Racial Discrimination, John Henryism, and Depression Among African Americans

Journal of Black Psychology

Volumn 42, Issue 3, 2016, Pages 221-243

  Hudson, Darrell L ^a   Neighbors, Harold W ^b   Geronimus, Arline T ^b   Jackson, James S ^b  

^a WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

Author keywords

African Americans; coping; depression; racial discrimination; socioeconomic status

Indexed keywords

AFRICAN AMERICAN; CONTROLLED STUDY; EDUCATION; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; RACISM; SOCIAL STATUS;

EID: 84966711879     PISSN: 00957984     EISSN: 15524558     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0095798414567757     Document Type: Article

References (93)

1. N.E.Adler, T.Boyce, M.A.Chesney, S.Cohen, S.Folkman, R.L.Kahn, S.L.Syme (1994). Socioeconomic status and health: The challenge of the gradient. American Psychologist, 49, 15-24.
2. E.Angner, S.Hullett, J.J.Allison (2011). “I’ll die with the hammer in my hand”: John Henryism as a predictor of happiness. Journal of Economic Psychology, 32, 357-366.
3. G.G.BennettM.M.MerrittJ.J.SollersIIIC.L.EdwardsK.E.WhitfieldD.T.BrandonR.D.Tucker (2004). Stress, coping, and health outcomes among African-Americans: A review of the John Henryism hypothesis. Psychology & Health, 19, 369-383.
4. V.L.BonhamS.L.SellersH.W.Neighbors (2004). John Henryism and self-reported physical health among high-socioeconomic status African American men. American Journal of Public Health, 94, 737-738.
5. P.Brayboy-JacksonQ.T.Stewart (2003). A research agenda for the Black middle class: Work stress, survival strategies, and mental health. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 44, 442-455.
6. G.H.BrodyY.-F.ChenV.M.MurryX.GeR.L.SimonsF.X.GibbonsC.E..Cutrona (2006). Perceived discrimination and the adjustment of African American youths: A five-year longitudinal analysis with contextual moderation effects. Child Development, 77, 1170-1189.
7. C.L.BromanR.MavaddatS.Hsu (2000). The experience and consequences of perceived racial discrimination: A study of African Americans. Journal of Black Psychology, 26, 165-180.
8. E.C.BronderS.L.SpeightK.M.WitherspoonA.J.Thomas (2014). John Henryism, depression, and perceived social support in Black women. Journal of Black Psychology, 40, 115-137.
9. H.D.BrownN.E.Adler (1998). Socioeconomic status. In H.S.Friedman (Ed.), Encyclopedia of mental health (pp. 555-561). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
10. C.S.CarverJ.W.LawrenceM.F.Scheier (1999). Self-discrepancies and affect: Incorporating the role of feared selves. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25, 783-792.
11. C.S.CarverC.PozoS.D.HarrisV.NoriegaM.F.ScheierD.S.RobinsonK.C..Clark (1993). How coping mediates the effect of optimism on distress: A study of women with early stage breast cancer. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 375-390.
12. J.Cassel (1976). The contribution of the social environment to host resistance. American Journal of Epidemiology, 104, 107-123.
13. D.H.ChaeA.M.Nuru-JeterK.D.LincolnD.D.Francis (2011). Conceptualizing racial disparities in health. Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race, 8, 63-77.
14. R.Clark (2003). Subjective stress and coping resources interact to predict blood pressure reactivity in Black college students. Journal of Black Psychology, 29, 445-462.
15. R.ClarkN.B.AndersonV.R.ClarkD.R.Williams (1999). Racism as a stressor for African Americans. A biopsychosocial model. American Psychologist, 54, 805-816.
16. E.R.ColeS.R.Omari (2003). Race, class and the dilemmas of upward mobility for African Americans. Journal of Social Issues, 59, 785-802.
17. D.Conley (1999). Being black, living in the red. Oakland: University of California Press.
18. M.C.Dawson (1994). Behind the mule: Race and class in African-American politics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
19. B.P.DohrenwendI.LevavP.E.ShroutS.SchwartzG.NavehB.G.LinkA..Stueve (1992). Socioeconomic status and psychiatric disorders: The causation-selection issue. Science, 255, 946-952.
20. W.W.DresslerJ.R.BindonY.H.Neggers (1998). John Henryism, gender, and arterial blood pressure in an African American community. Psychosomatic Medicine, 60, 620-624.
21. P.Essed (1991). Understanding everyday racism. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
22. R.FarleyC.SteehM.KrysanT.JacksonK.Reeves (1994). Stereotypes and segregation: Neighborhoods in the Detroit area. American Journal of Sociology, 100, 750-780.
23. J.R.FeaginK.D.McKinney (2003). The many costs of racism (p. 249). Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
24. A.F.FernanderR.E.DuranP.G.SaabN.Schneiderman (2004). John Henry active coping, education, and blood pressure among urban blacks. Journal of the National Medical Association, 96, 246-255.
25. T.A.Forman (2003). The social psychological costs of racial segmentation in the workplace: A study of African Americans’ well-being. Journal of Health Social Behavior, 44, 332-352.
26. A.T.GeronimusJ.P.Thompson (2004). To denigrate, ignore, or disrupt: Racial Inequality in health and the impact of a policy-induced breakdown of African American Communities. Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race, 2, 247-279.
27. F.X.GibbonsM.GerrardM.J.ClevelandT.A.WillsG.Brody (2004). Perceived discrimination and substance use in African American parents and their children: A panel study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86, 517-529.
28. J.HaritatosR.MahalingamS.A.James (2007). John Henryism, self-reported physical health indicators, and the mediating role of perceived stress among high socio-economic status Asian immigrants. Social Science & Medicine, 64, 1192-1203.
29. S.G.HeeringaJ.WagnerM.TorresN.H.DuanT.AdamsP.Berglund (2004). Sample designs and sampling methods for the Collaborative Psychiatric Epidemiology Studies (CPES). International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 13, 221-240.
30. C.M.HeflinM.Patillo (2002). Crossing class boundaries: Race, siblings, and socioeconomic heterogeneity (JCPR Working paper). Evanston, IL: Northwestern University/University of Chicago, Joint Center for Poverty Research.
31. T.Hertz (2005). Rags, riches, and race: The intergenerational economic mobility of Black and White families in the United States. In S.Bowles, H.Gintis, M.O.Groves (Eds.), Unequal chances: Family background and economic success (pp. 165-191). Princeton, NJ: Russell Sage Foundation.
32. E.HigginbothamL.Weber (1992). Moving up with kin and community: Upward social mobility for Black and White women. Gender & Society, 6, 416-440.
33. J.L.Hochschild (1995). Facing up to the American dream: Race, class, and the soul of the nation. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
34. D.L.HudsonK.M.BullardH.W.NeighborsA.T.GeronimusJ.YangJ.S.Jackson (2012). Are benefits conferred with greater socioeconomic position undermined by racial discrimination among African American men?Journal of Men’s Health, 9, 127-136.
35. D.L.HudsonE.PutermanK.Bibbins-DomingoK.A.MatthewsN.E.Adler (2013). Race, life course socioeconomic position, racial discrimination, depressive symptoms and self-rated health. Social Science & Medicine (1982), 97, 7-14.
36. J.S.JacksonM.TorresC.H.CaldwellH.W.NeighborsR.M.NesseR.J.TaylorD.R.Williams (2004). The National Survey of American Life: A study of racial, ethnic and cultural influences on mental disorders and mental health. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 13, 196-207.
37. S.A.James (1994). John Henryism and the health of African-Americans. Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry, 18, 163-182.
38. S.A.James (2002). John Henryism and the health of African Americans. In T.A.LaVeist (Ed.), Race, ethnicity, and health (pp. 350-368). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
39. S.A.JamesS.A.HartnettW.D.Kalsbeek (1983). John Henryism and blood pressure differences among black men. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 6, 259-278.
40. S.A.JamesJ.V.HoewykR.F.BelliD.S.StrogatzD.R.WilliamsT.E.Raghunathan (2006). Life-course socioeconomic position and hypertension in African American men: The Pitt County Study. American Journal of Public Health, 96, 812-817.
41. S.A.JamesN.L.KeenanD.S.StrogatzS.R.BrowningJ.M.Garrett (1992). Socioeconomic status, John Henryism, and blood pressure in black adults. The Pitt County Study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 135, 59-67.
42. C.P.Jones (2000). Levels of racism: A theoretic framework and a gardener’s tale. American Journal of Public Health, 90, 1212-1215.
43. J.T.JostM.R.BanajiB.A.Nosek (2004). A decade of system justification theory: Accumulated evidence of conscious and unconscious bolstering of the status quo. Political Psychology, 25, 881-919.
44. S.KarlsenJ.Y.Nazroo (2002). Relation between racial discrimination, social class, and health among ethnic minority groups. American Journal of Public Health, 92, 624-631.
45. M.C.KellerR.Nesse (2006). The evolutionary significance of depressive symptoms: Different adverse situations lead to different depressive symptom patterns. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91, 316-330.
46. R.C.KesslerP.BerglundO.DemlerR.JinK.R.MerikangasE.E.Walters (2005). Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 593-602.
47. R.C.KesslerW.T.ChiuO.DemlerE.E.Walters (2005). Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 617-627.
48. R.C.KesslerK.D.MickelsonD.R.Williams (1999). The prevalence, distribution, and mental health correlates of perceived discrimination in the United States. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 40, 208-230.
49. R.C.KesslerT.B.Üstün (2004). The World Mental Health (WMH) survey initiative version of the World Health Organization (WHO) composite international diagnostic interview (CIDI). International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 13, 93-121.
50. N.O.A.KwateI.H.Meyer (2011). On sticks and stones and broken bones: Stereotypes and African American Health. Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race, 8, 191-198.
51. K.R.Lacy (2004). Black spaces, Black places: Identity construction in middle-class suburbia. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 27, 908-930.
52. K.R.Lacy (2007). Blue-chip black: Race, class, and status in the new black middle class. Oakland: University of California Press.
53. K.C.LightK.A.BrownleyJ.R.TurnerA.L.HinderliterS.S.GirdlerA.SherwoodN.B.Anderson (1995). Job status and high-effort coping influence work blood pressure in women and blacks. Hypertension, 25, 554-559.
54. B.G.LinkM.C.LennonB.P.Dohrenwend (1993). Socioeconomic status and depression: The role of occupations involving direction, control, and planning. American Journal of Sociology, 98, 1351-1387.
55. S.Macartney (2011, November17). Child poverty in the United States 2009 and 2010: Selected race groups and Hispanic origin (American Community Survey Brief ACSBR No. 10-05). Washington, DC: U.S. Census Bureau.
56. D.B.McBrierG.Wilson (2004). Going down? Race and downward occupational mobility for white-collar workers in the 1990s. Work and Occupations, 31, 283-322.
57. F.H.McClureH.F.Myers (1999). Cardiovascular responses to conflict stress in African American mother-daughter dyads. Journal of Black Psychology, 25, 5-22.
58. M.M.MerrittG.G.BennettR.B.WilliamsJ.J.SollersIIIJ.F.Thayer (2004). Low educational attainment, John Henryism, and cardiovascular reactivity to and recovery from personally relevant stress. Psychosomatic Medicine, 66, 49-55.
59. I.H.MeyerS.SchwartzD.M.Frost (2008). Social patterning of stress and coping: Does disadvantaged social statuses confer more stress and fewer coping resources?Social Science & Medicine (1982), 67, 368-379.
60. B.MezukJ.A.RaffertyK.N.KershawD.HudsonC.M.AbdouH.LeeJ.S..Jackson (2011). Reconsidering the role of social disadvantage in physical and mental health: Stressful life events, health behaviors, race, and depression. American Journal of Epidemiology, 172, 1238-1249.
61. J.MirowskyC.E.Ross (2003). Social causes of psychological distress (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Walter de Gruyter.
62. K.NeckermanP.CarterJ.Lee (1999). Segmented assimilation and minority cultures of mobility. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 22, 945-965.
63. H.W.NeighborsR.NjaiJ.S.Jackson (2007). Race, ethnicity, John Henryism, and depressive symptoms: The National Survey of American Life Adult Reinterview. Research in Human Development, 4, 71-87.
64. R.Nesse (2000). Is depression an adaptation?Archives of General Psychiatry, 57, 14-20.
65. M.Patillo-McCoy (1999). Black picket fences: Privilege and peril among the black middle class. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
66. L.I.PearlinM.A.LiebermanE.G.MenaghanJ.T.Mullan (1981). The stress process. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 22, 337-356.
67. L.I.PearlinC.Schooler (1978). The structure of coping. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 19, 2-21.
68. T.K.SalamiR.L.Walker (2013). Socioeconomic status and symptoms of depression and anxiety in African American college students: The mediating role of hopelessness. Journal of Black Psychology, 40, 275-290.
69. A.SchulzD.WilliamsB.A.IsraelA.BeckerE.A.ParkerS.A.JamesJ.S.Jackson (2000). Unfair treatment, neighborhood effects, and mental health in the Detroit metropolitan area. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 41, 314-342.
70. A.J.SchulzC.C.GravleeD.R.WilliamsB.A.IsraelG.MentzZ.Rowe (2006). Discrimination, symptoms of depression, and self-rated health among African American women in Detroit: Results from a longitudinal analysis. American Journal of Public Health, 96, 1265-1270.
71. M.D.SchwartzC.LermanS.M.MillerM.DalyA.Masny (1995). Coping disposition, perceived risk, and psychological distress among women at increased risk for ovarian cancer. Health Psychology, 14, 232-235.
72. S.SellersV.BonhamH.NeighborsJ.Amell (2009). Effects of racial discrimination and health behaviors on mental and physical health of middle-class African American men. Health Education & Behavior, 36, 31-44.
73. T.M.Shapiro (2004). The hidden cost of being African American: How wealth perpetuates inequality. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
74. S.S.Smith (2007). Lone pursuit: Distrust and defensive individualism among the poor Black. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.
75. P.A.Thoits (1995). Stress, coping, and social support processes: Where are we? What next?Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 35, 53-79.
76. T.G.TownsendF.Z.Belgrave (2009). Eliminating health disparities: Challenges for African American psychologists. Journal of Black Psychology, 35, 146-153.
77. R.J.TurnerW.R.Avison (2003). Status variations in stress exposure: Implications for the interpretation of research on race, socioeconomic status, and gender. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 44, 488-505.
78. R.J.TurnerD.A.Lloyd (1999). The stress process and the social distribution of depression. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 40, 374-404.
79. R.J.TurnerD.A.Lloyd (2004). Stress burden and the lifetime incidence of psychiatric disorder in young adults: Racial and ethnic contrasts. Archives of General Psychiatry, 61, 481-488.
80. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Office of the Surgeon General. (2001, August). Mental health: Culture, race, and ethnicity. A supplement to mental health: A report of the surgeon general—executive summary. Rockville, MD: Author.
81. T.B.ÜstünJ.L.Ayuso-MateosS.ChatterjiC.MathersC.J.L.Murray (2004). Global burden of depressive disorders in the year 2000. British Journal of Psychiatry, 184, 386-392.
82. K.M.WalsemannG.C.GeeA.T.Geronimus (2009). Ethnic differences in trajectories of depressive symptoms: Disadvantage in family background, high school experiences, and adult characteristics. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 50, 82-98.
83. K.M.WalsemannA.T.GeronimusG.C.Gee (2008). Accumulating disadvantage over the life course. Research on Aging, 30, 169.
84. D.C.WatkinsD.L.HudsonC.Howard CaldwellK.SiefertJ.S.Jackson (2010). Discrimination, mastery, and depressive symptoms among African American men. Research on Social Work Practice, 21, 269-277.
85. L.WenzelK.GlanzC.Lerman (2002). Stress, coping and health behavior. In K.Glanz, B.K.Rimer, F.M.Lewis (Eds.), Health behavior and health education (Vol. 2, pp. 210-239). San Francisco, CA: Jossey Bass.
86. B.Wheaton (1985). Models for the stress-buffering functions of coping resources. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 26, 352-364.
87. D.R.Williams (1999). Race, socioeconomic status, and health. The added effects of racism and discrimination. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 896, 173-188.
88. D.R.Williams (2003). The health of men: Structured inequalities and opportunities. American Journal of Public Health, 93, 724-731.
89. D.R.WilliamsH.M.GonzalezH.NeighborsR.NesseJ.M.AbelsonJ.SweetmanJ.S.Jackson (2007). Prevalence and distribution of major depressive disorder in African Americans, Caribbean blacks, and non-Hispanic whites: Results from the National Survey of American Life. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64, 305-315.
90. D.R.Williams, H.W.Neighbors, J.S.Jackson (2008). Racial/ethnic discrimination and health: Findings from community studies. American Journal of Public Health, 98(9 suppl), S29-S37.
91. D.R.WilliamsD.TakeuchiR.Adair (1992). Socioeconomic status and psychiatric disorder and African Americans and Whites. Social Forces, 71, 179-194.
92. D.R.Williams, Y.Yu, J.S.Jackson, N.B.Anderson (1997). Racial differences in physical and mental health: Socio-economic status, stress and discrimination. Journal of Health Psychology, 2, 335-351.
93. W.J.Wilson (1996). When work disappears: The world of the new urban poor. New York, NY: Knopf.