-
2
-
-
34748850224
-
-
Los Angeles: Analysis Group. Retrieved February 22, 2007
-
Alpert, G.P., Becker, E., Gustafson, M.A., Meister, A.P., Smith, M.R., & Strombom, B.A. (2006, July). Pedestrian and motor vehicle post-stop data analysis report. Los Angeles: Analysis Group. Retrieved February 22, 2007, from http://www.analysisgroup.com/AnalysisGroup/uploadedFiles/Publishing/Articles/ LAPD_Data_Analysis_Report_07-5-06.pdf
-
(2006)
Pedestrian and Motor Vehicle Post-stop Data Analysis Report
-
-
Alpert, G.P.1
Becker, E.2
Gustafson, M.A.3
Meister, A.P.4
Smith, M.R.5
Strombom, B.A.6
-
3
-
-
34748877868
-
Towards a better benchmark: Assessing the utility of not-at-fault traffic crash data in racial profiling research
-
Alpert, G.P., Smith, M.R., & Dunham, R. (2004). Towards a better benchmark: Assessing the utility of not-at-fault traffic crash data in racial profiling research. Justice Research and Policy, 6, 44-69.
-
(2004)
Justice Research and Policy
, vol.6
, pp. 44-69
-
-
Alpert, G.P.1
Smith, M.R.2
Dunham, R.3
-
6
-
-
0003859265
-
-
6th ed.). New York: Freeman.
-
Aronson, E. (1992). The social animal (6 th ed.). New York: Freeman.
-
(1992)
The Social Animal
-
-
Aronson, E.1
-
7
-
-
34748924389
-
Police suicide: A glimpse behind the badge
-
R. G. Dunham & G. P. Alpert (Eds.), 4th ed., pp. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland.
-
Arrigo, B., & Garsky, K. (2001). Police suicide: A glimpse behind the badge. In R. G. Dunham & G. P. Alpert (Eds.), Critical issues in policing (4 th ed., pp. 664-680). Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland.
-
(2001)
Critical Issues in Policing
, pp. 664-680
-
-
Arrigo, B.1
Garsky, K.2
-
10
-
-
0026703615
-
In search of a discourse on aging: The elderly on television
-
Bell, J. (1992). In search of a discourse on aging: The elderly on television. The Gerontologist, 32, 305-311.
-
(1992)
The Gerontologist
, vol.32
, pp. 305-311
-
-
Bell, J.1
-
11
-
-
33646505879
-
Police violence
-
F. A. Elliston & M. Feldberg (Eds.), Totowa, NJ : Rowman and Allanheld.
-
Betz, J. (1988). Police violence. In F. A. Elliston & M. Feldberg (Eds.), Moral issues in police work (pp. 177-196). Totowa, NJ: Rowman and Allanheld.
-
(1988)
Moral Issues in Police Work
, pp. 177-196
-
-
Betz, J.1
-
13
-
-
0036085865
-
The malleability of automatic stereotypes and prejudice
-
Blair, I.V. (2002). The malleability of automatic stereotypes and prejudice. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 6, 242-261.
-
(2002)
Personality and Social Psychology Review
, vol.6
, pp. 242-261
-
-
Blair, I.V.1
-
14
-
-
0018744808
-
Community, environment, and violent crime
-
Block, R. (1979). Community, environment, and violent crime. Criminology, 17, 46-57.
-
(1979)
Criminology
, vol.17
, pp. 46-57
-
-
Block, R.1
-
15
-
-
49249153136
-
Scripts in text comprehension and memory
-
Bower, G., Black, J., & Turner, T. (1979). Scripts in text comprehension and memory. Cognitive Psychology, 11, 177-220.
-
(1979)
Cognitive Psychology
, vol.11
, pp. 177-220
-
-
Bower, G.1
Black, J.2
Turner, T.3
-
17
-
-
26444459341
-
In-group bias in the minimal intergroup situation: A cognitive- motivational analysis
-
Brewer, M.B. (1979). In-group bias in the minimal intergroup situation: A cognitive-motivational analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 86, 307-324.
-
(1979)
Psychological Bulletin
, vol.86
, pp. 307-324
-
-
Brewer, M.B.1
-
18
-
-
85055759711
-
Racial stereotypes, attitudes, and evaluations of and behavioral intentions toward Negroes and Whites
-
Brigham, J.C. (1971). Racial stereotypes, attitudes, and evaluations of and behavioral intentions toward Negroes and Whites. Sociometry, 34, 360-380.
-
(1971)
Sociometry
, vol.34
, pp. 360-380
-
-
Brigham, J.C.1
-
22
-
-
44949275338
-
The production of occupational stress in medium-sized police agencies: A survey of line officers in municipal departments
-
Crank, J.P., & Caldero, M. (1991). The production of occupational stress in medium-sized police agencies: A survey of line officers in municipal departments. Journal of Criminal Justice, 19, 339-349.
-
(1991)
Journal of Criminal Justice
, vol.19
, pp. 339-349
-
-
Crank, J.P.1
Caldero, M.2
-
25
-
-
34748880803
-
-
Delaware v. Prouse, 440 U.S. 648 (1979)
-
Delaware v. Prouse, 440 U.S. 648 (1979).
-
-
-
-
27
-
-
0002637167
-
Stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination: Another look
-
C. N. Macrae, C. Stangor, & M. Hewstone (Eds.), New York: Guilford.
-
Dovidio, J.F., Brigham, J.C., Johnson, B.T., & Gaertner, S.L. (1996). Stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination: Another look. In C. N. Macrae, C. Stangor, & M. Hewstone (Eds.), Stereotypes and stereotyping (pp. 276-319). New York: Guilford.
-
(1996)
Stereotypes and Stereotyping
, pp. 276-319
-
-
Dovidio, J.F.1
Brigham, J.C.2
Johnson, B.T.3
Gaertner, S.L.4
-
28
-
-
18344377057
-
Examining the influence of driver's characteristics during traffic stops with police: Results from a national survey
-
Engel, R., & Calnon, J. (2004). Examining the influence of driver's characteristics during traffic stops with police: Results from a national survey. Justice Quarterly, 21, 702-742.
-
(2004)
Justice Quarterly
, vol.21
, pp. 702-742
-
-
Engel, R.1
Calnon, J.2
-
29
-
-
0141633134
-
Theory and racial profiling: Shortcomings and future directions in research
-
Engel, R.S., Calnon, J.M., & Bernard, T.J. (2002). Theory and racial profiling: Shortcomings and future directions in research. Justice Quarterly, 19, 249-273.
-
(2002)
Justice Quarterly
, vol.19
, pp. 249-273
-
-
Engel, R.S.1
Calnon, J.M.2
Bernard, T.J.3
-
30
-
-
0010293707
-
Street stops and broken windows: Terry, race and disorder in New York City
-
Fagan, J., & Davies, G. (2000). Street stops and broken windows: Terry, race and disorder in New York City. Fordham Urban Law Journal, 28, 457-504.
-
(2000)
Fordham Urban Law Journal
, vol.28
, pp. 457-504
-
-
Fagan, J.1
Davies, G.2
-
31
-
-
17844364047
-
-
Boston: Northeastern University Institute on Race and Justice. Retrieved February 22
-
Farrell, A., McDevitt, J., Bailey, L., Andresen, C., & Pierce, E. (2004). Massachusetts Racial and Gender Profiling Study. Boston: Northeastern University Institute on Race and Justice. Retrieved February 22, 2007, from http://www.boston.com/globe/metro/packages/tickets/profiling_finalreport.pdf
-
(2004)
Massachusetts Racial and Gender Profiling Study
-
-
Farrell, A.1
McDevitt, J.2
Bailey, L.3
Andresen, C.4
Pierce, E.5
-
32
-
-
20444450418
-
-
Boston: Northeastern University Institute on Race and Justice. Retrieved February 22
-
Farrell, A., McDevitt, J., Cronin, S., & Pierce, E. (2003). Rhode Island Traffic Stop Statistics Act final report. Boston: Northeastern University Institute on Race and Justice. Retrieved February 22, 2007, from http://www.racialprofilinganalysis.neu.edu/IRJ_docs/RIFinalReport.pdf
-
(2003)
Rhode Island Traffic Stop Statistics Act Final Report
-
-
Farrell, A.1
McDevitt, J.2
Cronin, S.3
Pierce, E.4
-
33
-
-
38849105915
-
Attitude accessibility, attitude-behavior consistency, and the strength of object-evaluation association
-
Fazio, R.H., Chen, J., McDonel, E.C., & Sherman, S.J. (1982). Attitude accessibility, attitude-behavior consistency, and the strength of object-evaluation association. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 18, 339-357.
-
(1982)
Journal of Experimental Social Psychology
, vol.18
, pp. 339-357
-
-
Fazio, R.H.1
Chen, J.2
McDonel, E.C.3
Sherman, S.J.4
-
34
-
-
0002499720
-
Direct experience and attitude-behavior consistency: An information processing analysis
-
Fazio, R.H., Zanna, M.P., & Cooper, J. (1978). Direct experience and attitude-behavior consistency: An information processing analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 40, 48-51.
-
(1978)
Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
, vol.40
, pp. 48-51
-
-
Fazio, R.H.1
Zanna, M.P.2
Cooper, J.3
-
35
-
-
0003441940
-
-
Washington, DC: Author.
-
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). (2003). Crime in the United States. Washington, DC: Author.
-
(2003)
Crime in the United States
-
-
-
37
-
-
0010848103
-
An examination of the process and function of social stereotyping
-
Fishman, J.A. (1956). An examination of the process and function of social stereotyping. Journal of Social Psychology, 43, 27-64.
-
(1956)
Journal of Social Psychology
, vol.43
, pp. 27-64
-
-
Fishman, J.A.1
-
38
-
-
0004157175
-
-
Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
-
Fogelson, R.M. (1977). Big city police. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
-
(1977)
Big City Police
-
-
Fogelson, R.M.1
-
39
-
-
0242619956
-
-
Washington, DC: Police Executive Research Forum. Retrieved February 22
-
Fridell, L., Lunney, R., Diamond, D., & Kubu, B. (2001). Racially biased policing: A principled response. Washington, DC: Police Executive Research Forum. Retrieved February 22, 2007, from http://www.policeforum.org/ upload/RaciallyBiasedPolicingfull%5B1%5D_715866088_12302005114449.pdf
-
(2001)
Racially Biased Policing: A Principled Response
-
-
Fridell, L.1
Lunney, R.2
Diamond, D.3
Kubu, B.4
-
40
-
-
29544436363
-
The aversive form of racism
-
C. Stangor (Ed.), Philadelphia: Taylor & Francis.
-
Gaertner, S.L., & Dovidio, J.F. (2000). The aversive form of racism. In C. Stangor (Ed.), Stereotypes and prejudice: Essential readings (pp. 289-304). Philadelphia: Taylor & Francis.
-
(2000)
Stereotypes and Prejudice: Essential Readings
, pp. 289-304
-
-
Gaertner, S.L.1
Dovidio, J.F.2
-
43
-
-
13744262062
-
Priming unconscious racial stereotypes about adolescent offenders
-
Graham, S., & Lowery, B.S. (2004). Priming unconscious racial stereotypes about adolescent offenders. Law and Human Behavior, 28, 483-504.
-
(2004)
Law and Human Behavior
, vol.28
, pp. 483-504
-
-
Graham, S.1
Lowery, B.S.2
-
44
-
-
84925930611
-
The integration of implicit personality theory schemas and stereotype images
-
Grant, P.R., & Holmes, J.G. (1981). The integration of implicit personality theory schemas and stereotype images. Social Psychology Quarterly, 44, 107-115.
-
(1981)
Social Psychology Quarterly
, vol.44
, pp. 107-115
-
-
Grant, P.R.1
Holmes, J.G.2
-
45
-
-
0029202423
-
-
Greenwald, A.G., & Banaji, M.R. (1995). Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes. Psychological Review, 102, 4-27.
-
(1995)
Implicit Social Cognition: Attitudes, Self-esteem, and Stereotypes
-
-
Greenwald, A.G.1
Banaji, M.R.2
-
46
-
-
3042513228
-
Road work: Racial profiling and drug interdiction on the highway
-
Gross, S.R., & Barnes, K.Y. (2002). Road work: Racial profiling and drug interdiction on the highway. Michigan Law Review, 101, 651-754.
-
(2002)
Michigan Law Review
, vol.101
, pp. 651-754
-
-
Gross, S.R.1
Barnes, K.Y.2
-
48
-
-
0002192170
-
The formation of stereotypic beliefs: Further evidence for distinctiveness-based illusory correlations
-
Hamilton, D.L., Dugan, P.M., & Trolier, T.K. (1985). The formation of stereotypic beliefs: Further evidence for distinctiveness-based illusory correlations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 5-17.
-
(1985)
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
, vol.48
, pp. 5-17
-
-
Hamilton, D.L.1
Dugan, P.M.2
Trolier, T.K.3
-
49
-
-
0001263491
-
Illusory correlation in interpersonal perception: A cognitive basis of stereotypic judgments
-
Hamilton, D.L., & Gifford, R.K. (1976). Illusory correlation in interpersonal perception: A cognitive basis of stereotypic judgments. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 12, 392-407.
-
(1976)
Journal of Experimental Social Psychology
, vol.12
, pp. 392-407
-
-
Hamilton, D.L.1
Gifford, R.K.2
-
50
-
-
0346932394
-
The stories, the statistics, and the law: Why "driving while Black" matters
-
Harris, D.A. (1999). The stories, the statistics, and the law: Why "driving while Black" matters. Minnesota Law Review, 84, 265-326.
-
(1999)
Minnesota Law Review
, vol.84
, pp. 265-326
-
-
Harris, D.A.1
-
52
-
-
3242685296
-
Gender and police stress: The convergent and divergent impact of work environment, work-family conflict, and stress coping mechanisms of female and male police officers
-
He, N., Zhao, J., & Archbold, C. (2002). Gender and police stress: The convergent and divergent impact of work environment, work-family conflict, and stress coping mechanisms of female and male police officers. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, 25, 687-708.
-
(2002)
Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management
, vol.25
, pp. 687-708
-
-
He, N.1
Zhao, J.2
Archbold, C.3
-
54
-
-
0029242856
-
Do children have a theory of race?
-
Hirschfeld, L.A. (1995). Do children have a theory of race? Cognition, 54, 209-252.
-
(1995)
Cognition
, vol.54
, pp. 209-252
-
-
Hirschfeld, L.A.1
-
56
-
-
46149132282
-
Access to attitude-relevant information in memory as a determinant of attitude-behavior consistency
-
Kallgren, C.A., & Wood, W. (1986). Access to attitude-relevant information in memory as a determinant of attitude-behavior consistency. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 22, 328-338.
-
(1986)
Journal of Experimental Social Psychology
, vol.22
, pp. 328-338
-
-
Kallgren, C.A.1
Wood, W.2
-
57
-
-
0346956980
-
The emergence of ethnic and racial attitudes in preschool-aged children
-
Kowalski, K. (2003). The emergence of ethnic and racial attitudes in preschool-aged children. Journal of Social Psychology, 143, 677-690.
-
(2003)
Journal of Social Psychology
, vol.143
, pp. 677-690
-
-
Kowalski, K.1
-
58
-
-
33646516761
-
Crime control as warfare: Language matters
-
P. Kraska (Ed.), Boston: Northeastern University Press.
-
Kraska, P.B. (2001). Crime control as warfare: Language matters. In P. Kraska (Ed.), Militarizing the American criminal justice system (pp. 14-28). Boston: Northeastern University Press.
-
(2001)
Militarizing the American Criminal Justice System
, pp. 14-28
-
-
Kraska, P.B.1
-
59
-
-
0039768880
-
Militarizing American police: The rise and normalization of paramilitary units
-
Kraska, P.B., & Kappeler, V.E. (1997). Militarizing American police: The rise and normalization of paramilitary units. Social Problems, 44, 101-117.
-
(1997)
Social Problems
, vol.44
, pp. 101-117
-
-
Kraska, P.B.1
Kappeler, V.E.2
-
61
-
-
27844561768
-
Testing the racial profiling hypothesis for seemingly disparate traffic stops on the New Jersey turnpike
-
Lange, J., Johnson, M., & Voss, R. (2005). Testing the racial profiling hypothesis for seemingly disparate traffic stops on the New Jersey turnpike. Justice Quarterly, 22, 193-223.
-
(2005)
Justice Quarterly
, vol.22
, pp. 193-223
-
-
Lange, J.1
Johnson, M.2
Voss, R.3
-
63
-
-
0141958128
-
A meta-analysis of police suicide rates: Findings and issues
-
Loo, R. (2003). A meta-analysis of police suicide rates: Findings and issues. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 33, 313-325.
-
(2003)
Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior
, vol.33
, pp. 313-325
-
-
Loo, R.1
-
64
-
-
31444452919
-
-
Pullman: Washington State University. Retrieved February 22
-
Lovrich, N., Gaffney, M., Mosher, C., Pickerill, M., & Smith, M.R. (2003). WSP traffic stop data analysis project. Pullman: Washington State University. Retrieved February 22, 2007, from http://www.wsp.wa.gov/reports/ wsptraff.pdf
-
(2003)
WSP Traffic Stop Data Analysis Project
-
-
Lovrich, N.1
Gaffney, M.2
Mosher, C.3
Pickerill, M.4
Smith, M.R.5
-
65
-
-
0018732087
-
Organizational norms and police discretion
-
Lundman, R.J. (1979). Organizational norms and police discretion. Criminology, 17, 159-171.
-
(1979)
Criminology
, vol.17
, pp. 159-171
-
-
Lundman, R.J.1
-
66
-
-
0000445295
-
Social psychological foundations of stereotype formation
-
C. N. Macrae, C. Stangor, & M. Hewstone (Eds.), New York: Guilford.
-
Mackie, D.M., Hamilton, D.L., Susskind, J., & Rosselli, F. (1996). Social psychological foundations of stereotype formation. In C. N. Macrae, C. Stangor, & M. Hewstone (Eds.), Stereotypes and stereotyping (pp. 41-78). New York: Guilford.
-
(1996)
Stereotypes and Stereotyping
, pp. 41-78
-
-
MacKie, D.M.1
Hamilton, D.L.2
Susskind, J.3
Rosselli, F.4
-
68
-
-
0028504932
-
Illusory correlation in the perception of groups: An extension of the distinctiveness-based account
-
McConnell, A.R., Sherman, S.J., & Hamilton, D.L. (1994). Illusory correlation in the perception of groups: An extension of the distinctiveness-based account. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 414-429.
-
(1994)
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
, vol.67
, pp. 414-429
-
-
McConnell, A.R.1
Sherman, S.J.2
Hamilton, D.L.3
-
70
-
-
85004795384
-
Distinctiveness-based illusory correlations and stereotyping: A meta-analytic integration
-
Mullen, B., & Johnson, C. (1990). Distinctiveness-based illusory correlations and stereotyping: A meta-analytic integration. British Journal of Social Psychology, 29, 11-28.
-
(1990)
British Journal of Social Psychology
, vol.29
, pp. 11-28
-
-
Mullen, B.1
Johnson, C.2
-
74
-
-
84993767990
-
Disparity and racial profiling in traffic enforcement
-
Novak, K.J. (2004). Disparity and racial profiling in traffic enforcement. Police Quarterly, 7, 65-96.
-
(2004)
Police Quarterly
, vol.7
, pp. 65-96
-
-
Novak, K.J.1
-
75
-
-
0346991529
-
Relations between implicit measures of prejudice: What are we measuring?
-
Olson, M., & Fazio, R. (2003). Relations between implicit measures of prejudice: What are we measuring? Psychological Science, 14, 636-639.
-
(2003)
Psychological Science
, vol.14
, pp. 636-639
-
-
Olson, M.1
Fazio, R.2
-
76
-
-
84925906441
-
Determinants of students' interracial behavior and opinion change
-
Patchen, M., Davidson, J.D., Hofmann, G., & Brown, W.R. (1977). Determinants of students' interracial behavior and opinion change. Sociology of Education, 50, 5-75.
-
(1977)
Sociology of Education
, vol.50
, pp. 5-75
-
-
Patchen, M.1
Davidson, J.D.2
Hofmann, G.3
Brown, W.R.4
-
77
-
-
0037213543
-
Conflict theory and racial profiling: An empirical analysis of police traffic stop data
-
Petrocelli, M., Piquero, A., & Smith, M.R. (2003). Conflict theory and racial profiling: An empirical analysis of police traffic stop data. Journal of Criminal Justice, 31, 1-11.
-
(2003)
Journal of Criminal Justice
, vol.31
, pp. 1-11
-
-
Petrocelli, M.1
Piquero, A.2
Smith, M.R.3
-
78
-
-
0001946617
-
Personality and sociocultural factors in intergroup attitudes: A cross-national comparison
-
Pettigrew, T.F. (1958). Personality and sociocultural factors in intergroup attitudes: A cross-national comparison. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 2, 29-42.
-
(1958)
Journal of Conflict Resolution
, vol.2
, pp. 29-42
-
-
Pettigrew, T.F.1
-
79
-
-
0023284546
-
Constructing causal scenarios: A knowledge structure approach to causal reasoning
-
Read, S. (1987). Constructing causal scenarios: A knowledge structure approach to causal reasoning. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 288-302.
-
(1987)
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
, vol.52
, pp. 288-302
-
-
Read, S.1
-
81
-
-
0001042798
-
Ecological correlations and the behavior of individuals
-
Robinson, W.S. (1950). Ecological correlations and the behavior of individuals. American Sociological Review, 15, 351-357.
-
(1950)
American Sociological Review
, vol.15
, pp. 351-357
-
-
Robinson, W.S.1
-
82
-
-
34748908016
-
-
New York: Farrar, Straus, & Giroux.
-
Rubinstein, J. (1973). Big city police. New York: Farrar, Straus, & Giroux.
-
(1973)
Big City Police
-
-
Rubinstein, J.1
-
83
-
-
0347134871
-
Driving while Black": Corollary phenomena and collateral consequences
-
Russell, K.K. (1999). " Driving while Black": Corollary phenomena and collateral consequences. Boston College Law Review, 40, 717-731.
-
(1999)
Boston College Law Review
, vol.40
, pp. 717-731
-
-
Russell, K.K.1
-
84
-
-
85040841712
-
Racial and behavioral cues in Black and White children's perceptions of ambiguously aggressive acts
-
Sagar, H.A., & Schofield, H.W. (1980). Racial and behavioral cues in Black and White children's perceptions of ambiguously aggressive acts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 590-598.
-
(1980)
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
, vol.39
, pp. 590-598
-
-
Sagar, H.A.1
Schofield, H.W.2
-
85
-
-
0024489046
-
Social cognition
-
Sherman, S., Judd, C.M., & Park, B. (1989). Social cognition. Annual Review of Psychology, 40, 281-326.
-
(1989)
Annual Review of Psychology
, vol.40
, pp. 281-326
-
-
Sherman, S.1
Judd, C.M.2
Park, B.3
-
87
-
-
84935873072
-
Equity and discretionary justice: The influence of race on police arrest decisions
-
Smith, D., Visher, C., & Davidson, L. (1984). Equity and discretionary justice: The influence of race on police arrest decisions. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 75, 234-249.
-
(1984)
Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology
, vol.75
, pp. 234-249
-
-
Smith, D.1
Visher, C.2
Davidson, L.3
-
88
-
-
34748905517
-
De-politicizing racial profiling: Suggestions for the limited use and management of race in police decision-making. George Mason Civil Rights
-
Smith, M.R. (2005). De-politicizing racial profiling: Suggestions for the limited use and management of race in police decision-making. George Mason Civil Rights Law Journal, 15, 219-260.
-
(2005)
Law Journal
, vol.15
, pp. 219-260
-
-
Smith, M.R.1
-
89
-
-
33646496010
-
Differential suspicion: Theory specification and gender effects in the traffic stop context
-
Smith, M.R., Makarios, M., & Alpert, G.P. (2006). Differential suspicion: Theory specification and gender effects in the traffic stop context. Justice Quarterly, 23, 271-295.
-
(2006)
Justice Quarterly
, vol.23
, pp. 271-295
-
-
Smith, M.R.1
Makarios, M.2
Alpert, G.P.3
-
90
-
-
84993730669
-
Racial profiling? A multivariate analysis of police traffic stop data
-
Smith, M.R., & Petrocelli, M. (2001). Racial profiling? A multivariate analysis of police traffic stop data. Police Quarterly, 4, 4-27.
-
(2001)
Police Quarterly
, vol.4
, pp. 4-27
-
-
Smith, M.R.1
Petrocelli, M.2
-
91
-
-
12144254552
-
-
Raleigh: North Carolina State University. Retrieved February 22
-
Smith, W.R., Tomascovic-Devey, D., Zingraff, M.T., Mason, H.M., Warren, P.Y., & Wright, C.P. (2003). The North Carolina Highway Traffic Study. Raleigh: North Carolina State University. Retrieved February 22, 2007, from http://www.chass.ncsu.edu/justice/reports/hwy_traffic_study_03.htm
-
(2003)
The North Carolina Highway Traffic Study
-
-
Smith, W.R.1
Tomascovic-Devey, D.2
Zingraff, M.T.3
Mason, H.M.4
Warren, P.Y.5
Wright, C.P.6
-
92
-
-
0002000321
-
Stereotypes as individual and collective representation
-
C. N. Macrae, C. Stangor, & M. Hewstone (Eds.), New York: Guilford.
-
Stangor, C., & Schaller, M. (1996). Stereotypes as individual and collective representation. In C. N. Macrae, C. Stangor, & M. Hewstone (Eds.), Stereotypes and stereotyping (pp. 3-37). New York: Guilford.
-
(1996)
Stereotypes and Stereotyping
, pp. 3-37
-
-
Stangor, C.1
Schaller, M.2
-
93
-
-
34748850860
-
-
State v. Soto, 734 A.2d. 350 (N.J. Super. Ct. Law Div. 1996)
-
State v. Soto, 734 A.2d. 350 (N.J. Super. Ct. Law Div. 1996).
-
-
-
-
95
-
-
0038382615
-
An integrative theory of intergroup conflict
-
W. G. Austin & S. Worchel (Eds.), Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.
-
Tajfel, H., & Turner, J.C. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In W. G. Austin & S. Worchel (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 33-47). Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.
-
(1979)
The Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations
, pp. 33-47
-
-
Tajfel, H.1
Turner, J.C.2
-
96
-
-
0023716587
-
Neighborhood changes in ecology and violence
-
Taylor, R., & Covington, J. (1988). Neighborhood changes in ecology and violence. Criminology, 26, 553-590.
-
(1988)
Criminology
, vol.26
, pp. 553-590
-
-
Taylor, R.1
Covington, J.2
-
98
-
-
34247529903
-
Availability: A heuristic for judging frequency and probability
-
Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1973). Availability: A heuristic for judging frequency and probability. Cognitive Psychology, 5, 207-232.
-
(1973)
Cognitive Psychology
, vol.5
, pp. 207-232
-
-
Tversky, A.1
Kahneman, D.2
-
101
-
-
34748924599
-
-
United States v. Armstrong, 517 U.S. 456 (1996)
-
United States v. Armstrong, 517 U.S. 456 (1996).
-
-
-
-
102
-
-
33646517206
-
The asshole
-
S. G. Brandl & D. E. Barlow (Eds.), Cincinnati, OH: Anderson.
-
Van Maanen, J. (1996). The asshole. In S. G. Brandl & D. E. Barlow (Eds.), Classics in policing (pp. 161-180). Cincinnati, OH: Anderson.
-
(1996)
Classics in Policing
, pp. 161-180
-
-
Van Maanen, J.1
-
104
-
-
0040062923
-
-
3rd ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson- Wadsworth.
-
Walker, S., Spohn, C., & DeLone, M. (2004). The color of justice (3 rd ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson - Wadsworth.
-
(2004)
The Color of Justice
-
-
Walker, S.1
Spohn, C.2
Delone, M.3
-
105
-
-
0036563041
-
Perception of racial profiling: Race, class, and personal experience
-
Weitzer, R., & Tuch, S.A. (2002). Perception of racial profiling: Race, class, and personal experience. Criminology, 40, 435-456.
-
(2002)
Criminology
, vol.40
, pp. 435-456
-
-
Weitzer, R.1
Tuch, S.A.2
-
108
-
-
1142277370
-
Prejudice in police profiling: Assessing an overlooked aspect in prior research
-
Wilson, G., Dunham, R., & Alpert, G.P. (2004). Prejudice in police profiling: Assessing an overlooked aspect in prior research. American Behavioral Scientist, 47, 896-909.
-
(2004)
American Behavioral Scientist
, vol.47
, pp. 896-909
-
-
Wilson, G.1
Dunham, R.2
Alpert, G.P.3
-
109
-
-
84936824168
-
Situational and attitudinal explanations of police behavior: A theoretical reappraisal and empirical assessment
-
Worden, R.E. (1989). Situational and attitudinal explanations of police behavior: A theoretical reappraisal and empirical assessment. Law & Society Review, 23, 667-711.
-
(1989)
Law & Society Review
, vol.23
, pp. 667-711
-
-
Worden, R.E.1
|