Education and occupational social class: Which is the more important indicator of mortality risk?

Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health

Volumn 52, Issue 3, 1998, Pages 153-160

  Davey Smith, George ^a   Hart, Carole ^b   Hole, David ^c   MacKinnon, Pauline ^b   Gillis, Charles ^c   Watt, Graham ^b   Blane, David ^d   Hawthorne, Victor ^e  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW   (United Kingdom)

^c RUCHILL HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^d IMPERIAL COLLEGE SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United Kingdom)

^e UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EDUCATIONAL STATUS; MEDICAL GEOGRAPHY; MORTALITY RISK; OCCUPATIONAL RISK; SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS;

ADULT; ARTICLE; BLOOD PRESSURE; BODY HEIGHT; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CAUSE OF DEATH; EDUCATION; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; LUNG FUNCTION; MALE; MORTALITY; NORMAL HUMAN; OCCUPATION; QUESTIONNAIRE; RISK ASSESSMENT; SMOKING; SOCIAL CLASS;

UK;

EID: 0031911312     PISSN: 0143005X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1136/jech.52.3.153     Document Type: Article

References (48)

1. Schellekens J. Mortality and socio-economic status in two eighteenth-century Dutch villages. Population Studies 1989,43:391-404.
2. Fox J. Health inequalities in European countries. Aldershot: Gower, 1989.
3. Davey Smith G, Bartley M, Blane D. The Black Report on socioeconomic inequalities in health 10 years on. BMJ 1990;301:373-7.
4. Davey Smith G, Carroll D, Rankin S. Socio-economic differentials in mortality: evidence from Glasgow graveyards. BMJ 1992;305:1554-7.
5. Kunst AK, Mackenbach JP. The size of mortality differences associated with educational level in nine industrialized countries. Am J Public Health 1994;84:932-7.
6. Liberatos P, Link BG, Kelsey JL. The measurement of social class in epidemiology. Epidemiol Rev 1988;10:87-121.
7. Moser K, Pugh H, Goldblatt P. Mortality and the social classification of women. In: Goldblatt P, ed. Longitudinal study: mortality and social organisation. London: HMSO, 1990:145-62.
8. Goldblatt P. Mortality and alternative social classifications. In: Goldblatt P, ed. Longitudinal study: mortality and social organisation. London: HMSO, 1990:163-92.
9. Rogot E, Sorlie PD, Johnson NJ, Schmitt C. A mortality study of 1.3 million persons by demographic, social, and economic factors: 1979-1985 Follow-Up, U.S. National Longitudinal Mortality Study. Washington D C: N I H, 1993.
10. Davey Smith G, Blane D, Bartley M. Explanations for socioeconomic differentials in mortality: evidence from Britain and elsewhere. European Journal of Public Health 1994;4:131-44.
11. Davey Smith G, Shipley MJ, Rose G. The magnitude and causes of socio-economic differentials in mortality: further evidence from the Whitehall study. J Epidemiol Community Health 1990;44:260-5.
12. Krieger N, Fee E. Social class: the missing link in U.S. health data. Int J Health Serv 1994;24:25-44.
13. Stevenson THC. The social distribution of mortality from different causes in England and Wales, 1910-12. Biometrika 1923;15:382-400.
14. Pamuk ER. Social class inequality in mortality from 1921 to 1972 in England and Wales. Population Studies 1985;39:17-31.
15. Blane D, Davey Smith G, Bartley M. Social class differences in years of potential life lost: size, trends and principal causes. BMJ 1990;301:429-32.
16. Hinkle LE, Whitney H, Lehman EW, et al. Occupation, education and coronary heart disease. Science 1968;161: 238-46.
17. Mare RD. Socio-economic careers and differential mortality among older men in the United States. In: Vallin J, D'Souza S, Palloni A, eds. Measurement and analysis of mortality: new approaches. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990:362-87.
18. Sorlie PD, Backlund E, Keller JB. U.S. Mortality by economic, demographic, and social characteristics: The National Longitudinal Mortality Study. Am J Public Health 1995;85:949-56.
19. Reid I. Social class differences in Britain: life-chances and life-styles. Glasgow: Fontana Press, 1989.
20. OPCS. General Household Survey 1988. London: D H S S, 1990.
21. Winkleby MA, Jatulis DE, Frank E, Fortmann SP. Socioeconomic status and health: how education, income, and occupation contribute to risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Am J Public Health 1992;82:816-20.
22. Pekkanen J, Tuomilehto J, Uutela A, Vartiainen E, Nissinen A. Social class, health behaviour, and mortality among men and women in eastern Finland. BMJ 1995;311:589-93.
23. Fuchs VR. Economics, health, and post-industrial society. Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly 1979;57:153-82.
24. Pincus T, Callahan LF. Associations of low formal education level and poor health status: behavioural, in addition to demographic and medical, explanations? J Clin Epidemiol 1994;47:355-61.
25. Hawthorne VM, Gillis CR, Lorimer AR, Calvert FR, Walker TJ. Blood pressure in a Scottish Island Community. BMJ 1969;iv:651-4.
26. Hawthorne VM, Gillis CR, Maclean DS. Monitoring health in Scotland. Int J Epidemiol 1972;1:369-74.
27. Hawthorne VM, Fry JS. Smoking and health: the association between smoking behaviour, total mortality, and cardiorespiratory disease in west central Scotland. J Epidemiol Community Health 1978;32:260-6.
28. Hawthorne VM, Watt GMC, Hart CL, Hole DJ, Davey Smith G, Gillis CR. Cardiorespiratory disease in men and women in urban Scotland: Baseline characteristics of the Renfrew/Paisley (Midspan) study population. Scott Med J 1995;40:102-7.
29. Rose GA, Blackburn H, Gillum RF, Prineas RJ. Cardiovascular survey methods. Geneva: WHO, 1982.
30. Medical Research Council. Definition and classification of chronic bronchitis for epidemiological purposes. Lancet 1965;i:775-9.
31. OPCS. Classification of Occupations 1966. London: HMSO, 1966.
32. Cox DR. Regression models and life tables. J R Stat Soc B 1972;34:187-220.
33. Harding S. Social class differences in mortality of men: recent evidence from the OPCS Longitudinal Study. Population Trends 1995;80:31-7.
34. Office of Population Censuses and Surveys. Occupational mortality 1979-1980, 1982-1983. London: HMSO, 1986.
35. Osborne GS. Scottish and English schools. London: Longmans, 1966.
36. Hunter SL. The Scottish educational system. 2nd ed. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1972.
37. Elo IT, Preston SH. Educational differentials in mortality: United States, 1979-85. Soc Sci Med 1996;42:47-57.
38. Menchik PL. Economic status as a determinant of mortality among black and white older men: does poverty kill? Population Studies 1993;47:427-36.
39. Bosma H. A cross-cultural comparison of the role of some psychosocial factors in the etiology of coronary heart disease. Den Haag: CIP-DATA Koninklijke Bibliotheek, 1994.
40. Seltzer CC, Jablon S. Army rank and subsequent mortality by cause: 23-year follow-up. Am J Epidemiol 1977;105:559-66.
41. Holme I, Helgeland A, Hjermann I, Leren P, Lund-Larsen PG. Four-year mortality by some socio-economic indicators: the Oslo Study. J Epidemiol Community Health 1980;34:48-52.
42. Leigh JP. Direct and indirect effects of education on health. Soc Sci Med 1983;17:227-34.
43. Kenkel DS. Health behavior, health knowledge, and schooling. Journal of Political Economy 1991;99:287-305.
44. Farrell P, Fuchs VR. Schooling and health: the cigarette connection. J Health Econ 1982;1:217-30.
45. Blane D, Hart C L, Davey Smith G, Gillis C R, Hole D J, Hawthorne V M. Association of cardiovascular disease risk factors with socioeconomic position during childhood and during adulthood. BMJ 1996;313:1434-8.
46. Barker DJP. Mothers, babies and disease in later life. London: BMJ Publications, 1994.
47. Davey Smith G, Hart C, Blane D, Gillis C, Hawthorne V. Lifetime socioeconomic position and mortality: prospective observational study. BMJ 1997;314:547-52.
48. Davey Smith G, Ben-Shlomo Y. Geographical and social class differentials in stroke mortality - the influence of early-life factors. J Epidemiol Community Health 1997;51: 134-7.