Testing for racial profiling in traffic stops from behind a veil of darkness

Journal of the American Statistical Association

Volumn 101, Issue 475, 2006, Pages 878-887

  Grogger, Jeffrey ^a   Ridgeway, Greg ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO   (United States)

^b RAND CORPORATION   (United States)

Author keywords

Benchmarking; Racial profiling

Indexed keywords

EID: 33646419991     PISSN: 01621459     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1198/016214506000000168     Document Type: Review

References (38)

1. Alpert, G. P., and Dunham, R. G. (1998). Policing Multi-Ethnic Neighborhoods, Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
2. Alpert, G. P., Smith, M. R., and Dunham, R. G. (2003), "Toward a Better Benchmark: Assessing the Utility of Not-at-Fault Traffic Crash Data in Racial Profiling Research," in Confronting Racial Profiling in the 21st Century: Implications for Racial Justice, Boston.
3. American Civil Liberties Union (2003), "Summary of Sacramento Data," press release, March 2003.
4. Burges, R., Evans, K., Gruber, C., and Lopez, C. (2004), "Second Quarterly Report of the Independent Monitor," available at http://www.oaklandpolice. corr/agree/2.qtr.pdf.
5. Canter, R (2004), "Baltimore County Police Department's Experience With Traffic Stop Data Collection Forms," PERF/COPS Conference.
6. Dominitz, J. (2003), "How Do the Laws of Probability Constrain Legislative and Judicial Efforts to Stop Racial Profiling?" American Law and Economics Review, 5, 412-432.
7. Dworkowitz, A. (2004), "Round up the Black Guys?" Hartford Advocate, available at www.hartfordadvocate.com/gbase/News/content.html?oid= oid:74187.
8. Fridell, L. A. (2004), By the Numbers: A Guide for Analyzing Race Data From Vehicle Stops, Washington, DC: Police Executive Research Forum.
9. Gallup, G. Sr. (1999). The Gallup Poll: Public Opinion 1999, Wilmington. DE: Scholarly Resources, Inc.
10. General Accounting Office (2000), Racial Profiling: Limited Data Available on Motorist Stops, Washington, DC: Author.
11. Greenwald, H. P. (2001), "Final Report: Police Vehicle Stops in Sacramento, California," Sacramento Police Department.
12. Hamermesh, D. S. (1996), Workdays, Workhours, and Work Schedules: Evidence for the United States and Germany, Kalamazoo, MI: W. E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research.
13. Harris, D. A. (1999), "The Stories, the Statistics, and the Law: Why 'Driving While Black' Matters," Minnesota Law Review, 84, 265-326.
14. Kadane, J. B., and Terrin, N. (1997), "Missing Data in the Forensic Context," Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Ser. A, 160, 351-357.
15. Klinger, D. A. (1997), "Negotiating Order in Patrol Work: An Ecological Theory of Police Response to Deviance," Criminology, 35, 277-306.
16. Knowles, J., Persico, N., and Todd, P. (2001), "Racial Bias in Motor Vehicle Searches: Theory and Evidence," Journal of Political Economy, 109, 203-229.
17. Lamberth, J. (1994), "Revised Statistical Analysis of the Incidence of Police Stops and Arrests of Black Drivers/Travelers on the New Jersey Turnpike Between Exits or Interchanges 1 and 3 From the Years 1988 Through 1991," report, Temple University, Dept. of Psychology.
18. _ (2003), "Racial Profiling Data Analysis Study: Final Report for the San Antonio Police Department," available at http://www.sanantonio.gov/ sapd/pdf/LamberthSanAntonioRpt_2003.pdf.
19. Lange, J. E., Blackman, K. O., and Johnson, M. B. (2001), "Speed Violation Survey of the New Jersey Turnpike: Final Report," report to New Jersey Attorney General's Office, Public Services Research Institute.
20. Los Angeles Police Department (2000), "Settlement Agreement in United States vs. City of Los Angeles, Board of Police Commissioners, and the Los Angeles Police Department," available at http://www.lapdonline.org/ pdf_files/boi/final_consent_decree.pdf.
21. MacDonald, H. (2001), "The Myth of Racial Profiling," City Journal, available at http://www.city-journal.Org/html/11_2_the_myth_.html.
22. McConnell, E. H., and Scheidegger, A. R. (2001), "Race and Speeding Citations: Comparing Speeding Citations Issued by Air Traffic Officers With Those Issued by Ground Traffic Officers," paper presented at the annual meeting of the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences, Washington, DC, April 4-8.
23. McMahon, J., Gamer, J., Davis, R., and Kraus, A. (2002), How to Correctly Collect and Analyze Racial Profiling Data: Your Reputation Depends on It!, Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
24. Montgomery County Department of Police (2002), "Traffic Stop Data Collection Analysis," 3rd report.
25. Northeastern University Data Collection Resource Center (2005), available at http:www.racialprofilinganalysis.neu.edu/background/jurisdictions. php.
26. Oakland Police Department (2004), Promoting Cooperative Strategies to Reduce Racial Profiling: A Technical Guide, Oakland, CA: Author.
27. Peace Officer Standards & Training Program (2002), Racial Profiling: Issues and Impact, Preparation Guide, Sacramento, CA: Author.
28. Pritchard, J. (2001), "Racial Profiling a Conundrum for Police," Los Angeles Times, January 21, A22.
29. Ramirez, D., McDevitt, J., and Farrell, A. (2000), A Resource Guide on Racial Profiling Data Collection Systems: Promising Practices and Lessons Learned, Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
30. Ridgeway, G. (2006), "Assessing the Effect of Race Bias in Post-Traffic Stop Outcomes Using Propensity Scores," Journal of Quantitative Criminology, to appear.
31. San Jose Police Department (2002), Vehicle Stop Demographic Study, San Jose, CA: Author.
32. Schwab, J. (2004), "New Police Chief Talks Policy With Minority Officers' Group," Boston Bay-State Banner On-Line, available at www.baystatebanner. com/archives/stories/2004/March%201104-2.htm.
33. Smith, M. R., and Alpert, G. P. (2002), "Searching for Direction: Courts, Social Science, and the Adjudication of Racial Profiling Claims," Justice Quarterly, 19, 673-703.
34. Steward, D. (2004), Racial Profiling: Texas Traffic Stops and Searches, Austin, TX: Steward Research Group.
35. U.S. Department of Transportation (2000), "U.S. Secretary of Transportation Slater Calls for Zero Tolerance for Racial Profiling," news release, available at http://www.dot.gov/affairs/2000/7500.htm.
36. Weiss, A., and Grumet-Morris, A. (2005), Illinois Traffic Stop Statistics Act Report for the Year 2004, Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Center for Public Safety, available at http://www.dot.state.il.us/trafficstop/ 2004summary.pdf.
37. Williams, H. (2000), "Statement on National Police Practices and Civil Rights to U.S. Commission on Civil Rights," available at http://www. policefoundation.org/docs/061600.html.
38. Zingraff, M. T., Mason, M., Smith, W., Tomaskovic-Devey, D., Warrent, P., McMurray, H. L., and Fenlon, R. C. (2000), "Evaluating North Carolina State Highway Patrol Data: Citation, Warnings, and Searches in 1998," report submitted to North Carolina Department of Crime Control and Public Safety and North Carolina State Highway Patrol.