The Lisbon ranking for smart sustainable cities in Europe

Sustainable Cities and Society

Volumn 44, Issue , 2019, Pages 475-487

  Akande, Adeoluwa ^a   Cabral, Pedro ^a   Gomes, Paulo ^a   Casteleyn, Sven ^b  

^a NOVA INFORMATION MANAGEMENT SCHOOL NOVA IMS   (Portugal)

^b UNIVERSITAT JAUME I   (Spain)

Author keywords

European cities; Hierarchical clustering; Principal component analysis; Smart cities; Sustainable cities

Indexed keywords

SMART CITY;

CITY SIZES; EUROPEAN CITIES; HIER-ARCHICAL CLUSTERING; NORDIC CAPITALS; POLICY MAKERS; POSITIVE CORRELATIONS; RANK SCORES; SUSTAINABLE CITIES;

PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS;

EID: 85055888021     PISSN: 22106707     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.scs.2018.10.009     Document Type: Article

References (120)

1. Abdi, H., Williams, L.J., Principal component analysis. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Computational Statistics 2:4 (2010), 433–459, 10.1002/wics.101.
2. Aesaert, K., Voogt, J., Kuiper, E., van Braak, J., Accuracy and bias of ICT self-efficacy: An empirical study into students’ over- and underestimation of their ICT competences. Computers in Human Behavior 75:Supplement C (2017), 92–102, 10.1016/j.chb.2017.05.010.
3. Ahvenniemi, H., Huovila, A., Pinto-Seppa, I., Airaksinen, M., What are the differences between sustainable and smart cities?. Cities 60 (2017), 234–245, 10.1016/j.cities.2016.09.009.
4. Aksoy, E., Gregor, M., Fons, J., Garzillo, C., Cugny-Seguin, M., Löhnertz, M., et al. City typologies of Europe: A tool to support urban sustainability studies and practices. WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment 204:Sc (2016), 199–210, 10.2495/SC160171.
5. Angeloni, S., Data on some socio-economic parameters explaining the movement of extra-EU asylum seekers in Europe. Data in Brief 9 (2016), 966–969, 10.1016/j.dib.2016.11.017.
6. Annaert, J.-L., ECFIN country focus A bright spot in the heart of Europe: What can we learn from the Luxembourg success story?. Focus 1:8 (2004), 1–9.
7. Annez, P.C., Buckley, R.M., Urbanization and growth: Setting the context. 2008, 10.1596/978-0-8213-7573-0.
8. Bannerjee, S., Bone, J., Finger, Y., European Digital City Index – Methodology Report., 2016 https://doi.org/978-1-84875-153-8.
9. Bartlett, M.S., Properties of sufficiency and statistical tests. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences 160:901 (1937), 268–282 http://www.jstor.org/stable/96803.
10. Batten, J., Sustainable Cities Index 2016. Arcadis Global, 2016.
11. Berk, K.N., Carey, P.M., 3rd ed. Data analysis with microsoft excel: Updated for office, Vol. 2007, 2009, Duxbury Press, Boston, MA.
12. Berrini, M., Bono, L., Urban ecosystem europe. 2007, Rome, Europe.
13. Berrone, P., Ricart, J.E., Carraso, C., Ricart, R., IESE cities in motion index, 2016, 2016, 60, 10.15581/018.ST-471.
14. Berry, J.M., Portney, K.E., Sustainability and interest group participation in city politics. Sustainability (Switzerland) 5:5 (2013), 2077–2097, 10.3390/su5052077.
15. Bodansky, D., The Copenhagen climate change conference: A postmortem. American Journal of International Law 104:2 (2010), 230–240, 10.5305/amerjintelaw.104.2.0230.
16. Bojković N., Petrović M., Parezanović T., Towards indicators outlining prospects to reduce car use with an application to European cities. Ecological Indicators 84 (2018), 172–182, 10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.08.061.
17. Box, G.E.P., Cox, D.R., An analysis of transformations. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series B: Statistical Methodology 26:2 (1964), 211–252 Retrieved from http://www.econ.illinois.edu/∼econ508/Papers/boxcox64.pdf.
18. Caprihan, A., Pearlson, G.D., Calhoun, V.D., Application of principal component analysis to distinguish patients with schizophrenia from healthy controls based on fractional anisotropy measurements. NeuroImage 42:2 (2008), 675–682, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.04.255.
19. Castán, J.A., Martínez, S.I., Menchaca, J.L., Berrones, M.G.T., Improving vehicular mobility in urban traffic using ubiquitous computing. Journal of Computer and Communications 4:August (2016), 57–62, 10.4236/jcc.2016.410006.
20. Chen, C., Ding, Y., Liu, S., City economical function and industrial development: Case study along the railway line in North Xinjiang in China. Journal of Urban Planning and Development 134:4 (2008), 153–158, 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9488(2008)134:4.(153).
21. Chourabi, H., Nam, T., Walker, S., Gil-Garcia, J.R., Mellouli, S., Nahon, K., et al. Understanding smart cities: An integrative framework. Proceedings of the Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 2011, 2289–2297, 10.1109/HICSS.;1; 2012.615.
22. Constantin, D.L., Environmental preservation strategy in the New Romania: Institutional and behavioural challenges. Lonergan, S.C., (eds.) Environmental change adaptation, and security, 1999, Springer, Dordrecht, Netherlands, 317–333, 10.1007/978-94-011-4219-9_22.
23. Cruz-Jesus, F., Oliveira, T., Bacao, F., Irani, Z., Assessing the pattern between economic and digital development of countries. Information Systems Frontiers 19:4 (2017), 835–854, 10.1007/s10796-016-9634-1.
24. Currid, E., New York as a global creative hub: A competitive analysis of four theories on World cities. Economic Development Quarterly 20:4 (2006), 330–350, 10.1177/0891242406292708.
25. David, D., Environment and urbanization. The International Encyclopedia of Geography 24:1 (2017), 31–46, 10.1002/9781118786352.wbieg0623.
26. Debnath, A.K., Chin, H.C., Haque, M.M., Yuen, B., A methodological framework for benchmarking smart transport cities. Cities 37 (2014), 47–56, 10.1016/j.cities.2013.11.004.
27. Degbelo, A., Bhattacharya, D., Granell, C., Trilles, S., Toolkits for smarter cities: A brief assessment. UCAmI 2016-10th international conference on ubiquitous computing & ambient intelligence, 2016, Springer International Publishing, Las Palmas, Gran Canaria, 431–436, 10.1007/978-3-319-48799-147.
28. Degbelo, A., Granell, C., Trilles Oliver, S., Bhattacharya, D., Casteleyn, S., Kray, C., Opening up smart cities: Citizen-centric challenges and opportunities from GIScience. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 5(2), 2016, 16, 10.3390/ijgi5020016.
29. Denig, S., Sustainable urban infrastructure: London edition – A view to 2025, London. 2011 Retrieved from https://w5.siemens.com/web/si/sl/corporate/portal/raziskave/Documents/sustainable_urban_infrastructure-study_london.pdf.
30. Doyle, K., Sainsbury, K., Cleary, S., Parkinson, L., Vindigni, D., McGrath, I., et al. Happy to help/happy to be here: Identifying components of successful clinical placements for undergraduate nursing students. Nurse Education Today 49 (2017), 27–32, 10.1016/j.nedt.2016.11.001.
31. Estevez, E., Lopes, N.V., Janowski, T., Smart sustainable cities. Reconnaissance Study, 2016, 330.
32. European Commission, Urban Europe: Statistics on cities. Towns and Suburbs, 2016, 10.2785/91120.
33. European Commission, European Economy: Macroeconomic Imbalances Luxembourg, 3209, 2014, 10.2765/74234.
34. European Commission, The Urban Dimension of EU Policies – Key Features of an EU Urban Agenda, 12. 2014 Retrieved from http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/consultation/urb_agenda/index_en.cfm.
35. European Commission, European Green Capital Award and European Green Leaf Award. Brussels. 2016 Retrieved from http://ec.europa.eu/environment/europeangreencapital/europeangreenleaf/.
36. European Commission, Sustainable development in the European Union. 2016, 10.1002/(SICI)1099-0976(199711)7:6<181::AID-EET134>3.0.CO;2-S.
37. European Commission, The martketplace of the European Innovation Partnership on Smart cities and Communities (EIP-SCC). Brussels. 2016 Retrieved from http://ec.europa.eu/eip/smartcities/files/operational-implementation-plan-oip-v2_en.pdf.
38. European Commission, Sustainable development in the European Union: Monitoring report on progress towards the SDGs in an EU context, 256, 2017, 10.1002/(SICI)1099-0976(199711)7:6<181::AID-EET134>3.0.CO;2-S.
39. Eurostat, Territorial typologies for European cities and metropolitan regions. Luxembourg, 2013, 2443–8219.
40. Eurostat, Final report of the quality of life indicators., 2017, Publications office of the European Union, Luxembourg https://doi.org/10.2785/021270.
41. Feldmann, B., The Urban Audit — Measuring the quality of life in European cities. Eurostat – Statistics in Focus, 82, 2008 Retrieved from http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_OFFPUB/KS-SF-08-082/EN/KS-SF-08-082-EN.PDF.
42. Fellows, N.T., Pitfield, D.E., An economic and operational evaluation of urban car-sharing. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 5:1 (2000), 1–10, 10.1016/S1361-9209(99)00016-4.
43. Friesen, C.E., Seliske, P., Papadopoulos, A., Using principal component analysis to identify priority neighbourhoods for health services delivery by ranking socioeconomic status. Online Journal of Public Health Informatics, 8(2), 2016, e192, 10.5210/ojphi.v8i2.6733.
44. García-Fuentes, M., Quijano, A., De Torre, C., García, R., Compere, P., Degard, C., et al. European cities characterization as basis towards the replication of a smart and sustainable urban regeneration model. Energy Procedia 111:September 2016 (2017), 836–845, 10.1016/j.egypro.2017.03.246.
45. Giffinger, R., Fertner, C., Kramar, H., Kalasek, R., Pichler-Milanovic, N., Meijers, E., Ranking of European medium-sized cities., 2007, Vienna Retrieved from http://www.smart-cities.eu/download/smart_cities_final_report.pdf.
46. Giffinger, R., Haindlmaier, G., Kramar, H., The role of rankings in growing city competition. Urban Research & Practice 3:3 (2010), 299–312, 10.1080/17535069.2010.524420.
47. Grant, K.A., Chuang, S., An aggregating approach to ranking cities for knowledge-based development. International Journal of Knowledge-Based Development, 3(1), 2012, 17, 10.1504/IJKBD.2012.045558.
48. Groeneveld, R.A., Meeden, G., Measuring Skewness and Kurtosis. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series D (The Statistician) 33:4 (1984), 391–399 Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/2987742.
49. Gudmundsson, H., The European Green Capital Award. Its role, evaluation criteria and policy implications. Toshi Keikaku, 64(2), 2015, 15.
50. Han, J., Meng, X., Zhou, X., Yi, B., Liu, M., Xiang, W.-N., A long-term analysis of urbanization process, landscape change, and carbon sources and sinks: A case study in China's Yangtze River Delta region. Journal of Cleaner Production 141 (2016), 1040–1050, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.09.177.
51. Hannachi, A., Jolliffe, I.T., Stephenson, D.B., Trendafilov, N., In search of simple structures in climate: Simplifying EOFS. International Journal of Climatology 26:1 (2006), 7–28, 10.1002/joc.1243.
52. Hirt, S., Stanilov, K., Twenty years of transition: The evolution of urban planning in Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union 1989–2009. Human Settlements Global Dialogue Series, No. 5. 2009 Retrieved from http://unhabitat.org/books/twenty-years-of-transition-the-evolution-of-urban-planning-in-eastern-europe-and-the-former-soviet-union-1989-2009/.
53. Hughes, S., Chu, E.K., Mason, S.G., Introduction. Hughes, S., Chu, E.K., Mason, S.G., (eds.) Climate change in cities: Innovations in multi-level governance, 2018, Springer International Publishing, Cham, 1–15, 10.1007/978-3-319-65003-6_1.
54. Humphreys, L.G., Montanelli, R., An investigation of the parallel analysis criteria for determining the number of common factors. Multivariate Behavioral Research 10:1 (1975), 193–205.
55. Husson, F., Lê S., Pagès, J., Exploratory multivariate analysis by example using R. Chapman & Hall/CRC computer science & data analysis, Vol. 40, 2010, 10.1080/02664763.2012.657409.
56. Hyvärinen, A., Independent component analysis of images. Jaeger, D., Jung, R., (eds.) Encyclopedia of computational neuroscience, 2013, Springer, New York, NY, 1–5, 10.1007/978-1-4614-7320-6_708-1.
57. Ian, H., Kaliopa, D.-A., Natasa, P.-M., Transformation of cities in central and Eastern Europe: Towards globalization. 1st ed., 2003, United Nations University Press, Tokyo Retrieved from https://chisineu.files.wordpress.com/2012/08/biblioteca_hamilton_transformation.pdf.
58. Ichikawa, H., Yamato, N., Dustan, P., Competitiveness of global cities from the perspective of the global power city index. Procedia Engineering 198:September 2016 (2017), 736–742, 10.1016/j.proeng.2017.07.125.
59. Isnard, M., Sautory, O., Les macros SAS d’ analyse des données. Institut National de la Statistique et des études Économiques, 1994.
60. ISO, ISO-37120:2014 sustainable development of communities — Indicators for city services and quality of life, Geneva, 2014 Retrieved from https://www.iso.org/standard/61885.html.
61. Jacinto, C., Soares, C.G., The added value of the new ESAW/Eurostat variables in accident analysis in the mining and quarrying industry. Journal of Safety Research 39:6 (2008), 631–644, 10.1016/j.jsr.;1; 2008.10.009.
62. Jolliffe, I.T., Cadima, J., Principal component analysis: A review and recent developments. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 374(2065), 2016, 20150202, 10.1098/rsta.2015.0202.
63. Kahn, M.E., Green cities: Urban growth and the environment. 2006, 10.1111/j.1467-9787.2006.00531_8.x.
64. Kaiser, H.F., The application of electronic computers to factor analysis. Educational and Psychological Measurement 20:1 (1960), 141–151, 10.1177/001316446002000116.
65. Koch, I., Analysis of multivariate and high-dimensional data. 2013, Cambridge University Press, 10.1017/CBO9781139025805.
66. Kotsiantis, S.B., Kanellopoulos, D., Pintelas, P.E., Data preprocessing for supervised learning. International Journal of Computer Science 1:2 (2006), 111–117, 10.1080/02331931003692557.
67. Kouser, K., Lavanya, P.G., Rangarajan, L., Acharya Kshitish, K., Effective feature selection for classification of promoter sequences. PLOS ONE 11:12 (2016), 1–20, 10.1371/journal.pone.0167165.
68. KPMG, City typology as the basis for policy. City, 2010.
69. Kucharczyk, H., Kucharczyk, M., Stanislawek, K., Fedor, P., Application of PCA in taxonomy research. Principal component analysis – Multidisciplinary applications, 2012, 10.5772/711.
70. Lê S., Josse, J., Husson, F., FactoMineR: An R package for multivariate analysis. Journal of Statistical Software 25:1 (2008), 1–18, 10.1016/j.envint.2008.06.007.
71. Li, X.A., Yeh, G.O., Principal component analysis of stacked multi-temporal images for the monitoring of rapid urban expansion in the Pearl River Delta. International Journal of Remote Sensing 19:8 (1998), 1501–1518, 10.1080/014311698215315.
72. Liao, T.L., Huang, C.J., Wu, C.Y., Chapter 5 – Empirical Study: Do fund managers herd to counter investor sentiment?. Principal component analysis – Multidisciplinary applications (2000), 2012 Retrieved from http://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/30006/InTech-Empirical_study_do_fund_managers_herd_to_counter_investor_sentiment_.pdf.
73. Lindström, B., Eriksson, B., Quality of life among children in the Nordic countries. Quality of Life Research 2:1 (1993), 23–32, 10.1007/BF00642886.
74. Marsal-Llacuna, M.L., Colomer-Llinàs, J., Meléndez-Frigola, J., Lessons in urban monitoring taken from sustainable and livable cities to better address the Smart Cities initiative. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 90:PB (2015), 611–622, 10.1016/j.techfore.2014.01.012.
75. Mayer, A.L., Strengths and weaknesses of common sustainability indices for multidimensional systems. Environment International 34:2 (2008), 277–291, 10.1016/j.envint.2007.09.004.
76. McDonnell, M.J., MacGregor-Fors, I., The ecological future of cities. Science 352:6288 (2016), 936–938, 10.1126/science.aaf3630.
77. McManus, P., Measuring urban sustainability: The potential and pitfalls of city rankings. Australian Geographer 43:4 (2012), 411–424, 10.1080/00049182.2012.731301.
78. Meijering, J.V., Kern, K., Tobi, H., Identifying the methodological characteristics of European green city rankings. Ecological Indicators 43 (2014), 132–142, 10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.02.026.
79. Mercer, Quality of living rankings. 2018.
80. Metsalu, T., Vilo, J., ClustVis: A web tool for visualizing clustering of multivariate data using principal component analysis and heatmap. Nucleic Acids Research 43:W1 (2015), W566–W570, 10.1093/nar/gkv468.
81. Mori, K., Christodoulou, A., Review of sustainability indices and indicators: Towards a new City Sustainability Index (CSI). Environmental Impact Assessment Review 32:1 (2012), 94–106, 10.1016/j.eiar.2011.06.001.
82. Mori Memorial Foundation, Global Power City Index 2016. Institute for Urban Strategies 74:4 (2016), A28–A29, 10.1002/ana.24042.
83. Morse, S., Fraser, E.D.G., Making ‘dirty’ nations look clean? The nation state and the problem of selecting and weighting indices as tools for measuring progress towards sustainability. Geoforum 36:5 (2005), 625–640, 10.1016/j.geoforum.2004.10.005.
84. Munda, G., Social multi-criteria evaluation: Methodological foundations and operational consequences. European Journal of Operational Research 158:3 (2004), 662–677, 10.1016/S0377-2217(03)00369-2.
85. Munda, G., Social multi-criteria evaluation for urban sustainability policies. Land Use Policy 23:1 (2006), 86–94, 10.1016/j.landusepol.2004.08.012.
86. Nam, T., Pardo, T.A., Conceptualizing smart city with dimensions of technology, people, and institutions. Proceedings of the 12th annual international digital government research conference: Digital government innovation in challenging times, 2011, ACM, New York, NY, 282–291, 10.1145/2037556.2037602.
87. Numbeo, Europe: Quality of Life Index 2015. 2016 Retrieved from https://www.numbeo.com/quality-of-life/region_rankings.jsp?.title=2015®ion=150 [28.07.18].
88. OECD, Handbook on constructing composite indicators: Methodology and user guide. 2008, European Commission Joint Research Center, Paris, 10.1787/9789264043466-en.
89. Omucheni, D.L., Kaduki, K.A., Bulimo, W.D., Angeyo, H.K., Application of principal component analysis to multispectral-multimodal optical image analysis for malaria diagnostics. Malaria Journal 13:485 (2014), 1–11, 10.1186/1475-2875-13-485.
90. Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development, China Development Research Foundation, Trends in urbanisation and urban policies in OECD Countries: What lessons for China?, 2010, 219, 10.1787/9789264092259-en.
91. Osbaldiston, R., Schott, J.P., Environmental sustainability and behavioral science: Meta-analysis of proenvironmental behavior experiments. Environment and Behavior 44:2 (2012), 257–299, 10.1177/0013916511402673.
92. Phillis, Y.A., Kouikoglou, V.S., Verdugo, C., Urban sustainability assessment and ranking of cities. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems 64 (2017), 254–265, 10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2017.03.002.
93. Poortinga, W., Steg, L., Vlek, C., Values, environmental concern, and environmental behavior: A study into household energy use. Environment and Behavior 36:1 (2004), 70–93, 10.1177/0013916503251466.
94. PwC, Cities of opportunity, 2016.
95. Reh, W., Fellermann, A., Duprez, L., Soot-free cities: A European City Ranking, Brussels. 2013 Retrieved from http://www.sootfreecities.eu/sootfreecities.eu/public/download/city-ranking-background.pdf.
96. Roaf, J., Atoyan, R., Joshi, B., Krogulski, K., 25 years of transition: Post-communist Europe and the IMF. 2014 Retrieved from https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/reo/2014/eur/eng/pdf/erei_sr_102414.pdf.
97. Saisana, M., Saltelli, A., Rankings and ratings: Instructions for use. Hague Journal on the Rule of Law 3:2 (2011), 247–268, 10.1017/S1876404511200058.
98. Scariano, S.M., An Introductory Application of Principal Components to Cricket Data 21:3 (2013), 83–103.
99. Serbanica, C., Constantin, D.L., Sustainable cities in central and eastern European countries. Moving towards smart specialization. Habitat International 68 (2017), 55–63, 10.1016/j.habitatint.2017.03.005.
100. Sharholy, M., Ahmad, K., Mahmood, G., Trivedi, R.C., Municipal solid waste management in Indian cities – A review. Waste Management 28:2 (2008), 459–467, 10.1016/j.wasman.2007.02.008.
101. Sheng, N., Tang, U.W., The first official city ranking by air quality in China – A review and analysis. Cities 51 (2016), 139–149, 10.1016/j.cities.2015.08.012.
102. Siemens, European Green City Index: Assessing the environmental impact of Europe's major cities. 2009, Siemens AG, Munich Retrieved from http://scholar.google.com/scholar?.hl=en&btnG=Search&q=intitle:European+Green+City+Index#0.
103. Szopik-Depczyńska, K., Cheba, K., Bąk, I., Stajniak, M., Simboli, A., Ioppolo, G., The study of relationship in a hierarchical structure of EU sustainable development indicators. Ecological Indicators 90:December 2017 (2018), 120–131, 10.1016/j.ecolind.2018.03.002.
104. Takano, T., Nakamura, K., Watanabe, M., Urban residential environments and senior citizens’ longevity in megacity areas: The importance of walkable green spaces. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 56:12 (2002), 913–918 Retrieved from http://jech.bmj.com/content/56/12/913.Abstract.
105. The Economist Intelligence Unit, Best cities ranking and report: A special report from the Economist Intelligence Unit. The Economist, 2016.
106. Tilbury, D., Environmental Education for Sustainability: Defining the new focus of environmental education in the 1990s. Environmental Education Research 1:2 (1995), 195–212, 10.1080/1350462950010206.
107. Tu, K.-J., Lin, L.-T., Evaluative structure of perceived residential environment quality in high-density and mixed-use urban settings: An exploratory study on Taipei City. Landscape and Urban Planning 87:3 (2008), 157–171, 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2008.05.009.
108. UN-HABITAT, The city prosperity initiative: 2015 global city report. Nairobi, 2015.
109. UNECE, Key performance indicators for smart sustainable cities to assess the achievement of sustainable development goals, 1603, 2015 ITU-T L.1603.
110. United Nations, World urbanization prospects: The 2014 Revision, Highlights (ST/ESA/SER.A/352). New York. 2014, United States of America, 10.4054/DemRes.2005.12.9.
111. van Leeuwen, C.J., Frijns, J., van Wezel, A., van de Ven, F.H.M., City Blueprints: 24 indicators to assess the sustainability of the urban water cycle. Water Resources Management 26:8 (2012), 2177–2197, 10.1007/s11269-012-0009-1.
112. Vidal, R., Ma, Y., Sastry, S.S., Principal component analysis. Generalized principal component analysis, 2016, Springer, New York, NY, 25–62, 10.1007/978-0-387-87811-9_2.
113. Vinod Kumar, T.M., Dahiya, B., Smart Economy in smart cities. Vinod Kumar, T.M., (eds.) Smart economy in smart cities. International Collaborative Research: Ottawa, St.Louis, Stuttgart, Bologna, Cape Town, Nairobi, Dakar, Lagos, New Delhi, Varanasi, Vijayawada, Kozhikode, Hong Kong, 2017, Springer, Singapore, 3–76, 10.1007/978-981-10-1610-3_1.
114. Webb, J., Hawkey, D., Tingey, M., Governing cities for sustainable energy: The UK case. Cities 54 (2016), 28–35, 10.1016/j.cities.2015.10.014.
115. Wei, Y., Huang, C., Li, J., Xie, L., An evaluation model for urban carrying capacity: A case study of China's mega-cities. Habitat International 53 (2016), 87–96, 10.1016/j.habitatint.2015.10.025.
116. Weng, Q., Liu, H., Liang, B., Lu, D., The spatial variations of urban land surface temperatures: Pertinent factors, zoning effect, and seasonal variability. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, 1(2), 2008, 10.1109/JSTARS.2008.917869.
117. Witten, I.H., Frank, E., Hall, M.A., Pal, C.J., Data Mining: Practical machine learning tools and techniques. 2016, Elsevier Science Retrieved from https://books.google.pt/books?.id=1SylCgAAQBAJ.
118. Wong, C., Developing indicators to inform local economic development in England. Urban Studies 39:10 (2002), 1833–1863, 10.1080/0042098022000002984.
119. Xiao, S., Lu, Z., Xu, L., Multivariate sensitivity analysis based on the direction of eigen space through principal component analysis. Reliability Engineering and System Safety 165:March (2017), 1–10, 10.1016/j.ress.2017.03.011.
120. Zhou, Z., Zhang, S., Wang, C., Zuo, J., He, Q., Rameezdeen, R., Achieving energy efficient buildings via retrofitting of existing buildings: A case study. Journal of Cleaner Production 112:Part 5 (2016), 3605–3615, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.09.046.