past, Present, and Future Research Directions.” Aggression and Violent Behavior 10(5):552–68.
48. Manning Peter. 1988. Symbolic Communication: Signifying Calls and the Police Response. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
49. Matulia Kenneth. 1982. A Balance of Forces: National Survey of Police Deadly Force. Gaithersburg, MD: International Association of Chiefs of Police.
50. Muller Christopher. 2012. “Northward Migration and the Rise of Racial Disparity in American Incarceration, 1880–1950.” American Journal of Sociology 118(2):281–326.
51. Natapoff Alexandra. 2009. Snitching: Criminal Informants and the Erosion of American Justice. New York: New York University Press.
52. Patterson Orlando. 1998. Rituals of Blood: Consequences of Slavery in Two American Centuries. New York: Basic Civitas Books.
53. Pew Research Center. 2012. “News about Trayvon Martin Case Still Top Story.” Washington, DC: Pew Research Center for People and the Press.
54. Pew Research Center. 2014. “Stark Racial Divisions in Reactions to Ferguson Police Shooting.” Washington, DC: Pew Research Center for People and the Press.
55. Reiss Albert, Jr. 1992. “Police Organization in the Twentieth Century.” Crime and Justice 15:51–97.
56. Rosenbaum Dennis, Schuck Amie, Costello Sandra, Hawkins Darnell, Ring Marianne. 2005. “Attitudes toward the Police: The Effects of Direct and Vicarious Experience.” Police Quarterly 8(3):343–65.
57. Rosenfeld Richard, Jacobs Bruce, Wright Richard. 2003. “Snitching and the Code of the Street.” British Journal of Criminology 43(2):291–309.
58. Ross Jeffrey Ian. 2000. Making News of Police Violence: A Comparative Study of Toronto and New York. Westport, CT: Praeger.
59. Sampson Robert. 2012. Great American City: Chicago and the Enduring Neighborhood Effect. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
60. Sampson Robert, Bartusch Dawn Jeglum. 1998. “Legal Cynicism and (Subcultural?) Tolerance of Deviance: The Neighborhood Context of Racial Differences.” Law and Society Review 32(4):777–804.
61. Sánchez Jankowski Martín. 1991. Islands in the Street: Gangs and American Urban Society. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
62. Scheufele Dietram. 1999. “Framing as a Theory of Media Effects.” Journal of Communication 49(1):103–122.
63. Shadish William, Cook Thomas, Campbell Donald. 2002. Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs for Generalized Causal Inference. Independence, KY: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.
64. Singer Judith, Willett John. 2003. Applied Longitudinal Data Analysis: Modeling Change and Event Occurrence. New York: Oxford University Press.
65. Skogan Wesley. 2006. “Asymmetry in the Impact of Encounters with the Police.” Policing and Society 16(2):99–126.
66. Terrill William, Reisig Michael. 2003. “Neighborhood Context and Police Use of Force.” Journal of Research on Crime and Delinquency 40(3):291–321.
67. Jeremy Travis, Western Bruce, Redburn Steve, eds. 2014. The Growth of Incarceration in the United States: Exploring Causes and Consequences. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
68. Tyler Tom R., Waslak Cheryl. 2004. “Profiling and Police Legitimacy: Procedural Justice, Attributions of Motive, and Acceptance of Police Authority.” Criminology 42(2):253–81.
69. Venkatesh Sudhir. 2000. American Project: The Rise and Fall of a Modern Ghetto. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
70. Weitzer Ronald. 2002. “Incidents of Police Misconduct and Public Opinion.” Journal of Criminal Justice 30(5):397–408.
71. Weitzer Ronald, Tuch Steven. 2005. “Racially Biased Policing: Determinants of Citizen Perceptions.” Social Forces 83(3):1009–30.
72. Worden Robert. 1996. “The Causes of Police Brutality: Theory and Evidence on Police Use of Force.” Pp. 23–51 in Police Violence: Understanding and Controlling Police Abuse of Force, edited by Geller W., Toch H., New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.