Environmental sustainability and behavioral science: Meta-analysis of proenvironmental behavior experiments

Environment and Behavior

Volumn 44, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 257-299

  Osbaldiston, Richard ^a   Schott, John Paul ^b  

^a EASTERN KENTUCKY UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Conservation behavior; Experiments; Meta analysis; Proenvironmental behavior

Indexed keywords

BEHAVIORAL ECOLOGY; ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS; EXPERIMENTAL STUDY; LITERATURE REVIEW; META-ANALYSIS;

EID: 84859183522     PISSN: 00139165     EISSN: 1552390X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0013916511402673     Document Type: Article

References (162)

1. Abrahamse, W., Steg, L., Vlek, C., & Rothengatter, T. (2005). A review of intervention studies aimed at household energy conservation. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 25, 273-291.
2. Aitken, C. K., McMahon, T. A., Wearing, A. J., & Finlayson, B. L. (1994). Residential water use: Predicting and reducing consumption. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 24, 136-158.(FJ)
3. Anderson, C. D., & Claxton, J. D. (1982). Barriers to consumer choice of energy efficient products. Journal of Consumer Research, 9, 163-170. (JRM)
4. Aronson, E., & Gonzales, M. H. (1990). Alternative social influence processes applied to energy conservation. In J. Edwards & R. S. Tindale (Eds.), Social influence processes and prevention: Social psychological applications to social issues (Vol. 1, pp. 301-325). New York, NY: Plenum.
5. Aronson, E., & O'Leary, M. (1983). The relative effectiveness of models and prompts on energy conservation: A field experiment in a shower room. Journal of Environmental Systems, 12, 219-224.(PM)
6. Arvola, A., Uutela, A., & Antilla, U. (1993). Billing feedback as a means to encourage household electricity conservation: A field experiment in Helsinki. In R. Ling & H. Wilhite (Eds.), The energy efficiency challenge for Europe. Denmark: Proceedings of ECEEE.(FI)
7. Austin, J., Hatfield, D. B., Grindle, A. C., & Bailey, J. S. (1993). Increasing recycling in office environments: The effects of specific, informative cues. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 26, 247-253.(P)
8. Bachman, W., & Katzev, R. (1982). The effects of non-contingent free bus tickets and personal commitment on urban bus ridership. Transportation Research, 16, 103-108.
9. Balderjahn, I. (1988). Personality variables and environmental attitudes as predictors of ecologically responsible consumption patterns. Journal of Business Research, 17, 51-56.
10. Bamberg, S. (2002). Effects of implementation intentions on the actual performance of new environmentally friendly behaviors-results of two field experiments. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 22, 399-411.(GR)
11. Bamberg, S., & Möser, G. (2007). Twenty years after Hines, Hungerford, and Tomera: A new meta-analysis of psycho-social determinants of pro-environmental behavior. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 27, 14-25.
12. Bamberg, S., & Schmidt, P. (2003). Incentives, morality, or habit? Predicting students' car use for university routes with the models of Ajzen, Schwartz, and Triandis. Environment and Behavior, 35, 264-285.
13. Bandura, A. (2002). Environmental sustainability by sociocognitive deceleration of population growth. In P. Schmuch & W. Schultz (Eds.), The psychology of sustainable development (pp. 209-238). Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer.
14. Boerschig, S., & De Young, R. (1993). Evaluation of selected recycling curricula: Educating the green citizen. Journal of Environmental Education, 24(3), 17-22.
15. Brandon, G., & Lewis, A. (1999). Reducing household energy consumption: A qualitative and quantitative field study. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 19, 75-85.(FI)
16. Brothers, K. J., Krantz, P. J., & McClannahan, L. E. (1994). Office paper recycling: A function of container proximity. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 27, 153-160.(E)
17. Bryce, W. J., Day, R., & Olney, T. J. (1997). Commitment approach to motivating community recycling: New Zealand curbside trial. Journal of Consumer Affairs, 31, 27-53.(CI)
18. Burn, S. M. (1991). Social psychology and the stimulation of recycling behaviors: The block leader approach. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 21, 611-629.(MJ)
19. Burn, S. M., & Oskamp, S. (1986). Increasing community recycling with persuasive communication and public commitment. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 16, 29-41.(JDMC)
20. California Energy Commission. (2001). Effects of daylight saving time on California electricity use (Staff Report P400-01-013). Retrieved from http://www.energy.ca.gov/reports/2001-05-23_400-01-013.PDF
21. Clayton, S., & Opotow, S. (2003). Introduction: Identity and the natural environment. In S. Clayton & S. Opotow (Eds.), Identity and the natural environment: The psychological significance of nature (pp. 1-24). Cambridge, MA: MIT.
22. Cobern, M. K., Porter, B. E., Leeming, F. C., & Dwyer, W. O. (1995). The effect of commitment on adoption and diffusion of grass cycling. Environment and Behavior, 27, 213-232.(C)
23. Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Academic Press.
24. Cone, J. D., & Hayes, S. C. (1980). Environmental problems: Behavioral solutions. Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.
25. Cook, S. W., & Berrenberg, J. L. (1981). Approaches to encouraging conservation behavior: A review and conceptual framework. Journal of Social Issues, 37, 73-107.
26. Cooper, H. (2010). Research synthesis and meta-analysis (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
27. DeLeon, I. G., & Fuqua, R. W. (1995). The effects of public commitment and group feedback on curbside recycling. Environment and Behavior, 27, 233-250.(CF)
28. De Young, R. (1993). Changing behavior and making it stick: The conceptualization and management of conservation behavior. Environmental and Behavior, 25, 485-505.
29. De Young, R. (1996). Some psychological aspects of reduced consumption behavior: The role of intrinsic satisfaction and competence motivation. Environment and Behavior, 28, 358-409.
30. De Young, R. (2000). Expanding and evaluating motives for environmentally respon sible behavior. Journal of Social Issues, 56, 509-526.
31. De Young, R., Boerschig, S., Carney, S., Dillenbeck, A., Elster, M., Horst, S., Thomson, B. (1995). Recycling in multi-family dwellings: Increasing participation and decreasing contamination. Population & Environment: A Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 16, 253-267.(CMF)
32. Diamond, W. D., & Loewy, B. Z. (1991). Effects of probabilistic rewards on recycling attitudes and behavior. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 21, 1590-1607.(R)
33. Dickerson, C. A., Thibodeau, R., Aronson, E., & Miller, D. (1992). Using cognitive dissonance to encourage water conservation. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 22, 841-854.(DC)
34. Dietz, T., Gardner, G. T., Gilligan, J., Stern, P. C., & Vandenbergh, M. P. (2009). Household actions can provide a behavioral wedge to rapidly reduce U.S. carbon emissions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106, 18452-18456.
35. Dwyer, W. O., Leeming, F. C., Cobern, M. K., Porter, B. E., & Jackson, J. M. (1993). Critical review of behavioral interventions to preserve the environment: Research since 1980. Environment and Behavior, 25, 275-321.
36. Ehrlich, P. R., & Ehrlich, A. H. (2002). Population, development, and human natures. Environment and Development Economics, 7, 158-170.
37. Energy Information Administration. (2009). Retrieved from http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/pecss_diagram.html
38. Eriksson, L., Garvill, J., & Nordlund, A. M. (2006). Acceptability of travel demand management measures: The importance of problem awareness, personal norm, freedom, and fairness. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 26, 15-26.
39. Eriksson, L., Garvill, J., & Nordlund, A. M. (2008). Interrupting habitual car use: The importance of car habit strength and moral motivation for personal car use reduction. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 11, 10-23.
40. Everett, P. B. (1973). The use of the reinforcement procedure to increase bus rider ship. Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, 897-898.
41. Everett, P. B., Hayward, S. C., & Meyers, A. W. (1974). The effects of a token rein forcement procedure on bus ridership. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 7, 1-9.
42. Farhar, B. C., & Fitzpatrick, C. (1989). Effects of feedback on residential electricity consumption: A literature review. Golden, CO: Solar Energy Research Institute.
43. Festinger, L. (1957). A theory of cognitive disonance. Evanston, IL: Row, Peterson.
44. Fiala, N. (2008). Measuring sustainability: Why the ecological footprint is bad economics and bad environmental science. Ecological Economics, 67, 519-525.
45. Foxx, R. M., & Schaeffer, M. H. (1981). A company-based lottery to reduce the per sonal driving of employees. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 14, 273-285.(RG)
46. Gardner, B., & Abraham, C. (2007). What drives car use? A grounded theory analysis of commuters' reasons for driving. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 10, 187-200.
47. Gardner, G. T., & Stern, P. C. (2008). The short list: The most effective actions U.S. households can take to curb climate change. Environment, 50, 12-23.
48. Gärling, T., & Loukopoulos, P. (2008). Economic and psychological determinants of car ownership and use. In A. Lewis (Ed.), The Cambridge handbook of psychology and economic behaviour (pp. 383-406). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
49. Geller, E. S., Erickson, J., & Buttram, B. A. B. (1983). Attempts to promote residen tial water conservation with educational, behavioral and engineering strategies. Population and Environment: Behavioral and Social Issues, 6, 96-112.(JFE)
50. Geller, E. S., Winett, R. A., & Everett, P. B. (1982). Preserving the environment: New strategies for behavior change. Elmsford, NY: Pergamon.
51. Geller, E. S., Wylie, R. G., & Farris, J. C. (1971). An attempt at applying prompting and reinforcement to pollution control. Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, 6, 701-702.
52. Gleser, L. J., & Olkin, I. (2007). Stochastically dependent effect sizes (Technical Report No. 2007-2. Stanford, CA: Department of Statistics, Stanford University. Retrieved February 28, 2011, from http://statistics.stanford.edu/~ckirby/techreports/GEN/2007/2007-2.pdf
53. Goldstein, H., Yang, M., Omar, R., Turner, R., & Thompson, S. (2000). Meta-analysis using multilevel models with an application to the study of class size effects. Applied Statistics, 49, 399-412.
54. Gonzales, M. H., Aronson, E., & Costanzo, M. A. (1988). Using social cognition and persuasion to promote energy conservation: A quasi-experiment. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 18, 1049-1066.(J)
55. Hake, D. F., & Zane, T. (1981). A community-based gasoline conservation project: Practical and methodological considerations. Behavior Modification, 5, 435-458.(R)
56. Halweil, B., Mastny, L., Assadourian, E., Flavin, C., French, H., Gardner, G., The Worldwatch Institute. (2004). State of the World 2004. New York, NY: Norton.
57. Hamad, C. D., Bettinger, R., Cooper, D., & Semb, G. (1980-1981). Using behavioral procedures to establish an elementary school paper recycling program. Journal of Environmental Systems, 10, 149-156.(FGR)
58. Hayes, S. C., & Cone, J. D. (1981). Reduction of residential consumption of electric ity through simple monthly feedback. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 14, 81-88.(RF)
59. Hines, J. M., Hungerford, H. R., & Tomera, A. N. (1987). Analysis and synthesis of research on responsible environmental behavior: A meta-analysis. Journal of Environmental Education, 18, 1-8.
60. Hirst, E., & Grady, S. (1982-1983). Evaluation of a Wisconsin Utility home energy audit program. Journal of Environmental Systems, 12, 303-320.(IJ)
61. Hopper, J. R., & Nielsen, J. M. (1991). Recycling as altruistic behavior: Normative and behavioral strategies to expand participation in a community recycling program. Environment and Behavior, 23, 195-220.(PIJM)
62. Hornik, J., Cherian, J., Madansky, M., & Narayana, C. (1995). Determinants of recy cling behavior: A synthesis of research results. Journal of Socio-Economics, 24, 105-127.
63. Howard, G. S., Delgado, E., Miller, D., & Gubbins, S. (1993). Transforming values in actions: Ecological preservation through energy conservation. Counseling Psychologist, 21, 582-596.
64. Hutton, R. B., Mauser, G. A., Filiatrault, P., & Ahtola, O. T. (1986). Effects of cost-related feedback on consumer knowledge and consumption behavior: A field experimental approach. Journal of Consumer Research, 13, 327-336.(IF)
65. Iyer, E. S., & Kashyap, R. K. (2007). Consumer recycling: Role of incentives, infor mation, and social class. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 6, 32-47.(IR)
66. Jacobs, H. E., & Bailey, J. S. (1982-1983). Evaluating participation in a residential recycling program. Journal of Environmental Systems, 12, 141-152.(RI)
67. Jacobs, H. E., Bailey, J. S., & Crews, J. I. (1984). Development and analysis of a community-based resource recovery program. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 17, 127-145.(EIP)
68. Jacobs, H. E., Fairbanks, D., Poche, C., & Bailey, J. S. (1982). Multiple incentives in encouraging car pool formation on a university campus. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 15, 141-149.(RE)
69. Jansson, J., Marell, A., & Nordlund, A. (2010). Green consumer behavior: Determi nants of curtailment and eco-innovation adoption. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 27, 358-370.
70. Johnson, B. T. (1989). DSTAT: Software for the meta-analytic review of research literatures. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
71. Kantola, S. J., Syme, G. J., & Campbell, N. A. (1984). Cognitive dissonance and energy conservation. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 69, 416-421.(JDFI)
72. Katzev, R., & Bachman, W. (1982). Effects of deferred payment and fare manipulations on urban bus ridership. Journal of Applied Psychology, 67, 83-88.(R)
73. Katzev R., Cooper L., & Fisher P. (1980-1981). The effect of feedback and social reinforcements on residential electricity consumption. Journal of Environmental Systems, 10, 215-227.(F)
74. Katzev, R. D., & Johnson, T. R. (1983). A social-psychological analysis of resi dential electricity consumption: The impact of minimal justification techniques. Journal of Economic Psychology, 3, 267-284.(DC)
75. Katzev, R. D., & Johnson, T. R. (1984). Comparing the effects of monetary incen tives and foot-in-the-door strategies in promoting residential electricity conserva tion. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 14, 12-27.(RDCG)
76. Katzev, R., & Mishima, H. R. (1992). The use of posted feedback to promote recy cling. Psychological Reports, 71, 259-264.(PF)
77. Katzev, R., & Pardini, A. U. (1987-1988). The comparative effectiveness of reward and commitment approaches in motivating community recycling. Journal of Environmental Systems, 17, 93-113.(RC)
78. Kazdin, A. (2009). Psychological science's contributions to a sustainable environ ment: Extending our reach to a grand challenge of society. American Psychologist, 64, 339-356.
79. Kellogg, R., & Wolff, H. (2008). Daylight time and energy: Evidence from an Australian experiment. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 56, 207-220.(E)
80. Kempton, W., Darley, J., & Stern, P. (1992). Psychological research for the new energy problems: Strategies and opportunities. American Psychologist, 47, 1213-1223.
81. Kim, S., Oah, S., & Dickinson, A. M. (2005). The impact of public feedback on three recycling-related behaviors in South Korea. Environment and Behavior, 37, 258-274.(F)
82. Kok, R., Benders, R. M. J., & Moll, H. C. (2006). Measuring the environmental load of household consumption using some methods based on input-output energy analysis: A comparison of methods and a discussion of results. Energy Policy, 34, 2744-2761.
83. Kotchen, M. J., & Moore, M. R. (2008). Conservation: From voluntary restraint to a voluntary price premium. Environmental Resource Economics, 40, 195-215.(R)
84. Krendl, K. A., Olson, B., & Burke, R. (1992). Preparing for the environmental decade: A field experiment on recycling behavior. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 20, 19-36.(PIJ)
85. Kurz, T., Donaghue, N., & Walker, I. (2005). Utilizing a social-ecological frame work to promote water and energy conservation: A field experiment. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 35, 1281-1300.(PIJF)
86. Larson, M. E., Houlihan, D., & Goernert, P. N. (1995). Effects of informational feedback on aluminum can recycling. Behavioral Interventions, 10, 111-117.(F)
87. Leeming, F., Dwyer, W., Porter, B., & Cobern, M. (1993). Outcome research in environmental education: A critical review. Journal of Environmental Education, 24, 8-21.
88. Lehman, P. K., & Geller, E. S. (2004). Behavior analysis and environmental protec tion: Accomplishments and potential for more. Behavior and Social Issues, 13, 13-32.
89. Lewin, K. (1947). Group decision and social change. In T. M. Newcomb & E. L. Hartley (Eds.), Readings in social psychology (pp. 330-344). New York, NY: Henry Holt.
90. Lindenberg, S., & Steg, L. (2007). Normative, gain, and hedonic goal frames guiding environmental behavior. Journal of Social Issues, 63, 117-137.
91. Lingard, H., Gilbert, G., & Graham, P. (2001). Improving solid waste reduction and recycling performance using goal setting and feedback. Construction Management and Economics, 19, 809-817.(GF)
92. Locke, E. A., & Latham, G. P. (2002). Building a practically useful theory of goal set ting and task motivation: A 35-year odyssey. American Psychologist, 57, 705-717.
93. Lord, K. R. (1994). Motivating recycling behavior: A quasiexperimental investigation of message and source strategies. Psychology and Marketing, 11, 341-359.(JM)
94. Ludwig, T. D., Gray, T. W., & Rowell, A. (1998). Increasing recycling in academic buildings: A systematic replication. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 31, 683-686.(E)
95. Luyben, P. D. (1980a). Effects of informational prompts on energy conservation in college classrooms. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 13, 611-617.(PJ)
96. Luyben, P. D. (1980b). Effects of a presidential prompt on energy conservation in college classrooms. Journal of Environmental Systems, 10, 17-25.(P)
97. Luyben, P. D. (1982). Prompting thermostat setting behavior: Public response to a presidential appeal for conservation. Environment and Behavior, 14, 113-128.(IJ)
98. Luyben, P. D. (1982-1983). A parametric analysis of prompting procedures to encourage electrical energy conservation. Journal of Environmental Systems, 12, 329-339.(P)
99. Luyben, P. D. (1984). Drop and tilt: A comparison of two procedures to increase the use of venetian blinds to conserve energy. Journal of Community Psychology, 12, 149-154.(PF)
100. Luyben, P. D., & Cummings, S. (1981-1982). Motivating beverage container recy cling on a college campus. Journal of Environmental Systems, 11, 235-245.(R)
101. Matsukawa, I. (2004). The effects of information on residential demand for electricity. Energy Journal, 25, 1-17.(F)
102. Mayer, J., & Geller, E. S. (1982-1983). Motivating energy efficient travel: A community-based intervention for encouraging biking. Journal of Environmental Systems, 12, 99-112. (R)
103. McCaul, K. D., & Kopp, J. T. (1982). Effects of goal setting and commitment on increasing metal recycling. Journal of Applied Psychology, 67, 377-379.(CG)
104. McClelland, L., & Canter, R. (1981). Psychological research on energy conservation: Context, approaches, method. In A. Baum & J. Singer (Eds.), Advances in environmental psychology: Energy conservation, psychological perspectives (Vol. 3, pp. 1-25). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
105. McClelland, L., & Cook, S. W. (1979-1980). Energy conservation effects of contin uous in-home feedback in all-electric homes. Journal of Environmental Systems, 9, 169-173.(F)
106. McClelland, L., & Cook, S. W. (1980a). Energy conservation in university buildings: Encouraging and evaluating reductions in occupants' electricity use. Evaluation Review, 4, 119-133.(I)
107. McClelland, L., & Cook, S. W. (1980b). Promoting energy conservation in mastermetered apartments through group financial incentives. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 10, 20-31.(R)
108. McDougall, G., Claxton, J., Ritchie, J., & Anderson, C. (1981). Consumer energy research: A review. Journal of Consumer Research, 8, 343-354.
109. Menanteau, P., & Lefebvre, H. (2000). Competing technologies and the diffusion of innovations: The emergence of energy-efficient lamps in the residential sector. Research Policy, 29, 375-389.
110. Midden, C. J., Meter, J. E., Weenig, M. H., & Zieverink, H. J. (1983). Using feed back, reinforcement and information to reduce energy consumption in house holds: A field-experiment. Journal of Economic Psychology, 3, 65-86.(FRI)
111. Morris, S. B., & DeShon, R. P. (2002). Combining effect sizes estimates in metaanalysis with repeated measures and independent-groups designs. Psychological Methods, 7, 105-125.
112. Nickerson, R. S. (2003). Psychology and environmental change. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
113. Nolan, J. M., Schultz, P. W., Cialdini, R. B., Goldstein, N. J., & Griskevicius, V. (2008). Normative social influence is underdetected. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34, 913-923.(J)
114. Oliver, S. S., Roggenbuck, J. W., & Watson, A. E. (1985). Education to reduce impacts in forest campgrounds. Journal of Forestry, 83, 234-236.(IJM)
115. Orwin, R. G. (1983). A fail-safe N for effect size in meta-analysis. Journal of Educational Statistics, 8, 157-159.
116. Oskamp, S. (2000). A sustainable future for humanity? How can psychology help? American Psychologist, 55, 496-508.
117. Pardini, A. U., & Katzev, R. D. (1983-1984). The effect of strength of commitment on newspaper recycling. Journal of Environmental Systems, 13, 245-254.(C)
118. Porter, B. E., Leeming, F. C., & Dwyer, W. O. (1995). Solid waste recovery: A review of behavioral programs to increase recycling. Environment and Behavior, 27, 122-152.
119. Reynolds, T. W., DeSisto, T. P., Murray, B., & Kolodinsky, J. (2007). Promiting energy efficiency in small island states: Overcoming barriers to the adoption of compact fluorescent lighting in Saint Lucia. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 31, 460-467.
120. Ridge, R. S. (1988). Energy conservation for low-income households: The evapora tive cooler experience. Evaluation Review, 12, 170-185.(E)
121. Ritchie, J. R. B., & McDougall, G. H. G. (1985). Designing and marketing con sumer energy conservation policies and programs: Implications from a decade of research. Journal of Public Policy and Marketing, 4, 14-32.
122. Rosenthal, R. (1994). Parametric measures of effect size. In H. Cooper & L. V. Hedges (Eds.), The handbook of research synthesis (pp. 231-244). New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.
123. Rothstein, R. N. (1980). Television feedback used to modify gasoline consumption. Behavior Therapy, 11, 683-688.(F)
124. Samuelson, C. D. (1990). Energy conservation: A social dilemma approach. Social Behaviour, 5, 207-230.
125. Schultz, P. W. (1999). Changing behavior with normative feedback interventions: A field experiment on curbside recycling. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 21, 25-36.(FIP)
126. Schultz, P. W., Gouveia, V. V., Cameron, L. D., Schmuck, P., Franëk, M., & Tankha, G. (2005). Values and their relationship to environmental concern and conservation behavior. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 36, 457-475.
127. Schultz, P. W., Khazian, A. M., & Zaleski, A. C. (2008). Using normative social influ ence to promote conservation among hotel guests. Social Influence, 3, 4-23.(J)
128. Schultz, P. W., Nolan, J. M., Cialdini, R. B., Goldstein, N. J., & Griskevicius, V. (2007). The constructive, deconstructive, and reconstructive power of social norms. Psychological Science, 18, 429-434.(J)
129. Schultz, P. W., Oskamp, S., & Mainieri, T. (1995). Who recycles and when? A review of personal and situational factors. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 15, 105-121.
130. Seligman, C. (1985). Information and energy conservation. Marriage and Family Review, 9, 135-149.
131. Sexton, R. J., Johnson, N. B., & Konakayama, A. (1987). Consumer response to continuous-display electricity-use monitors in a time-of-use pricing experiment. Journal of Consumer Research, 14, 55-62.(F)
132. Shackelford, T. K. (2006). Recycling, evolution and the structure of human personal ity. Personality and Individual Differences, 41, 1551-1556.
133. Shresta, R. M., Karmacharya, B. K., & Sandasiri, T. N. (1999). Household adoption of energy efficient lamps in Sri Lanka. Pacific and Asian Journal of Energy, 9, 93-102.
134. Siero, F. W., Bakker, A. B., Dekker, G. B., & van den Burg, M. T. C. (1996). Chang ing organizational energy consumption behaviour through comparative feedback. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 16, 235-246.(M)
135. Slavin, R. E., Wodarski, J. S., & Blackburn, B. L. (1981). A group contingency for electricity conservation in master-metered apartments. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 14, 357-363.(RF)
136. Smith, J. M., & Bennett, R. (1992). Several antecedent strategies in reduction of an environmentally destructive behavior. Psychological Reports, 70, 241-242.(P)
137. Spaccarelli, S., Zolik, E., & Jason, L. A. (1989-1990). Effects of verbal prompting and block characteristics in curbside newspaper recycling. Journal of Environmental Systems, 19, 45-57.(J)
138. Staats, H., van Leeuwen, E., & Wit, A. (2000). A longitudinal study of informational interventions to save energy in an office building. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 33, 101-104.(FI)
139. Steg, L., & Vlek, C. (2009). Encouraging pro-environmental behavior: An integrative review and research agenda. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 29, 309-317.
140. Stern, P. C. (1992). What psychology knows about energy conservation. American Psychologist, 47, 1224-1232.
141. Swim, J., Clayton, S., Doherty, T., Gifford, R., Howard, G., Reser, J., Weber, E. (2010). Psychology and global climate change: Addressing a multi-faceted phenomenon and set of challenges (A report by the American Psychological Asso ciation's Task Force on the Interface between Psychology and Global Climate Change). Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/science/about/publications/climate-change.pdf
142. Thøgersen, J., & Møller, B. (2008).Breaking car use habits: The effectiveness of a free one-month travelcard. Transportation, 35, 329-345.
143. Thompson, S. C., & Stoutemyer, K. (1991). Water use as a commons dilemma: The effects of education that focuses on long-term consequences and individual action. Environment and Behavior, 23, 314-333.(RJ)
144. Van Houten, R., Nau, P., & Marini, Z. (1980). An analysis of public posting in reducing speeding behavior on an urban highway. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 13, 383-395.(F)
145. Van Houten, R., Nau, P. A., & Merrigan, M. (1981). Reducing elevator energy use: A comparison of posted feedback and reduced elevator convenience. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 14, 377-387.(FE)
146. Van Houwelingen, J. H., & Van Raaij, W. F. (1989). The effect of goal-setting and daily electronic feedback on in-home energy use. Journal of Consumer Research, 16, 98-105.(F)
147. Vlek, C., & Steg, L. (2007). Human behavior and environmental sustainability: Prob lems, driving forces, and research topics. Journal of Social Issues, 63, 1-19.
148. Wackernagel, M., & Rees, W. (1996). Our ecological footprint: Reducing human impact on the earth. Gabriola Island, British Columbia, Canada: New Society Publishers.
149. Wang, T. H., & Katzev, R. D. (1990). Group commitment and resource conserva tion: Two field experiments on promoting recycling. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 20, 265-275.(C)
150. Werner, C. M., Byerly, S., White, P. H., & Kieffer, M. (2004). Validation, persua sion and recycling: Capitalizing on the social ecology of newspaper use. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 26, 183-198.(DPJM)
151. Werner, C. M., Rhodes, M. U., & Partain, K. K. (1998). Designing effective instruc tional signs with schema theory: Case studies of polystyrene recycling. Environment and Behavior, 30, 709-735.(P)
152. Werner, C. M., Stoll, R., Birch, P., & White, P. H. (2002). Clinical validation and cognitive elaboration: Signs that encourage sustained recycling. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 24, 185-203.(EP)
153. Werner, C. M., Turner, J., Shipman, K., Twitchell, F. S., Dickson, B. R., Bruschke, G. V., & von Bismark, W. B. (1995). Commitment, behavior, and attitude change: An analysis of voluntary recycling. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 15, 197-208.(MC)
154. Werner, C. M., White, P. H., Byerly, S., & Stoll, R. (2009). Signs that encourage internalized recycling: Clinical validation, weak messages, and creative elabora tion. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 29, 193-202.(P)
155. Winett, R. A., Hatcher, J. W., Fort, T. R., Leckliter, I. N., Love, S. Q., Riley, A. W., & Fishback, J. F. (1982). The effects of videotape modeling and daily feedback on residential electricity conservation, home temperature and humidity, perceived comfort, and clothing worn: Winter and summer. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 15, 381-402.(FIJ)
156. Winett, R. A., & Kagel, J. H. (1984). Effects of information presentation format on resource use in field studies. Journal of Consumer Research, 11, 655-667.(FIR)
157. Winett, R. A., Leckliter, I. N., Chinn, D. E., Stahl, B., & Love, S. Q. (1985). Effects of television modeling on residential energy conservation. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 18, 33-44.(IM)
158. Winett, R. A., Love, S. Q., & Kidd, C. (1982-1983). The effectiveness of an energy specialist and extension agents in promoting summer energy conservation by home visits. Journal of Environmental Systems, 12, 61-70.(IMJ)
159. Winett, R. A., Love, S. Q., Stahl, B., Chinn, D. E., & Leckliter, I. N. (1983). The use of field experiments for developing comfort standards and energy conservation strategies: A replication and extension of winter findings. ASHRAE Transactions, 17, 194-203.(IMC)
160. Winkler, R. C., & Winett, R. A. (1982). Behavioral interventions in resource conser vation: A system approach based on behavioral economics. American Psychologist, 37, 421-435.
161. Zelezny, L. (1999). Educational interventions that improve environmental behaviors: A meta-analysis. Journal of Environmental Education, 31, 5-14.
162. Zolik, E. S., Jason, L. A., Nair, D., & Peterson, M. (1982-1983). Conservation of elec tricity on a college campus. Journal of Environmental Systems, 12, 225-228.(P)