메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 8, Issue 4, 2018, Pages

Does discrimination explain high risk of depression among high-income African American men?

Author keywords

African Americans; Blacks; Depression; Discrimination; Gender; Socioeconomic position; Socioeconomic status

Indexed keywords


EID: 85047567906     PISSN: None     EISSN: 2076328X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/bs8040040     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (81)

References (94)
  • 1
    • 78751584532 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Social conditions as fundamental causes of health inequalities: Theory, evidence, and policy implications
    • [Cross ref] [PubMed]
    • Phelan, J.C.; Link, B.G.; Tehranifar, P. Social conditions as fundamental causes of health inequalities: Theory, evidence, and policy implications. J. Health Soc. Behav. 2010, 51, S28-S40. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2010) J. Health Soc. Behav. , vol.51 , pp. S28-S40
    • Phelan, J.C.1    Link, B.G.2    Tehranifar, P.3
  • 2
    • 84862506271 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Socioeconomic status, structural and functional measures of social support, and mortality: The British Whitehall II Cohort Study, 1985-2009
    • [Cross ref] [PubMed]
    • Stringhini, S.; Berkman, L.; Dugravot, A.; Ferrie, J.E.; Marmot, M.; Kivimaki, M.; Singh-Manoux, A. Socioeconomic status, structural and functional measures of social support, and mortality: The British Whitehall II Cohort Study, 1985-2009. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2012, 175, 1275-1283. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2012) Am. J. Epidemiol. , vol.175 , pp. 1275-1283
    • Stringhini, S.1    Berkman, L.2    Dugravot, A.3    Ferrie, J.E.4    Marmot, M.5    Kivimaki, M.6    Singh-Manoux, A.7
  • 3
    • 84881235598 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association of lifecourse socioeconomic status with chronic inflammation and type 2 diabetes risk: The Whitehall II prospective cohort study
    • [Cross ref] [PubMed]
    • Stringhini, S.; Batty, G.D.; Bovet, P.; Shipley, M.J.; Marmot, M.G.; Kumari, M.; Tabak, A.G.; Kivimäki, M. Association of lifecourse socioeconomic status with chronic inflammation and type 2 diabetes risk: The Whitehall II prospective cohort study. PLoS Med. 2013, 10, e1001479. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2013) PLoS Med. , vol.10 , pp. e1001479
    • Stringhini, S.1    Batty, G.D.2    Bovet, P.3    Shipley, M.J.4    Marmot, M.G.5    Kumari, M.6    Tabak, A.G.7    Kivimäki, M.8
  • 4
    • 79952254704 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Health behaviours, socioeconomic status, and mortality: Further analyses of the British Whitehall II and the French GAZEL prospective cohorts
    • [Cross ref] [PubMed]
    • Stringhini, S.; Dugravot, A.; Shipley, M.; Goldberg, M.; Zins, M.; Kivimäki, M.; Marmot, M.; Sabia, S.; Singh-Manoux, A. Health behaviours, socioeconomic status, and mortality: Further analyses of the British Whitehall II and the French GAZEL prospective cohorts. PLoS Med. 2011. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2011) PLoS Med.
    • Stringhini, S.1    Dugravot, A.2    Shipley, M.3    Goldberg, M.4    Zins, M.5    Kivimäki, M.6    Marmot, M.7    Sabia, S.8    Singh-Manoux, A.9
  • 5
    • 85050491692 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High Risk of Depression in High-Income African American Boys
    • [Cross ref] [PubMed]
    • Assari, S.; Caldwell, C.H. High Risk of Depression in High-Income African American Boys. J. Racial Ethn. Health Disparites 2017. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2017) J. Racial Ethn. Health Disparites
    • Assari, S.1    Caldwell, C.H.2
  • 6
    • 85013675572 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Combined racial and gender differences in the long-term predictive role of education on depressive symptoms and chronic medical conditions
    • [Cross ref] [PubMed]
    • Assari, S. Combined racial and gender differences in the long-term predictive role of education on depressive symptoms and chronic medical conditions. J. Racial Ethn. Health Disparites 2017, 4, 385-396. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2017) J. Racial Ethn. Health Disparites , vol.4 , pp. 385-396
    • Assari, S.1
  • 7
    • 85036582142 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Social Determinants of Depression: The Intersections of Race, Gender, and Socioeconomic Status
    • [Cross ref] [PubMed]
    • Assari, S. Social Determinants of Depression: The Intersections of Race, Gender, and Socioeconomic Status. Brain Sci. 2017, 7, 156. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2017) Brain Sci. , vol.7 , pp. 156
    • Assari, S.1
  • 8
    • 85030662909 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Race by gender group differences in the protective effects of socioeconomic factors against sustained health problems across five domains
    • [Cross ref] [PubMed]
    • Assari, S.; Nikahd, A.; Malekahmadi, M.R.; Lankarani, M.M.; Zamanian, H. Race by gender group differences in the protective effects of socioeconomic factors against sustained health problems across five domains. J. Racial Ethn. Health Disparites 2016. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2016) J. Racial Ethn. Health Disparites
    • Assari, S.1    Nikahd, A.2    Malekahmadi, M.R.3    Lankarani, M.M.4    Zamanian, H.5
  • 9
    • 85012223030 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Race and urbanity alter the protective effect of education but not income on mortality
    • [Cross ref] [PubMed]
    • Assari, S.; Lankarani, M.M. Race and urbanity alter the protective effect of education but not income on mortality. Front. Public Health 2016. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2016) Front. Public Health
    • Assari, S.1    Lankarani, M.M.2
  • 10
    • 85043236831 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Benefits of Higher Income in Protecting against Chronic Medical Conditions Are Smaller for African Americans than Whites
    • [Cross ref] [PubMed]
    • Assari, S. The Benefits of Higher Income in Protecting against Chronic Medical Conditions Are Smaller for African Americans than Whites. Healthcare 2018, 6, 2. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2018) Healthcare , vol.6 , pp. 2
    • Assari, S.1
  • 11
    • 85021109878 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Life Expectancy Gain Due to Employment Status Depends on Race, Gender, Education, and Their Intersections
    • [Cross ref] [PubMed]
    • Assari, S. Life Expectancy Gain Due to Employment Status Depends on Race, Gender, Education, and Their Intersections. J. Racial Ethn. Health Disparites 2017, 5. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2017) J. Racial Ethn. Health Disparites , vol.5
    • Assari, S.1
  • 12
    • 85040699050 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Health Disparities Due to Blacks' Diminished Return: Public Policy Solutions
    • [Cross ref]
    • Assari, S. Health Disparities Due to Blacks' Diminished Return: Public Policy Solutions. Soc. Issues Policy Rev. 2018, 12, 112-145. [CrossRef]
    • (2018) Soc. Issues Policy Rev. , vol.12 , pp. 112-145
    • Assari, S.1
  • 13
    • 85038882010 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Unequal gain of equal resources across racial groups
    • [Cross ref] [PubMed]
    • Assari, S. Unequal gain of equal resources across racial groups. Int. J. Health Policy Manag. 2018, 7, 1-9. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2018) Int. J. Health Policy Manag. , vol.7 , pp. 1-9
    • Assari, S.1
  • 15
    • 84873103638 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Education and physical health trajectories in old age. Evidence from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE)
    • [Cross ref] [PubMed]
    • Leopold, L.; Engelhardt, H. Education and physical health trajectories in old age. Evidence from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE). Int. J. Public Health 2013, 58, 23-31. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2013) Int. J. Public Health , vol.58 , pp. 23-31
    • Leopold, L.1    Engelhardt, H.2
  • 16
    • 33750615526 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lifelong socioeconomic trajectory and premature mortality (35-65 years) in France: Findings from the GAZEL Cohort Study
    • [Cross ref] [PubMed]
    • Melchior, M.; Berkman, L.F.; Kawachi, I.; Krieger, N.; Zins, M.; Bonenfant, S.; Goldberg, M. Lifelong socioeconomic trajectory and premature mortality (35-65 years) in France: Findings from the GAZEL Cohort Study. J. Epidemiol. Commun. Health 2006, 60, 937-944. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2006) J. Epidemiol. Commun. Health , vol.60 , pp. 937-944
    • Melchior, M.1    Berkman, L.F.2    Kawachi, I.3    Krieger, N.4    Zins, M.5    Bonenfant, S.6    Goldberg, M.7
  • 17
    • 21644455316 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Occupational class, occupational mobility and cancer incidence among middle-aged men and women: A prospective study of the French GAZEL cohort
    • [Cross ref] [PubMed]
    • Melchior, M.; Goldberg, M.; Krieger, N.; Kawachi, I.; Menvielle, G.; Zins, M.; Berkman, L.F. Occupational class, occupational mobility and cancer incidence among middle-aged men and women: A prospective study of the French GAZEL cohort. Cancer Causes Control 2005, 16, 515-524. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2005) Cancer Causes Control , vol.16 , pp. 515-524
    • Melchior, M.1    Goldberg, M.2    Krieger, N.3    Kawachi, I.4    Menvielle, G.5    Zins, M.6    Berkman, L.F.7
  • 18
    • 84890923484 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of race, ethnicity and mood/anxiety disorders on the chronic physical health conditions of men from a national sample
    • [Cross ref] [PubMed]
    • Johnson-Lawrence, V.D.; Griffith, D.M.; Watkins, D.C. The effects of race, ethnicity and mood/anxiety disorders on the chronic physical health conditions of men from a national sample. Am. J. Men's Health 2013, 7, 58S-67S. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2013) Am. J. Men's Health , vol.7 , pp. 58S-67S
    • Johnson-Lawrence, V.D.1    Griffith, D.M.2    Watkins, D.C.3
  • 19
    • 77950581025 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Childhood socioeconomic position and disability in later life: Results of the health and retirement study
    • [Cross ref] [PubMed]
    • Bowen, M.E.; González, H.M. Childhood socioeconomic position and disability in later life: Results of the health and retirement study. Am. J. Public Health 2010, 100, S197-S203. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2010) Am. J. Public Health , vol.100 , pp. S197-S203
    • Bowen, M.E.1    González, H.M.2
  • 20
    • 35748984707 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Socioeconomic position and health: The differential effects of education versus income on the onset versus progression of health problems
    • [Cross ref] [PubMed]
    • Herd, P.; Goesling, B.; House, J.S. Socioeconomic position and health: The differential effects of education versus income on the onset versus progression of health problems. J. Health Soc. Behav. 2007, 48, 223-238. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2007) J. Health Soc. Behav. , vol.48 , pp. 223-238
    • Herd, P.1    Goesling, B.2    House, J.S.3
  • 21
    • 49749144460 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intercohort trends in the relationship between education and health: Examining physical impairment and depressive symptomatology
    • [Cross ref] [PubMed]
    • Kim, J. Intercohort trends in the relationship between education and health: Examining physical impairment and depressive symptomatology. J. Aging Health 2008, 20, 671-693. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2008) J. Aging Health , vol.20 , pp. 671-693
    • Kim, J.1
  • 23
    • 84894650300 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multiple disadvantaged statuses and health: The role of multiple forms of discrimination
    • [Cross ref] [PubMed]
    • Grollman, E.A. Multiple disadvantaged statuses and health: The role of multiple forms of discrimination. J. Health Soc. Behav. 2014, 55, 3-19. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2014) J. Health Soc. Behav. , vol.55 , pp. 3-19
    • Grollman, E.A.1
  • 24
    • 0346973021 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cumulative disadvantage and health: Long-term consequences of obesity?
    • [Cross ref] [PubMed]
    • Ferraro, K.F.; Kelley-Moore, J.A. Cumulative disadvantage and health: Long-term consequences of obesity?. Am. Sociol. Rev. 2003, 68, 707-729. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2003) Am. Sociol. Rev. , vol.68 , pp. 707-729
    • Ferraro, K.F.1    Kelley-Moore, J.A.2
  • 25
    • 0018139502 scopus 로고
    • Aging in minority populations an examination of the double jeopardy hypothesis
    • [Cross ref] [PubMed]
    • Dowd, J.J.; Bengtson, V.L. Aging in minority populations an examination of the double jeopardy hypothesis. J. Gerontol. 1978, 33, 427-436. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (1978) J. Gerontol. , vol.33 , pp. 427-436
    • Dowd, J.J.1    Bengtson, V.L.2
  • 26
    • 85009538068 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Triple jeopardy and beyond: Multiple minority stress and resilience among Black lesbians
    • [Cross ref] [PubMed]
    • Bowleg, L.; Huang, J.; Brooks, K.; Black, A.; Burkholder, G. Triple jeopardy and beyond: Multiple minority stress and resilience among Black lesbians. J. Lesbian Stud. 2003, 19, 87-108. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2003) J. Lesbian Stud. , vol.19 , pp. 87-108
    • Bowleg, L.1    Huang, J.2    Brooks, K.3    Black, A.4    Burkholder, G.5
  • 27
    • 84935513195 scopus 로고
    • Multiple jeopardy, multiple consciousness: The context of a Black feminist ideology
    • [Cross ref]
    • King, D.K. Multiple jeopardy, multiple consciousness: The context of a Black feminist ideology. Sign. J. Women Cult. Soc. 1988, 14, 42-72. [CrossRef]
    • (1988) Sign. J. Women Cult. Soc. , vol.14 , pp. 42-72
    • King, D.K.1
  • 28
    • 85014190201 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Discrimination and psychological distress: Gender differences among Arab Americans
    • [Cross ref] [PubMed]
    • Assari, S.; Lankarani, M.M. Discrimination and psychological distress: Gender differences among Arab Americans. Front. Psychiatry 2017, 8, 23. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2017) Front. Psychiatry , vol.8 , pp. 23
    • Assari, S.1    Lankarani, M.M.2
  • 29
    • 84938820794 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gender differences in longitudinal links between neighborhood fear, parental support, and depression among African American emerging adults
    • [Cross ref]
    • Assari, S.; Smith, J.R.; Caldwell, C.H.; Zimmerman, M.A. Gender differences in longitudinal links between neighborhood fear, parental support, and depression among African American emerging adults. Societies 2015, 5, 151-170. [CrossRef]
    • (2015) Societies , vol.5 , pp. 151-170
    • Assari, S.1    Smith, J.R.2    Caldwell, C.H.3    Zimmerman, M.A.4
  • 30
    • 85118974555 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Racial Discrimination during Adolescence Predicts Mental Health Deterioration in Adulthood: Gender Differences among Blacks
    • [Cross ref] [PubMed]
    • Assari, S.; Moazen-Zadeh, E.; Caldwell, C.H.; Zimmerman, M.A. Racial Discrimination during Adolescence Predicts Mental Health Deterioration in Adulthood: Gender Differences among Blacks. Front. Public Health 2017. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2017) Front. Public Health
    • Assari, S.1    Moazen-Zadeh, E.2    Caldwell, C.H.3    Zimmerman, M.A.4
  • 31
    • 85036538593 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Using intersectionality responsibly: Toward critical epistemology, structural analysis, and social justice activism
    • [Cross ref] [PubMed]
    • Moradi, B.; Grzanka, P.R. Using intersectionality responsibly: Toward critical epistemology, structural analysis, and social justice activism. J. Couns. Psychol. 2017, 64, 500-513. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2017) J. Couns. Psychol. , vol.64 , pp. 500-513
    • Moradi, B.1    Grzanka, P.R.2
  • 32
    • 84860996905 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Are benefits conferred with greater socioeconomic position undermined by racial discrimination among African American men?
    • [Cross ref] [PubMed]
    • Hudson, D.L.; Bullard, K.M.; Neighbors, H.W.; Geronimus, A.T.; Yang, J.; Jackson, J.S. Are benefits conferred with greater socioeconomic position undermined by racial discrimination among African American men?. J. Men's Health 2012, 9, 127-136. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2012) J. Men's Health , vol.9 , pp. 127-136
    • Hudson, D.L.1    Bullard, K.M.2    Neighbors, H.W.3    Geronimus, A.T.4    Yang, J.5    Jackson, J.S.6
  • 33
    • 78449284985 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The social costs of academic success across ethnic groups
    • [Cross ref] [PubMed]
    • Fuller-Rowell, T.E.; Doan, S.N. The social costs of academic success across ethnic groups. Child Dev. 2010, 81, 1696-1713. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2010) Child Dev. , vol.81 , pp. 1696-1713
    • Fuller-Rowell, T.E.1    Doan, S.N.2
  • 34
    • 84925936101 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Racial disparities in the health benefits of educational attainment: A study of inflammatory trajectories among African American and white adults
    • [Cross ref] [PubMed]
    • Fuller-Rowell, T.E.; Curtis, D.S.; Doan, S.N.; Coe, C.L. Racial disparities in the health benefits of educational attainment: A study of inflammatory trajectories among African American and white adults. Psychosom. Med. 2015, 77, 33-40. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2015) Psychosom. Med. , vol.77 , pp. 33-40
    • Fuller-Rowell, T.E.1    Curtis, D.S.2    Doan, S.N.3    Coe, C.L.4
  • 35
    • 79955467035 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How much striving is too much? John Henryism active coping predicts worse daily cortisol responses for African American but not white female dementia family caregivers
    • [Cross ref] [PubMed]
    • Merritt, M.M.; McCallum, T.J.; Fritsch, T. How much striving is too much? John Henryism active coping predicts worse daily cortisol responses for African American but not white female dementia family caregivers. Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 2011, 19, 451-460. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2011) Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry , vol.19 , pp. 451-460
    • Merritt, M.M.1    McCallum, T.J.2    Fritsch, T.3
  • 36
    • 84959180106 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • John Henryism Active Coping as a Cultural Correlate of Substance Abuse Treatment Participation among African American Women
    • [Cross ref] [PubMed]
    • Stevens-Watkins, D.; Knighton, J.S.; Allen, K.; Fisher, S.; Crowell, C.; Mahaffey, C.; Leukefeld, C.; Oser, C. John Henryism Active Coping as a Cultural Correlate of Substance Abuse Treatment Participation Among African American Women. J. Subst. Abuse Treat. 2016, 63, 54-60. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2016) J. Subst. Abuse Treat. , vol.63 , pp. 54-60
    • Stevens-Watkins, D.1    Knighton, J.S.2    Allen, K.3    Fisher, S.4    Crowell, C.5    Mahaffey, C.6    Leukefeld, C.7    Oser, C.8
  • 37
    • 84861694737 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The impact of goal-striving stress on physical health of white Americans, African Americans, and Caribbean blacks
    • [PubMed]
    • Sellers, S.L.; Neighbors, H.W.; Zhang, R.; Jackson, J.S. The impact of goal-striving stress on physical health of white Americans, African Americans, and Caribbean blacks. Ethn. Dis. 2012, 22, 21-28. [PubMed]
    • (2012) Ethn. Dis. , vol.22 , pp. 21-28
    • Sellers, S.L.1    Neighbors, H.W.2    Zhang, R.3    Jackson, J.S.4
  • 38
    • 80053607009 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Goal-striving stress and the mental health of college-educated Black American men: The protective effects of system-blame
    • [Cross ref] [PubMed]
    • Sellers, S.L.; Neighbors, H.W.; Bonham, V.L. Goal-striving stress and the mental health of college-educated Black American men: The protective effects of system-blame. Am. J. Orthopsychiatry 2011, 81, 507-518. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2011) Am. J. Orthopsychiatry , vol.81 , pp. 507-518
    • Sellers, S.L.1    Neighbors, H.W.2    Bonham, V.L.3
  • 39
    • 44449159374 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of goal-striving stress on the mental health of black Americans
    • [Cross ref] [PubMed]
    • Sellers, S.L.; Neighbors, H.W. Effects of goal-striving stress on the mental health of black Americans. J. Health Soc. Behav. 2008, 49, 92-103. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2008) J. Health Soc. Behav. , vol.49 , pp. 92-103
    • Sellers, S.L.1    Neighbors, H.W.2
  • 40
    • 0033392383 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Goal-striving stress, social economic status, and the mental health of black Americans
    • [Cross ref] [PubMed]
    • Sellers, S.L.; Neighbors, H.W. Goal-striving stress, social economic status, and the mental health of black Americans. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1999, 896, 469-473. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (1999) Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. , vol.896 , pp. 469-473
    • Sellers, S.L.1    Neighbors, H.W.2
  • 41
    • 85119048042 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Social Determinants of Perceived Discrimination among Black Youth: Intersection of Ethnicity and Gender
    • [Cross ref] [PubMed]
    • Assari, S.; Caldwell, C.H. Social Determinants of Perceived Discrimination among Black Youth: Intersection of Ethnicity and Gender. Children 2018, 5, 24. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2018) Children , vol.5 , pp. 24
    • Assari, S.1    Caldwell, C.H.2
  • 44
    • 0023967974 scopus 로고
    • Computer-aided personal interviewing. A new technique for data collection in epidemiologic surveys
    • [Cross ref] [PubMed]
    • Birkett, N.J. Computer-aided personal interviewing. A new technique for data collection in epidemiologic surveys. Am. J. Epidemiol. 1988, 127, 684-690. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (1988) Am. J. Epidemiol. , vol.127 , pp. 684-690
    • Birkett, N.J.1
  • 45
    • 0024202654 scopus 로고
    • The Composite International Diagnostic Interview. An epidemiologic instrument suitable for use in conjunction with different diagnostic systems and in different cultures
    • [Cross ref] [PubMed]
    • Robins, L.N.; Wing, J.; Wittchen, H.U.; Helzer, J.E.; Babor, T.F.; Burke, J.; Farmer, A.; Jablenski, A.; Pickens, R.; Regier, D.A.; et al. The Composite International Diagnostic Interview. An epidemiologic instrument suitable for use in conjunction with different diagnostic systems and in different cultures. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1988, 45, 1069-1077. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (1988) Arch. Gen. Psychiatry , vol.45 , pp. 1069-1077
    • Robins, L.N.1    Wing, J.2    Wittchen, H.U.3    Helzer, J.E.4    Babor, T.F.5    Burke, J.6    Farmer, A.7    Jablenski, A.8    Pickens, R.9    Regier, D.A.10
  • 46
    • 0028223946 scopus 로고
    • Reliability and validity studies of the WHO-Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI): A critical review
    • Hu, W. Reliability and validity studies of the WHO-Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI): A critical review. J. Psychiatr. Res. 1994, 200, 57-84
    • (1994) J. Psychiatr. Res. , vol.200 , pp. 57-84
    • Hu, W.1
  • 49
    • 33847710276 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence and distribution of major depressive disorder in African Americans, Caribbean blacks, and nonHispanic whites: Results from the National Survey of American Life
    • [Cross ref] [PubMed]
    • Williams, D.R.; González, H.M.; Neighbors, H.; Nesse, R.; Abelson, J.M.; Sweetman, J.; Jackson, J.S. Prevalence and distribution of major depressive disorder in African Americans, Caribbean blacks, and nonHispanic whites: Results from the National Survey of American Life. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 2007, 64, 305-315. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2007) Arch. Gen. Psychiatry , vol.64 , pp. 305-315
    • Williams, D.R.1    González, H.M.2    Neighbors, H.3    Nesse, R.4    Abelson, J.M.5    Sweetman, J.6    Jackson, J.S.7
  • 50
    • 33846085154 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The mental health of Black Caribbean immigrants: Results from the National Survey of American Life
    • [Cross ref] [PubMed]
    • Williams, D.R.; Haile, R.; González, H.M.; Neighbors, H.; Baser, R.; Jackson, J.S. The mental health of Black Caribbean immigrants: Results from the National Survey of American Life. Am. J. Public Health 2007, 97, 52-59. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2007) Am. J. Public Health , vol.97 , pp. 52-59
    • Williams, D.R.1    Haile, R.2    González, H.M.3    Neighbors, H.4    Baser, R.5    Jackson, J.S.6
  • 51
  • 52
    • 84966711879 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Racial Discrimination, John Henryism, and Depression among African Americans
    • [Cross ref] [PubMed]
    • Hudson, D.L.; Neighbors, H.W.; Geronimus, A.T.; Jackson, J.S. Racial Discrimination, John Henryism, and Depression among African Americans. J. Black Psychol. 2016, 42, 221-243. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2016) J. Black Psychol. , vol.42 , pp. 221-243
    • Hudson, D.L.1    Neighbors, H.W.2    Geronimus, A.T.3    Jackson, J.S.4
  • 53
    • 84888045483 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The nonlinear relationship between education and mortality: An examination of cohort, race/ethnic, and gender differences
    • [Cross ref] [PubMed]
    • Everett, B.G.; Rehkopf, D.H.; Rogers, R.G. The nonlinear relationship between education and mortality: An examination of cohort, race/ethnic, and gender differences. Popul. Res. Policy Rev. 2013. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2013) Popul. Res. Policy Rev.
    • Everett, B.G.1    Rehkopf, D.H.2    Rogers, R.G.3
  • 54
    • 84936747413 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ethnic and gender differences in additive effects of socio-economics, psychiatric disorders, and subjective religiosity on suicidal ideation among blacks
    • [Cross ref] [PubMed]
    • Assari, S. Ethnic and gender differences in additive effects of socio-economics, psychiatric disorders, and subjective religiosity on suicidal ideation among blacks. Int. J. Prev. Med. 2015. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2015) Int. J. Prev. Med.
    • Assari, S.1
  • 55
    • 77956097070 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The education-health gradient
    • [Cross ref] [PubMed]
    • Conti, G.; Heckman, J.; Urzua, S. The education-health gradient. Am. Econ. Rev. 2010, 100, 234-238. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2010) Am. Econ. Rev. , vol.100 , pp. 234-238
    • Conti, G.1    Heckman, J.2    Urzua, S.3
  • 56
    • 79959495126 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The education effect on population health: A reassessment
    • [Cross ref] [PubMed]
    • Baker, D.P.; Leon, J.; Smith Greenaway, E.G.; Collins, J.; Movit, M. The education effect on population health: A reassessment. Popul. Dev. Rev. 2011, 37, 307-332. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2011) Popul. Dev. Rev. , vol.37 , pp. 307-332
    • Baker, D.P.1    Leon, J.2    Smith Greenaway, E.G.3    Collins, J.4    Movit, M.5
  • 59
    • 84894992320 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Social conditions as fundamental causes of health inequalities
    • Bird C.E., Conrad P., Fremont A.M., Timmermans S., Eds.; Vanderbilt University Press: Nashville, TN, USA
    • Link, B.G.; Phelan, J. Social conditions as fundamental causes of health inequalities. Handbook of Medical Sociology; Bird, C.E.; Conrad, P.; Fremont, A.M.; Timmermans, S., Eds.; Vanderbilt University Press: Nashville, TN, USA, 2010, pp. 3-17.
    • (2010) Handbook of Medical Sociology , pp. 3-17
    • Link, B.G.1    Phelan, J.2
  • 60
    • 0029185725 scopus 로고
    • Social conditions as fundamental causes of disease
    • [Cross ref]
    • Link, B.; Phelan, J. Social conditions as fundamental causes of disease. J. Health Soc. Behav. 1995, 36, 80-94. [CrossRef]
    • (1995) J. Health Soc. Behav. , vol.36 , pp. 80-94
    • Link, B.1    Phelan, J.2
  • 61
    • 0035988563 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Postsecondary education and heavy drinking by young adults: The moderating effect of race
    • [Cross ref] [PubMed]
    • Paschall, M.J.; Flewelling, R.L. Postsecondary education and heavy drinking by young adults: The moderating effect of race. J. Stud. Alcohol. 2002, 63, 447-455. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2002) J. Stud. Alcohol. , vol.63 , pp. 447-455
    • Paschall, M.J.1    Flewelling, R.L.2
  • 62
    • 84861001103 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relationship between socioeconomic position and depression among a US nationally representative sample of African Americans
    • [Cross ref] [PubMed]
    • Hudson, D.L.; Neighbors, H.W.; Geronimus, A.T.; Jackson, J.S. The relationship between socioeconomic position and depression among a US nationally representative sample of African Americans. Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol. 2012, 47, 373-381. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2012) Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol. , vol.47 , pp. 373-381
    • Hudson, D.L.1    Neighbors, H.W.2    Geronimus, A.T.3    Jackson, J.S.4
  • 63
    • 84893913591 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The nonequivalent health of high school equivalents
    • [Cross ref] [PubMed]
    • Zajacova, A.; Everett, B.G. The nonequivalent health of high school equivalents. Soc. Sci. Q. 2014, 95, 221-238. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2014) Soc. Sci. Q. , vol.95 , pp. 221-238
    • Zajacova, A.1    Everett, B.G.2
  • 64
    • 33845616813 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An examination of the African American experience of everyday discrimination and symptoms of psychological distress
    • [Cross ref] [PubMed]
    • Banks, K.H.; Kohn-Wood, L.P.; Spencer, M. An examination of the African American experience of everyday discrimination and symptoms of psychological distress. Community Ment. Health J. 2006, 42, 555-570. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2006) Community Ment. Health J. , vol.42 , pp. 555-570
    • Banks, K.H.1    Kohn-Wood, L.P.2    Spencer, M.3
  • 65
    • 58249123664 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Coping with racism: A selective review of the literature and a theoretical and methodological critique
    • [Cross ref] [PubMed]
    • Brondolo, E.; Ver Halen, N.B.; Pencille, M.; Beatty, D.; Contrada, R.J. Coping with racism: A selective review of the literature and a theoretical and methodological critique. J. Behav. Med. 2009, 32, 64-88. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2009) J. Behav. Med. , vol.32 , pp. 64-88
    • Brondolo, E.1    Ver Halen, N.B.2    Pencille, M.3    Beatty, D.4    Contrada, R.J.5
  • 66
    • 66049133691 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Racial discrimination and the stress process
    • [Cross ref] [PubMed]
    • Ong, A.D.; Fuller-Rowell, T.; Burrow, A.L. Racial discrimination and the stress process. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 2009, 96, 1259-1271. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2009) J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. , vol.96 , pp. 1259-1271
    • Ong, A.D.1    Fuller-Rowell, T.2    Burrow, A.L.3
  • 67
    • 38649131803 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cultural, sociofamilial, and psychological resources that inhibit psychological distress in African Americans exposed to stressful life events and race-related stress
    • [Cross ref]
    • Utsey, S.O.; Giesbrecht, N.; Hook, J.; Stanard, P.M. Cultural, sociofamilial, and psychological resources that inhibit psychological distress in African Americans exposed to stressful life events and race-related stress. J. Couns. Psychol. 2008, 55, 49-62. [CrossRef]
    • (2008) J. Couns. Psychol. , vol.55 , pp. 49-62
    • Utsey, S.O.1    Giesbrecht, N.2    Hook, J.3    Stanard, P.M.4
  • 68
    • 84991735266 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Perceived Discrimination in Health Care and Mental Health/Substance Abuse Treatment among Blacks, Latinos, and Whites
    • [Cross ref] [PubMed]
    • Mays, V.M.; Jones, A.L.; Delany-Brumsey, A.; Coles, C.; Cochran, S.D. Perceived Discrimination in Health Care and Mental Health/Substance Abuse Treatment Among Blacks, Latinos, and Whites. Med. Care 2017, 55, 173-181. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2017) Med. Care , vol.55 , pp. 173-181
    • Mays, V.M.1    Jones, A.L.2    Delany-Brumsey, A.3    Coles, C.4    Cochran, S.D.5
  • 69
    • 82455255208 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Measuring everyday racial/ethnic discrimination in health surveys: How Best to Ask the Questions, in One or Two Stages, Across Multiple Racial/Ethnic Groups?
    • [Cross ref] [PubMed]
    • Shariff-Marco, S.; Breen, N.; Landrine, H.; Reeve, B.B.; Krieger, N.; Gee, G.C.; Williams, D.R.; Mays, V.M.; Ponce, N.A.; Alegría, M.; et al. Measuring everyday racial/ethnic discrimination in health surveys: How Best to Ask the Questions, in One or Two Stages, Across Multiple Racial/Ethnic Groups?. Du Bois Rev. 2011, 8, 159-177. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2011) Du Bois Rev. , vol.8 , pp. 159-177
    • Shariff-Marco, S.1    Breen, N.2    Landrine, H.3    Reeve, B.B.4    Krieger, N.5    Gee, G.C.6    Williams, D.R.7    Mays, V.M.8    Ponce, N.A.9    Alegría, M.10
  • 70
    • 35948956662 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mental health and substance use disorders among Latino and Asian American lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults
    • [Cross ref] [PubMed]
    • Cochran, S.D.; Mays, V.M.; Alegria, M.; Ortega, A.N.; Takeuchi, D. Mental health and substance use disorders among Latino and Asian American lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 2007, 75, 785-794. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2007) J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. , vol.75 , pp. 785-794
    • Cochran, S.D.1    Mays, V.M.2    Alegria, M.3    Ortega, A.N.4    Takeuchi, D.5
  • 71
    • 0030177151 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Perceived race-based discrimination, employment status, and job stress in a national sample of black women: Implications for health outcomes
    • [Cross ref] [PubMed]
    • Mays, V.M.; Coleman, L.M.; Jackson, J.S. Perceived race-based discrimination, employment status, and job stress in a national sample of black women: Implications for health outcomes. J. Occup. Health Psychol. 1996, 1, 319-329. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (1996) J. Occup. Health Psychol. , vol.1 , pp. 319-329
    • Mays, V.M.1    Coleman, L.M.2    Jackson, J.S.3
  • 72
    • 0034765692 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mental health correlates of perceived discrimination among lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults in the United States
    • [Cross ref] [PubMed]
    • Mays, V.M.; Cochran, S.D. Mental health correlates of perceived discrimination among lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults in the United States. Am. J. Public Health 2001, 91, 1869-1876. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2001) Am. J. Public Health , vol.91 , pp. 1869-1876
    • Mays, V.M.1    Cochran, S.D.2
  • 73
    • 84920717070 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vigilance in the discrimination-stress model for Black Americans
    • [Cross ref] [PubMed]
    • Himmelstein, M.S.; Young, D.M.; Sanchez, D.T.; Jackson, J.S. Vigilance in the discrimination-stress model for Black Americans. Psychol. Health 2015, 30, 253-267. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2015) Psychol. Health , vol.30 , pp. 253-267
    • Himmelstein, M.S.1    Young, D.M.2    Sanchez, D.T.3    Jackson, J.S.4
  • 74
    • 58249108970 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Perceived racism and negative affect: Analyses of trait and state measures of affect in a community sample
    • [Cross ref] [PubMed]
    • Brondolo, E.; Brady, N.; Thompson, S.; Tobin, J.N.; Cassells, A.; Sweeney, M.; Contrada, R.J. Perceived racism and negative affect: Analyses of trait and state measures of affect in a community sample. J. Soc. Clin. Psychol. 2008, 27, 150-173. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2008) J. Soc. Clin. Psychol. , vol.27 , pp. 150-173
    • Brondolo, E.1    Brady, N.2    Thompson, S.3    Tobin, J.N.4    Cassells, A.5    Sweeney, M.6    Contrada, R.J.7
  • 75
    • 33846663344 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Perceived ethnic discrimination in relation to daily moods and negative social interactions
    • [Cross ref] [PubMed]
    • Broudy, R.; Brondolo, E.; Coakley, V.; Brady, N.; Cassells, A.; Tobin, J.N.; Sweeney, M. Perceived ethnic discrimination in relation to daily moods and negative social interactions. J. Behav. Med. 2007, 30, 31-43. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2007) J. Behav. Med. , vol.30 , pp. 31-43
    • Broudy, R.1    Brondolo, E.2    Coakley, V.3    Brady, N.4    Cassells, A.5    Tobin, J.N.6    Sweeney, M.7
  • 76
    • 85019237873 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Perceived ethnic discrimination in relation to smoking and alcohol consumption in ethnic minority groups in the Netherlands: The HELIUS study
    • [Cross ref] [PubMed]
    • Visser, M.J.; Ikram, U.Z.; Derks, E.M.; Snijder, M.B.; Kunst, A.E. Perceived ethnic discrimination in relation to smoking and alcohol consumption in ethnic minority groups in The Netherlands: The HELIUS study. Int. J. Public Health 2017, 62, 879-887. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2017) Int. J. Public Health , vol.62 , pp. 879-887
    • Visser, M.J.1    Ikram, U.Z.2    Derks, E.M.3    Snijder, M.B.4    Kunst, A.E.5
  • 77
    • 84973882759 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Discrimination and drinking: A systematic review of the evidence
    • [Cross ref] [PubMed]
    • Gilbert, P.A.; Zemore, S.E. Discrimination and drinking: A systematic review of the evidence. Soc. Sci. Med. 2016, 161, 178-194. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2016) Soc. Sci. Med. , vol.161 , pp. 178-194
    • Gilbert, P.A.1    Zemore, S.E.2
  • 78
    • 84893515469 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Racial discrimination, gender discrimination, and substance abuse among Latina/OS nationwide
    • [Cross ref] [PubMed]
    • Otiniano Verissimo, A.D.; Gee, G.C.; Ford, C.L.; Iguchi, M.Y. Racial discrimination, gender discrimination, and substance abuse among Latina/OS nationwide. Cult. Divers. Ethn. Minor. Psychol. 2014, 20, 43-51. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2014) Cult. Divers. Ethn. Minor. Psychol. , vol.20 , pp. 43-51
    • Otiniano Verissimo, A.D.1    Gee, G.C.2    Ford, C.L.3    Iguchi, M.Y.4
  • 79
    • 0141642018 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of racial identity in perceived racial discrimination
    • [Cross ref]
    • Sellers, R.M.; Shelton, J.N. The role of racial identity in perceived racial discrimination. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 2003, 84, 1079-1092. [CrossRef]
    • (2003) J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. , vol.84 , pp. 1079-1092
    • Sellers, R.M.1    Shelton, J.N.2
  • 80
    • 85064249441 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Discrimination Increases Suicidal Ideation in Black Adolescents Regardless of Ethnicity and Gender
    • [Cross ref] [PubMed]
    • Assari, S.; Moghani Lankarani, M.; Caldwell, C.H. Discrimination Increases Suicidal Ideation in Black Adolescents Regardless of Ethnicity and Gender. Behav. Sci. 2017, 7, 75. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2017) Behav. Sci. , vol.7 , pp. 75
    • Assari, S.1    Moghani Lankarani, M.2    Caldwell, C.H.3
  • 81
    • 33847072298 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Race, race-based discrimination, and health outcomes among African Americans
    • [Cross ref] [PubMed]
    • Mays, V.M.; Cochran, S.D.; Barnes, N.W. Race, race-based discrimination, and health outcomes among African Americans. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 2007, 58, 201-225. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2007) Annu. Rev. Psychol. , vol.58 , pp. 201-225
    • Mays, V.M.1    Cochran, S.D.2    Barnes, N.W.3
  • 82
    • 0038031095 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Social stratification and health: Education's benefit beyond economic status and social origins
    • [Cross ref]
    • Reynolds, J.R.; Ross, C.E. Social stratification and health: Education's benefit beyond economic status and social origins. Soc. Probl. 1998, 45, 221-247. [CrossRef]
    • (1998) Soc. Probl. , vol.45 , pp. 221-247
    • Reynolds, J.R.1    Ross, C.E.2
  • 83
    • 79951596560 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Education associations with smoking and leisure-time physical inactivity among Hispanic and Asian young adults
    • [Cross ref] [PubMed]
    • Stoddard, P.; Adler, N.E. Education associations with smoking and leisure-time physical inactivity among Hispanic and Asian young adults. Am. J. Public Health 2011, 101, 504-511. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2011) Am. J. Public Health , vol.101 , pp. 504-511
    • Stoddard, P.1    Adler, N.E.2
  • 84
    • 84938933449 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The causal effect of education on health: What is the role of health behaviors?
    • [Cross ref] [PubMed]
    • Brunello, G.; Fort, M.; Schneeweis, N.; Winter-Ebmer, R. The causal effect of education on health: What is the role of health behaviors?. Health Econ. 2015. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2015) Health Econ.
    • Brunello, G.1    Fort, M.2    Schneeweis, N.3    Winter-Ebmer, R.4
  • 85
    • 0036951441 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On being poor and feeling poor: Low socioeconomic status and the moral self
    • [Cross ref] [PubMed]
    • Blacksher, E. On being poor and feeling poor: Low socioeconomic status and the moral self. Theor. Med. Bioeth. 2002, 23, 455-470. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2002) Theor. Med. Bioeth. , vol.23 , pp. 455-470
    • Blacksher, E.1
  • 86
    • 84856544903 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Educational attainment and adult mortality in the United States: A systematic analysis of functional form
    • [Cross ref] [PubMed]
    • Montez, J.K.; Hummer, R.A.; Hayward, M.D. Educational attainment and adult mortality in the United States: A systematic analysis of functional form. Demography 2012, 49, 315-336. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2012) Demography , vol.49 , pp. 315-336
    • Montez, J.K.1    Hummer, R.A.2    Hayward, M.D.3
  • 87
    • 0033217517 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Refining the association between education and health: The effects of quantity, credential, and selectivity
    • [Cross ref] [PubMed]
    • Ross, C.E.; Mirowsky, J. Refining the association between education and health: The effects of quantity, credential, and selectivity. Demography 1999, 36, 445-460. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (1999) Demography , vol.36 , pp. 445-460
    • Ross, C.E.1    Mirowsky, J.2
  • 88
    • 85030664877 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Education and Alcohol Consumption among Older Americans; Black-White Differences
    • [Cross ref] [PubMed]
    • Assari, S.; Lankarani, M.M. Education and Alcohol Consumption among Older Americans; Black-White Differences. Front. Public Health 2016, 4, 67. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2016) Front. Public Health , vol.4 , pp. 67
    • Assari, S.1    Lankarani, M.M.2
  • 89
    • 85026825910 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Race, sense of control over life, and short-term risk of mortality among older adults in the United States
    • [Cross ref] [PubMed]
    • Assari, S. Race, sense of control over life, and short-term risk of mortality among older adults in the United States. Arch. Med. Sci. 2017, 13, 1233-1240. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2017) Arch. Med. Sci. , vol.13 , pp. 1233-1240
    • Assari, S.1
  • 90
    • 85012202721 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reciprocal Associations between Depressive Symptoms and Mastery among Older Adults; Black-White Differences
    • [Cross ref] [PubMed]
    • Assari, S.; Lankarani, M.M. Reciprocal Associations between Depressive Symptoms and Mastery among Older Adults; Black-White Differences. Front. Aging Neurosci. 2017, 8, 279. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2017) Front. Aging Neurosci. , vol.8 , pp. 279
    • Assari, S.1    Lankarani, M.M.2
  • 91
    • 85040703548 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Whites but Not Blacks Gain Life Expectancy from Social Contacts
    • [Cross ref] [PubMed]
    • Assari, S. Whites but Not Blacks Gain Life Expectancy from Social Contacts. Behav. Sci. 2017, 7, 68. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2017) Behav. Sci. , vol.7 , pp. 68
    • Assari, S.1
  • 92
    • 0030811247 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Racial differences in physical and mental health: Socio-economic status, stress, and discrimination
    • [Cross ref] [PubMed]
    • Williams, D.R.; Yu, Y.; Jackson, J.; Anderson, N.B. Racial differences in physical and mental health: Socio-economic status, stress, and discrimination. J. Health Psychol. 1997, 2, 335-351. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (1997) J. Health Psychol. , vol.2 , pp. 335-351
    • Williams, D.R.1    Yu, Y.2    Jackson, J.3    Anderson, N.B.4
  • 93
    • 85048297512 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Perceived Neighborhood Safety Better Predicts Risk of Mortality for Whites than Blacks
    • [Cross ref] [PubMed]
    • Assari, S. Perceived Neighborhood Safety Better Predicts Risk of Mortality for Whites than Blacks. J. Racial Ethn. Health Disparites 2016. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2016) J. Racial Ethn. Health Disparites
    • Assari, S.1
  • 94
    • 85013647716 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • General Self-Efficacy and Mortality in the USA; Racial Differences
    • [Cross ref] [PubMed]
    • Assari, S. General Self-Efficacy and Mortality in the USA; Racial Differences. J. Racial Ethn. Health Disparites 2017, 4, 746-757. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2017) J. Racial Ethn. Health Disparites , vol.4 , pp. 746-757
    • Assari, S.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.