메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 24, Issue 1, 2018, Pages 30-42

Gut microbiota dysfunction as reliable non-invasive early diagnostic biomarkers in the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease: A critical review

Author keywords

Biomarkers; Constipation; Gastrointestinal microbiome; Humans alpha synuclein; Parkinson disease

Indexed keywords

ACETIC ACID; ALPHA SYNUCLEIN; AMANTADINE; BIOLOGICAL MARKER; BUTYRIC ACID; CATECHOL METHYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITOR; CHOLINERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; DOPAMINE; DOPAMINE RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; IMMUNOGLOBULIN ENHANCER BINDING PROTEIN; INTERLEUKIN 6; MONOAMINE OXIDASE B INHIBITOR; NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR; OCCLUDIN; PROPIONIC ACID; SEROTONIN;

EID: 85039938075     PISSN: 20930879     EISSN: 20930887     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5056/jnm17105     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (112)

References (148)
  • 1
    • 85011299976 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidemiology of Parkinson's disease
    • Tysnes OB, Storstein A. Epidemiology of Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transm 2017;124:901-905
    • (2017) J Neural Transm , vol.124 , pp. 901-905
    • Tysnes, O.B.1    Storstein, A.2
  • 2
    • 85039974941 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (accessed 11 December, 2017)
    • Statistics on Parkinson's disease. Parkinson Association of the Carolinas. Available from URL: http://www.parkinsonassociation.org/ (accessed 11 December, 2017)
    • Parkinson Association of the Carolinas
  • 3
    • 84880759951 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recent developments in biomarkers in Parkinson disease
    • Schapira AH. Recent developments in biomarkers in Parkinson disease. Curr Opin Neurol 2013;26:395-400
    • (2013) Curr Opin Neurol , vol.26 , pp. 395-400
    • Schapira, A.H.1
  • 4
    • 84940956493 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Parkinson's disease
    • Kalia LV, Lang AE. Parkinson's disease. Lancet 2015;386:896-912
    • (2015) Lancet , vol.386 , pp. 896-912
    • Kalia, L.V.1    Lang, A.E.2
  • 6
    • 84935132386 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The sum of our parts
    • Dietert J, Dietert R. The sum of our parts. Scientist 2015;29:44-49
    • (2015) Scientist , vol.29 , pp. 44-49
    • Dietert, J.1    Dietert, R.2
  • 7
    • 84922800681 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The 'psychomicrobiotic': targeting microbiota in major psychiatric disorders: a systematic review
    • Fond G, Boukouaci W, Chevalier G, et al. The 'psychomicrobiotic': targeting microbiota in major psychiatric disorders: a systematic review. Pathol Biol (Paris) 2015;63:35-42
    • (2015) Pathol Biol (Paris) , vol.63 , pp. 35-42
    • Fond, G.1    Boukouaci, W.2    Chevalier, G.3
  • 9
    • 84939258238 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neurodegenerative noncommunicable diseases (Neurology NCDs). Where are we now?
    • Shakir R. Neurodegenerative noncommunicable diseases (Neurology NCDs). Where are we now? J Neurol Sci 2015;356:1-2
    • (2015) J Neurol Sci , vol.356 , pp. 1-2
    • Shakir, R.1
  • 10
    • 84947568072 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brain and other nervous system disorders across the lifespan-global challenges and opportunities
    • Silberberg D, Anand NP, Michels K, Kalaria RN. Brain and other nervous system disorders across the lifespan-global challenges and opportunities. Nature 2015;527:S151-S154
    • (2015) Nature , vol.527 , pp. S151-S154
    • Silberberg, D.1    Anand, N.P.2    Michels, K.3    Kalaria, R.N.4
  • 11
    • 33750351505 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Parkinson's disease: premotor clinico-pathological correlations
    • Wolters ECh, Braak H. Parkinson's disease: premotor clinico-pathological correlations. J Neural Transm Suppl 2006;70:309-319
    • (2006) J Neural Transm Suppl , vol.70 , pp. 309-319
    • Wolters, E.C.H.1    Braak, H.2
  • 12
    • 34247631275 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multiple hit hypotheses for dopamine neuron loss in Parkinson's disease
    • Sulzer D. Multiple hit hypotheses for dopamine neuron loss in Parkinson's disease. Trends Neurosci 2007;30:244-250
    • (2007) Trends Neurosci , vol.30 , pp. 244-250
    • Sulzer, D.1
  • 13
    • 13844319486 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Imaging the brain in Parkinson's disease
    • Doudet D, Ruth T. Imaging the brain in Parkinson's disease: BC Med 2001;3:148-152
    • (2001) BC Med , vol.3 , pp. 148-152
    • Doudet, D.1    Ruth, T.2
  • 15
    • 84874559199 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early treatment of Parkinson's disease: opportunities for managed care
    • Murman DL. Early treatment of Parkinson's disease: opportunities for managed care. Am J Manag Care 2012;18:S183-S188
    • (2012) Am J Manag Care , vol.18 , pp. S183-S188
    • Murman, D.L.1
  • 16
    • 84973518509 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Building on 50 years of levodopa therapy
    • Lancet Neurology. Building on 50 years of levodopa therapy. Lancet Neurol 2016;15:1
    • (2016) Lancet Neurol , vol.15 , pp. 1
  • 18
    • 0242363668 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Looking backward to move forward: early detection of neurodegenerative disorders
    • DeKosky ST, Marek K. Looking backward to move forward: early detection of neurodegenerative disorders. Science 2003;302:830-834
    • (2003) Science , vol.302 , pp. 830-834
    • DeKosky, S.T.1    Marek, K.2
  • 19
    • 68049097976 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interview-Searching for biomarkers in Parkinson's disease
    • Scherzer C. Interview-Searching for biomarkers in Parkinson's disease. Biomark Med 2009;3:1134
    • (2009) Biomark Med , vol.3 , pp. 1134
    • Scherzer, C.1
  • 22
    • 79551694651 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The microbiome-gut-brain axis: from bowel to behavior
    • Cryan JF, O'Mahony SM. The microbiome-gut-brain axis: from bowel to behavior. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2011;23:187-192
    • (2011) Neurogastroenterol Motil , vol.23 , pp. 187-192
    • Cryan, J.F.1    O'Mahony, S.M.2
  • 23
    • 84904337496 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The microbiota-gut-brain axis in gastrointestinal disorders: stressed bugs, stressed brain or both?
    • De Palma G, Collins SM, Bercik P, Verdu EF. The microbiota-gut-brain axis in gastrointestinal disorders: stressed bugs, stressed brain or both? J Physiol 2014;592:2989-2997
    • (2014) J Physiol , vol.592 , pp. 2989-2997
    • De Palma, G.1    Collins, S.M.2    Bercik, P.3    Verdu, E.F.4
  • 24
    • 33748306032 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Review article: modulation of the brain-gut axis as a therapeutic approach in gastrointestinal disease
    • Mayer EA, Tillisch K, Bradesi S. Review article: modulation of the brain-gut axis as a therapeutic approach in gastrointestinal disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2006;24:919-933
    • (2006) Aliment Pharmacol Ther , vol.24 , pp. 919-933
    • Mayer, E.A.1    Tillisch, K.2    Bradesi, S.3
  • 25
    • 84866546211 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mind-altering microorganisms: the impact of the gut microbiota on brain and behaviour
    • Cryan JF, Dinan TG. Mind-altering microorganisms: the impact of the gut microbiota on brain and behaviour. Nat Rev Neurosci 2012;13:701-712
    • (2012) Nat Rev Neurosci , vol.13 , pp. 701-712
    • Cryan, J.F.1    Dinan, T.G.2
  • 27
    • 84871260907 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brain-gut interactions in inflammatory bowel disease
    • Bonaz BL, Bernstein CN. Brain-gut interactions in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 2013;144:36-49
    • (2013) Gastroenterology , vol.144 , pp. 36-49
    • Bonaz, B.L.1    Bernstein, C.N.2
  • 28
    • 84876404010 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Probiotics treatment improves diabetes-induced impairment of synaptic activity and cognitive function: behavioral and electrophysiological proofs for microbiome-gut-brain axis
    • Davari S, Talaei SA, Alaei H, Salami M. Probiotics treatment improves diabetes-induced impairment of synaptic activity and cognitive function: behavioral and electrophysiological proofs for microbiome-gut-brain axis. Neuroscience 2013;240:287-296
    • (2013) Neuroscience , vol.240 , pp. 287-296
    • Davari, S.1    Talaei, S.A.2    Alaei, H.3    Salami, M.4
  • 30
    • 79960645242 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gut feelings: the emerging biology of gut-brain communication
    • Mayer EA. Gut feelings: the emerging biology of gut-brain communication. Nat Rev Neurosci 2011;12:453-466
    • (2011) Nat Rev Neurosci , vol.12 , pp. 453-466
    • Mayer, E.A.1
  • 31
    • 84941918492 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The gut microbiota and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
    • Quigley EM, Monsour HP. The gut microbiota and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Semin Liver Dis 2015;35:262-269
    • (2015) Semin Liver Dis , vol.35 , pp. 262-269
    • Quigley, E.M.1    Monsour, H.P.2
  • 33
    • 67650333217 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Principles and clinical implications of the brain-gut-enteric microbiota axis
    • Rhee SH, Pothoulakis C, Mayer EA. Principles and clinical implications of the brain-gut-enteric microbiota axis. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009;6:306-314
    • (2009) Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol , vol.6 , pp. 306-314
    • Rhee, S.H.1    Pothoulakis, C.2    Mayer, E.A.3
  • 35
    • 84941647822 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Host genetic variation impacts microbiome composition across human body sites
    • Blekhman R, Goodrich JK, Huang K, et al. Host genetic variation impacts microbiome composition across human body sites. Genome Biol 2015;16:191
    • (2015) Genome Biol , vol.16 , pp. 191
    • Blekhman, R.1    Goodrich, J.K.2    Huang, K.3
  • 36
    • 84929297936 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dynamics and stabilization of the human gut microbiome during the first year of life
    • Bäckhed F, Roswall J, Peng Y, et al. Dynamics and stabilization of the human gut microbiome during the first year of life. Cell Host Microbe 2015;17:690-703
    • (2015) Cell Host Microbe , vol.17 , pp. 690-703
    • Bäckhed, F.1    Roswall, J.2    Peng, Y.3
  • 38
    • 84942882537 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Asthma: undoing millions of years of coevolution in early life?
    • Dominguez-Bello MG, Blaser MJ. Asthma: undoing millions of years of coevolution in early life? Sci Transl Med 2015;7:307fs39
    • (2015) Sci Transl Med , vol.7
    • Dominguez-Bello, M.G.1    Blaser, M.J.2
  • 39
    • 84942436915 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rethinking heritability of the microbiome
    • Van Opstal EJ, Bordenstein SR. Rethinking heritability of the microbiome. Science 2015;349:1172-1173
    • (2015) Science , vol.349 , pp. 1172-1173
    • Van Opstal, E.J.1    Bordenstein, S.R.2
  • 40
    • 84978619185 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Partial restoration of the microbiota of cesarean-born infants via vaginal microbial transfer
    • Dominguez-Bello MG, De Jesus-Laboy KM, Shen N, et al. Partial restoration of the microbiota of cesarean-born infants via vaginal microbial transfer. Nat Med 2016;22:250-253
    • (2016) Nat Med , vol.22 , pp. 250-253
    • Dominguez-Bello, M.G.1    De Jesus-Laboy, K.M.2    Shen, N.3
  • 41
    • 84962605055 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The maternal microbiota drives early postnatal innate immune development
    • Gomez de Agüero M, Ganal-Vonarburg SC, Fuhrer T, et al. The maternal microbiota drives early postnatal innate immune development. Science 2016;351:1296-1302
    • (2016) Science , vol.351 , pp. 1296-1302
    • Gomez de Agüero, M.1    Ganal-Vonarburg, S.C.2    Fuhrer, T.3
  • 42
    • 84981188004 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Microbiota and the control of blood-tissue barriers
    • Al-Asmakh M, Hedin L. Microbiota and the control of blood-tissue barriers. Tissue Barriers 2015;3:e1039691
    • (2015) Tissue Barriers , vol.3
    • Al-Asmakh, M.1    Hedin, L.2
  • 43
    • 84949520626 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • From hype to hope: the gut microbiota in enteric infectious disease
    • McKenney PT, Pamer EG. From hype to hope: the gut microbiota in enteric infectious disease. Cell 2015;163:1326-1332
    • (2015) Cell , vol.163 , pp. 1326-1332
    • McKenney, P.T.1    Pamer, E.G.2
  • 44
    • 84947441940 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A wave of regulatory T cells into neonatal skin mediates tolerance to commensal microbes
    • Scharschmidt TC, Vasquez KS, Truong HA, et al. A wave of regulatory T cells into neonatal skin mediates tolerance to commensal microbes. Immunity 2015;43:1011-1021
    • (2015) Immunity , vol.43 , pp. 1011-1021
    • Scharschmidt, T.C.1    Vasquez, K.S.2    Truong, H.A.3
  • 45
    • 84950297830 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Non-lethal inhibition of gut microbial tri methylamine production for the treatment of atherosclerosis
    • Wang Z, Roberts AB, Buffa JA, et al. Non-lethal inhibition of gut microbial tri methylamine production for the treatment of atherosclerosis. Cell 2015;163:1585-1595
    • (2015) Cell , vol.163 , pp. 1585-1595
    • Wang, Z.1    Roberts, A.B.2    Buffa, J.A.3
  • 46
    • 84953217700 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The infant microbiome: Implications for infant health and neurocognitive development
    • Yang I, Corwin EJ, Brennan PA, Jordan S, Murphy JR, Dunlop A. The infant microbiome: Implications for infant health and neurocognitive development. Nurs Res 2016;65:76-88
    • (2016) Nurs Res , vol.65 , pp. 76-88
    • Yang, I.1    Corwin, E.J.2    Brennan, P.A.3    Jordan, S.4    Murphy, J.R.5    Dunlop, A.6
  • 47
    • 84933565982 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mother's littlest helpers
    • Hinde K, Lewis ZT. Mother's littlest helpers. Science 2015;348:1427-1428
    • (2015) Science , vol.348 , pp. 1427-1428
    • Hinde, K.1    Lewis, Z.T.2
  • 48
    • 84944886700 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Humans differ in their personal microbial cloud
    • Meadow JF, Altrichter AE, Bateman AC, et al. Humans differ in their personal microbial cloud. Peer J 2015;3:e1258
    • (2015) Peer J , vol.3
    • Meadow, J.F.1    Altrichter, A.E.2    Bateman, A.C.3
  • 49
    • 84947812071 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Personalized nutrition by prediction of glycemic responses
    • Zeevi D, Korem T, Zmora N, et al. Personalized nutrition by prediction of glycemic responses. Cell 2015;163:1079-1094
    • (2015) Cell , vol.163 , pp. 1079-1094
    • Zeevi, D.1    Korem, T.2    Zmora, N.3
  • 50
    • 84925869705 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Food for the brain
    • Zuker CS. Food for the brain. Cell 2015;161:9-11
    • (2015) Cell , vol.161 , pp. 9-11
    • Zuker, C.S.1
  • 51
    • 84867845255 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The interplay between the intestinal microbiota and the brain
    • Collins SM, Surette M, Bercik P. The interplay between the intestinal microbiota and the brain. Nat Rev Microbiol 2012;10:735-742
    • (2012) Nat Rev Microbiol , vol.10 , pp. 735-742
    • Collins, S.M.1    Surette, M.2    Bercik, P.3
  • 53
    • 84929310699 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Control of brain development, function, and behavior by the microbiome
    • Sampson TR, Mazmanian SK. Control of brain development, function, and behavior by the microbiome. Cell Host Microbe 2015;17:565-576
    • (2015) Cell Host Microbe , vol.17 , pp. 565-576
    • Sampson, T.R.1    Mazmanian, S.K.2
  • 54
    • 84925348854 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms of molecular mimicry involving the microbiota in neurodegeneration
    • Friedland RP. Mechanisms of molecular mimicry involving the microbiota in neurodegeneration. J Alzheimers Dis 2015;45:349-362
    • (2015) J Alzheimers Dis , vol.45 , pp. 349-362
    • Friedland, R.P.1
  • 56
    • 8644259908 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Life style risks of Parkinson's disease: association between decreased water intake and constipation
    • Ueki A, Otsuka M. Life style risks of Parkinson's disease: association between decreased water intake and constipation. J Neurol 2004;251(suppl 7):vII18-vII23
    • (2004) J Neurol , vol.251 , pp. vII18-vII23
    • Ueki, A.1    Otsuka, M.2
  • 57
    • 84860813308 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pathological correlates of gastrointestinal dysfunction in Parkinson's disease
    • Cersosimo MG, Benarroch EE. Pathological correlates of gastrointestinal dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2012;46:559-564
    • (2012) Neurobiol Dis , vol.46 , pp. 559-564
    • Cersosimo, M.G.1    Benarroch, E.E.2
  • 58
    • 82455206282 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increased intestinal permeability correlates with sigmoid mucosa alpha-synuclein staining and endotoxin exposure markers in early parkinson's disease
    • Forsyth CB, Shannon KM, Kordower JH, et al. Increased intestinal permeability correlates with sigmoid mucosa alpha-synuclein staining and endotoxin exposure markers in early parkinson's disease. PLoS One 2011;6:e28032
    • (2011) PLoS One , vol.6
    • Forsyth, C.B.1    Shannon, K.M.2    Kordower, J.H.3
  • 59
    • 84867823011 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Colonic inflammation in parkinson's disease
    • Devos D, Lebouvier T, Lardeux B, et al. Colonic inflammation in parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2013;50:42-48
    • (2013) Neurobiol Dis , vol.50 , pp. 42-48
    • Devos, D.1    Lebouvier, T.2    Lardeux, B.3
  • 60
    • 41049106214 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Non-motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease
    • Poewe W. Non-motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease. Eur J Neurol 2008;15(suppl 1):14-20
    • (2008) Eur J Neurol , vol.15 , pp. 14-20
    • Poewe, W.1
  • 61
    • 32544442518 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gastric alpha-synuclein immunoreactive inclusions in meissner's and auerbach's plexuses in cases staged for parkinson's disease related brain pathology
    • Braak H, de Vos RA, Bohl J, Del Tredici K. Gastric alpha-synuclein immunoreactive inclusions in meissner's and auerbach's plexuses in cases staged for parkinson's disease related brain pathology. Neurosci Lett 2006;396:67-72
    • (2006) Neurosci Lett , vol.396 , pp. 67-72
    • Braak, H.1    de Vos, R.A.2    Bohl, J.3    Del Tredici, K.4
  • 62
    • 84861697687 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is alpha-synuclein in the colon a biomarker for premotor Parkinson's disease? Evidence from 3 cases
    • Shannon KM, Keshavarzian A, Dodiya HB, Jakate S, Kordower JH. Is alpha-synuclein in the colon a biomarker for premotor Parkinson's disease? Evidence from 3 cases. Mov Disord 2012;27:716-719
    • (2012) Mov Disord , vol.27 , pp. 716-719
    • Shannon, K.M.1    Keshavarzian, A.2    Dodiya, H.B.3    Jakate, S.4    Kordower, J.H.5
  • 63
    • 84873443346 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Parkinson's disease: evidence for environmental risk factors
    • Kieburtz K, Wunderle KB. Parkinson's disease: evidence for environmental risk factors. Mov Disord: 2013;28:8-13
    • (2013) Mov Disord , vol.28 , pp. 8-13
    • Kieburtz, K.1    Wunderle, K.B.2
  • 64
    • 73349092154 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Medical records documentation of constipation preceding Parkinson disease: a case-control study
    • Savica R, Carlin JM, Grossardt BR, et al. Medical records documentation of constipation preceding Parkinson disease: a case-control study. Neurology 2009;73:1752-1758
    • (2009) Neurology , vol.73 , pp. 1752-1758
    • Savica, R.1    Carlin, J.M.2    Grossardt, B.R.3
  • 65
    • 84963626535 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association between Parkinson's disease and helicobacter pylori
    • çamci G, Oguz S. Association between Parkinson's disease and helicobacter pylori. J Clin Neurol 2016;12:47-50
    • (2016) J Clin Neurol , vol.12 , pp. 47-50
    • Çamci, G.1    Oguz, S.2
  • 66
    • 84883559371 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in Parkinson's disease
    • Fasano A, Bove F, Gabrielli M, et al. The role of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2013;28:1241-1249
    • (2013) Mov Disord , vol.28 , pp. 1241-1249
    • Fasano, A.1    Bove, F.2    Gabrielli, M.3
  • 67
    • 84900014888 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in Parkinson's disease
    • Tan AH, Mahadeva S, Thalha AM, et al. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2014;20:535-540
    • (2014) Parkinsonism Relat Disord , vol.20 , pp. 535-540
    • Tan, A.H.1    Mahadeva, S.2    Thalha, A.M.3
  • 68
    • 84941167046 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Colonic bacterial composition in Parkinson's disease
    • Keshavarzian A, Green SJ, Engen PA, et al. Colonic bacterial composition in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2015;1351-1360
    • (2015) Mov Disord , pp. 1351-1360
    • Keshavarzian, A.1    Green, S.J.2    Engen, P.A.3
  • 69
    • 0030670231 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Substantial production of dopamine in the human gastrointestinal tract
    • Eisenhofer G, Aneman A, Friberg P, et al. Substantial production of dopamine in the human gastrointestinal tract. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997;82:3864-3871
    • (1997) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.82 , pp. 3864-3871
    • Eisenhofer, G.1    Aneman, A.2    Friberg, P.3
  • 71
    • 84870921029 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Blue-green algae or cyanobacteria in the intestinal micro-flora may produce neurotoxins such as Beta-N-Methylamino-L-Alanine (BMAA) which may be related to development of Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson-dementia-complex in humans and equine motor neuron disease in horses
    • Brenner SR. Blue-green algae or cyanobacteria in the intestinal micro-flora may produce neurotoxins such as Beta-N-Methylamino-L-Alanine (BMAA) which may be related to development of Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson-dementia-complex in humans and equine motor neuron disease in horses. Med Hypotheses 2013;80:103
    • (2013) Med Hypotheses , vol.80 , pp. 103
    • Brenner, S.R.1
  • 72
    • 70449466824 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The tight junction in inflammatory disease: communication breakdown
    • Edelblum KL, Turner JR. The tight junction in inflammatory disease: communication breakdown. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2009;9:715-720
    • (2009) Curr Opin Pharmacol , vol.9 , pp. 715-720
    • Edelblum, K.L.1    Turner, J.R.2
  • 73
    • 84919932773 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decreased bacterial diversity characterizes the altered gut microbiota in patients with psoriatic arthritis, resembling dysbiosis in inflammatory bowel disease
    • Scher JU, UbedaC, Artacho A, et al. Decreased bacterial diversity characterizes the altered gut microbiota in patients with psoriatic arthritis, resembling dysbiosis in inflammatory bowel disease. Arthritis Rheumatol 2015;67:128-139
    • (2015) Arthritis Rheumatol , vol.67 , pp. 128-139
    • Scher, J.U.1    Ubeda, C.2    Artacho, A.3
  • 74
    • 84884204411 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth and orocecal transit time in patients of inflammatory bowel disease
    • Rana SV. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth and orocecal transit time in patients of inflammatory bowel disease. Dig Dis Sci 2013;58:2594-2598
    • (2013) Dig Dis Sci , vol.58 , pp. 2594-2598
    • Rana, S.V.1
  • 75
    • 84904428155 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Progression of intestinal permeability changes and alphasynuclein expression in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease
    • Kelly LP, Carvey PM, Keshavarzian A, et al. Progression of intestinal permeability changes and alphasynuclein expression in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2014;29:999-1009
    • (2014) Mov Disord , vol.29 , pp. 999-1009
    • Kelly, L.P.1    Carvey, P.M.2    Keshavarzian, A.3
  • 77
    • 84861990759 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Techniques used to characterize the gut microbiota: a guide for the clinician
    • Fraher MH, O'Toole PW, Quigley EM. Techniques used to characterize the gut microbiota: a guide for the clinician. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012;9:312-322
    • (2012) Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol , vol.9 , pp. 312-322
    • Fraher, M.H.1    O'Toole, P.W.2    Quigley, E.M.3
  • 79
    • 0037311167 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Colonic transit time and rectoanal video manometry in Parkinson's disease
    • Sakakibara R, Odaka T, Uchiyama T, et al. Colonic transit time and rectoanal video manometry in Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2003;74:268-272
    • (2003) J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry , vol.74 , pp. 268-272
    • Sakakibara, R.1    Odaka, T.2    Uchiyama, T.3
  • 80
    • 84904043213 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Premotor and non-motor features of Parkinson's disease
    • Goldman JG, Postuma R. Premotor and non-motor features of Parkinson's disease. Curr Opin Neurol 2014;27:434-441
    • (2014) Curr Opin Neurol , vol.27 , pp. 434-441
    • Goldman, J.G.1    Postuma, R.2
  • 81
    • 0035859865 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Frequency of bowel movements and the future risk of Parkinson's disease
    • Abbott RD, Petrovitch H, White LR, et al. Frequency of bowel movements and the future risk of Parkinson's disease. Neurology 2001;57:456-462
    • (2001) Neurology , vol.57 , pp. 456-462
    • Abbott, R.D.1    Petrovitch, H.2    White, L.R.3
  • 82
    • 80052190509 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A prospective study of bowel movement frequency and risk of Parkinson's disease
    • Gao X, Chen H, Schwarzschild MA, Ascherio A. A prospective study of bowel movement frequency and risk of Parkinson's disease. Am J Epidemiol 2011;174:546-551
    • (2011) Am J Epidemiol , vol.174 , pp. 546-551
    • Gao, X.1    Chen, H.2    Schwarzschild, M.A.3    Ascherio, A.4
  • 83
    • 84924341733 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Meta-analyses on prevalence of selected Parkinson's non motor symptoms before and after diagnosis
    • Chen H, Zhao EJ, Zhang W, et al. Meta-analyses on prevalence of selected Parkinson's non motor symptoms before and after diagnosis. Transl Neurodegener 2015;4:1
    • (2015) Transl Neurodegener , vol.4 , pp. 1
    • Chen, H.1    Zhao, E.J.2    Zhang, W.3
  • 85
    • 84877923028 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prodromal autonomic symptoms and signs in parkinson's disease and dementia with lewy bodies
    • Postuma RB, Gagnon JF, Pelletier A, Montplaisir J. Prodromal autonomic symptoms and signs in parkinson's disease and dementia with lewy bodies. Mov Disord 2013;28:597-604
    • (2013) Mov Disord , vol.28 , pp. 597-604
    • Postuma, R.B.1    Gagnon, J.F.2    Pelletier, A.3    Montplaisir, J.4
  • 86
    • 84874210403 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Enteric alpha-synuclein expression is increased in Parkinson's disease but not Alzheimer's disease
    • Gold A, Turkalp ZT, Munoz DG. Enteric alpha-synuclein expression is increased in Parkinson's disease but not Alzheimer's disease. Mov Disord 2013;28:237-240
    • (2013) Mov Disord , vol.28 , pp. 237-240
    • Gold, A.1    Turkalp, Z.T.2    Munoz, D.G.3
  • 87
    • 84896717250 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Accumulation of alpha-synuclein in the bowel of patients in the pre-clinical phase of Parkinson's disease
    • Hilton D, Stephens M, Kirk L, et al. Accumulation of alpha-synuclein in the bowel of patients in the pre-clinical phase of Parkinson's disease. Acta Neuropathol 2014;127:235-241
    • (2014) Acta Neuropathol , vol.127 , pp. 235-241
    • Hilton, D.1    Stephens, M.2    Kirk, L.3
  • 88
    • 84861692236 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alpha-synuclein in colonic submucosa in early untreated parkinson's disease
    • Shannon KM, Keshavarzian A, Mutlu E, et al. Alpha-synuclein in colonic submucosa in early untreated parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2012;27:709-715
    • (2012) Mov Disord , vol.27 , pp. 709-715
    • Shannon, K.M.1    Keshavarzian, A.2    Mutlu, E.3
  • 89
    • 43249106066 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Abnormal colonic motility in mice over expressing human wild-type alpha-synuclein
    • Wang L, Fleming SM, Chesselet MF, Taché Y. Abnormal colonic motility in mice over expressing human wild-type alpha-synuclein. Neuroreport 2008;19:873-876
    • (2008) Neuroreport , vol.19 , pp. 873-876
    • Wang, L.1    Fleming, S.M.2    Chesselet, M.F.3    Taché, Y.4
  • 90
    • 84861706581 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alpha-synuclein over expressing transgenic mice shows internal organ pathology and autonomic deficits
    • Hallett PJ, McLean JR, Kartunen A, Langston JW, IsacsonO. Alpha-synuclein over expressing transgenic mice shows internal organ pathology and autonomic deficits. Neurobiol Dis 2012;47:258-267
    • (2012) Neurobiol Dis , vol.47 , pp. 258-267
    • Hallett, P.J.1    McLean, J.R.2    Kartunen, A.3    Langston, J.W.4    Isacson, O.5
  • 91
    • 77953021942 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multi-organ distribution of phosphorylated alpha-synuclein histopathology in subjects with lewy body disorders
    • Beach TG, Adler CH, Sue LI, et al. Multi-organ distribution of phosphorylated alpha-synuclein histopathology in subjects with lewy body disorders. Acta Neuropathol 2010;119:689-702
    • (2010) Acta Neuropathol , vol.119 , pp. 689-702
    • Beach, T.G.1    Adler, C.H.2    Sue, L.I.3
  • 92
    • 77958558412 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Colonic biopsies to assess the neuropathology of parkinson's disease and its relationship with symptoms
    • Lebouvier T, Neunlist M, Bruley des Varannes S, et al. Colonic biopsies to assess the neuropathology of parkinson's disease and its relationship with symptoms. PLoS One 2010;5:e12728
    • (2010) PLoS One , vol.5
    • Lebouvier, T.1    Neunlist, M.2    Bruley des Varannes, S.3
  • 93
    • 0023805080 scopus 로고
    • Parkinson's disease: the presence of lewy bodies in auerbach's and meissner's plexuses
    • Wakabayashi K, Takahashi H, Takeda S, Ohama E, Ikuta F. Parkinson's disease: the presence of lewy bodies in auerbach's and meissner's plexuses. Acta Neuropathol 1988;76:217-221
    • (1988) Acta Neuropathol , vol.76 , pp. 217-221
    • Wakabayashi, K.1    Takahashi, H.2    Takeda, S.3    Ohama, E.4    Ikuta, F.5
  • 94
    • 56549121613 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pathological lesions in colonic biopsies during parkinson's disease
    • Lebouvier T, Chaumette T, Damier P, et al. Pathological lesions in colonic biopsies during parkinson's disease. Gut 2008;57:1741-1743
    • (2008) Gut , vol.57 , pp. 1741-1743
    • Lebouvier, T.1    Chaumette, T.2    Damier, P.3
  • 95
    • 85016469502 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Structural alterations of the intestinal epithelial barrier in parkinson's disease
    • Clairembault T, Leclair-Visonneau L, Coron E, et al. Structural alterations of the intestinal epithelial barrier in parkinson's disease. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2015;3:12
    • (2015) Acta Neuropathol Commun , vol.3 , pp. 12
    • Clairembault, T.1    Leclair-Visonneau, L.2    Coron, E.3
  • 96
    • 84921314730 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Simultaneous gas-chromatographic urinary measurement of sugar probes to assess intestinal permeability: use of time course analysis to optimize its use to assess regional gut permeability
    • Shaikh M, Rajan K, Forsyth CB, Voigt RM, Keshavarzian A. Simultaneous gas-chromatographic urinary measurement of sugar probes to assess intestinal permeability: use of time course analysis to optimize its use to assess regional gut permeability. Clin Chim Acta 2015;442:24-32
    • (2015) Clin Chim Acta , vol.442 , pp. 24-32
    • Shaikh, M.1    Rajan, K.2    Forsyth, C.B.3    Voigt, R.M.4    Keshavarzian, A.5
  • 97
    • 84951284320 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intestinal dysbiosis and lowered serum lipopolysaccharide-binding protein in parkinson's disease
    • Hasegawa S, Goto S, Tsuji H, et al. Intestinal dysbiosis and lowered serum lipopolysaccharide-binding protein in parkinson's disease. PLoS One 2015;10:e0142164
    • (2015) PLoS One , vol.10
    • Hasegawa, S.1    Goto, S.2    Tsuji, H.3
  • 99
    • 79955103829 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in parkinson's disease
    • Gabrielli M, Bonazzi P, Scarpellini E, et al. Prevalence of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2011;26:889-892
    • (2011) Mov Disord , vol.26 , pp. 889-892
    • Gabrielli, M.1    Bonazzi, P.2    Scarpellini, E.3
  • 100
    • 84925368160 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increased urinary indoxyl sulfate (indican): new insights into gut dysbiosis in Parkinson's disease
    • Cassani E, Barichella M, Dancello R, et al. Increased urinary indoxyl sulfate (indican): new insights into gut dysbiosis in Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2015;21:389-393
    • (2015) Parkinsonism Relat Disord , vol.21 , pp. 389-393
    • Cassani, E.1    Barichella, M.2    Dancello, R.3
  • 101
    • 84924577956 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gut microbiota are related to Parkinson's disease and clinical phenotype
    • Scheperjans F, Aho V, Pereira PA, et al. Gut microbiota are related to Parkinson's disease and clinical phenotype. Mov Disord 2015;30:350-358
    • (2015) Mov Disord , vol.30 , pp. 350-358
    • Scheperjans, F.1    Aho, V.2    Pereira, P.A.3
  • 102
    • 77951684976 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Short-chain fatty acids regulate the enteric neurons and control gastrointestinal motility in rats
    • Soret R, Chevalier J, De Coppet P, et al. Short-chain fatty acids regulate the enteric neurons and control gastrointestinal motility in rats. Gastroenterology 2010;138:1772-1782
    • (2010) Gastroenterology , vol.138 , pp. 1772-1782
    • Soret, R.1    Chevalier, J.2    De Coppet, P.3
  • 103
    • 84994745714 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Short chain fatty acids and gut microbiota differ between patients with Parkinson's disease and age-matched controls
    • Unger MM, Spiegel J, Dillmann KU, et al. Short chain fatty acids and gut microbiota differ between patients with Parkinson's disease and age-matched controls. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2016;32:66-72
    • (2016) Parkinsonism Relat Disord , vol.32 , pp. 66-72
    • Unger, M.M.1    Spiegel, J.2    Dillmann, K.U.3
  • 105
    • 44449099036 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tight junctions and the modulation of barrier function in disease
    • Förster C. Tight junctions and the modulation of barrier function in disease. Histochem Cell Biol 2008;130:55-70
    • (2008) Histochem Cell Biol , vol.130 , pp. 55-70
    • Förster, C.1
  • 106
    • 84869393697 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Leukocyte-subset counts in idiopathic Parkinsonism provide clues to a pathogenic pathway involving small intestinal bacterial over growth. A surveillance study
    • Dobbs RJ, Charlett A, Dobbs SM, et al. Leukocyte-subset counts in idiopathic Parkinsonism provide clues to a pathogenic pathway involving small intestinal bacterial over growth. A surveillance study. Gut Pathog 2012;4:12
    • (2012) Gut Pathog , vol.4 , pp. 12
    • Dobbs, R.J.1    Charlett, A.2    Dobbs, S.M.3
  • 107
    • 0031882472 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cortisol is higher in Parkinsonism and associated with gait deficit
    • Charlett A, Dobbs RJ, Purkiss AG, et al. Cortisol is higher in Parkinsonism and associated with gait deficit. Acta Neurol Scand 1998;97:77-85
    • (1998) Acta Neurol Scand , vol.97 , pp. 77-85
    • Charlett, A.1    Dobbs, R.J.2    Purkiss, A.G.3
  • 109
    • 56849086964 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Peripheral cytokines profile in parkinson's disease
    • Reale M, Iarlori C, Thomas A, et al. Peripheral cytokines profile in parkinson's disease. Brain Behav Immun 2009;23:55-63
    • (2009) Brain Behav Immun , vol.23 , pp. 55-63
    • Reale, M.1    Iarlori, C.2    Thomas, A.3
  • 111
    • 84927131694 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Indigenous bacteria from the gut microbiota regulates host serotonin biosynthesis
    • Yano JM, Yu K, Donaldson GP, et al. Indigenous bacteria from the gut microbiota regulates host serotonin biosynthesis. Cell 2015;161:264-276
    • (2015) Cell , vol.161 , pp. 264-276
    • Yano, J.M.1    Yu, K.2    Donaldson, G.P.3
  • 112
    • 84942792126 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increased risk of depression in patients with Parkinson disease: a nationwide cohort study
    • Hsu YT, Liao CC, Chang SN, et al. Increased risk of depression in patients with Parkinson disease: a nationwide cohort study. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2015;23:934-940
    • (2015) Am J Geriatr Psychiatry , vol.23 , pp. 934-940
    • Hsu, Y.T.1    Liao, C.C.2    Chang, S.N.3
  • 113
    • 84937526515 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reduced plasma serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid levels in Parkinson's disease are associated with nonmotor symptoms
    • Tong Q, Zhang L, Yuan Y, et al. Reduced plasma serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid levels in Parkinson's disease are associated with nonmotor symptoms. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2015;21:882-887
    • (2015) Parkinsonism Relat Disord , vol.21 , pp. 882-887
    • Tong, Q.1    Zhang, L.2    Yuan, Y.3
  • 114
    • 42149093127 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The gut-brain barrier in major depression: Intestinal mucosal dysfunction with an increased translocation of LPS from gram negative enterobacteria (leaky gut) plays a role in the inflammatory pathophysiology of depression
    • Maes M, Kubera M, Leunis JC. The gut-brain barrier in major depression: Intestinal mucosal dysfunction with an increased translocation of LPS from gram negative enterobacteria (leaky gut) plays a role in the inflammatory pathophysiology of depression. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 2008;29:117-124
    • (2008) Neuro Endocrinol Lett , vol.29 , pp. 117-124
    • Maes, M.1    Kubera, M.2    Leunis, J.C.3
  • 115
    • 84861808541 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantitative metabolomic profiling of serum, plasma, and urine by H NMR spectroscopy discriminates between patients with inflammatory bowel disease and healthy individuals
    • Schicho R, Shaykhutdinov R, Ngo J, et al. Quantitative metabolomic profiling of serum, plasma, and urine by H NMR spectroscopy discriminates between patients with inflammatory bowel disease and healthy individuals. J Proteome Res 2012;11:3344-3357
    • (2012) J Proteome Res , vol.11 , pp. 3344-3357
    • Schicho, R.1    Shaykhutdinov, R.2    Ngo, J.3
  • 116
    • 77649180011 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A profile of volatile organic compounds in breath discriminates COPD patients from controls
    • Van Berkel JJ, Dallinga JW, Möller GM, et al. A profile of volatile organic compounds in breath discriminates COPD patients from controls. Respir Med 2010;104:557-563
    • (2010) Respir Med , vol.104 , pp. 557-563
    • Van Berkel, J.J.1    Dallinga, J.W.2    Möller, G.M.3
  • 118
    • 84890113007 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of progression markers in the premotor phase of Parkinson's disease: the progression markers in the premotor phase study
    • Liepelt-Scarfone I, Gauss K Maetzler W, et al. Evaluation of progression markers in the premotor phase of Parkinson's disease: the progression markers in the premotor phase study. Neuroepidemiology 2013;41:174-182
    • (2013) Neuroepidemiology , vol.41 , pp. 174-182
    • Liepelt-Scarfone, I.1    Gauss, K.2    Maetzler, W.3
  • 119
    • 85016471342 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Imaging biomarkers in Parkinson's disease and Parkinsonian symptoms: current and emerging concepts
    • Saeed U, Compagnone J, Aviv RI, et al. Imaging biomarkers in Parkinson's disease and Parkinsonian symptoms: current and emerging concepts. Transl Neurodegener 2017;6:8
    • (2017) Transl Neurodegener , vol.6 , pp. 8
    • Saeed, U.1    Compagnone, J.2    Aviv, R.I.3
  • 120
    • 84884883519 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biomarkers in Parkinson's disease (recent update)
    • Sharma S, Moon CS. Biomarkers in Parkinson's disease (recent update). Neurochem Int 2013;63:201-229
    • (2013) Neurochem Int , vol.63 , pp. 201-229
    • Sharma, S.1    Moon, C.S.2
  • 121
    • 53649086350 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transcranial sonography in movement disorders
    • Berg D, Godau J, Walter U. Transcranial sonography in movement disorders. Lancet Neurol 2008;7:1044-1055
    • (2008) Lancet Neurol , vol.7 , pp. 1044-1055
    • Berg, D.1    Godau, J.2    Walter, U.3
  • 122
    • 72849151978 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • When does Parkinson's disease begin?
    • Gaig C, Tolosa E. When does Parkinson's disease begin? Mov Disord 2009;24(suppl 2):S656-S664
    • (2009) Mov Disord , vol.24 , pp. S656-S664
    • Gaig, C.1    Tolosa, E.2
  • 123
    • 84920998172 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in Parkinson's disease
    • Tuite PJ, Mangia S. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in Parkinson's disease. J Alzheimers Dis Parkinsonism 2013;(suppl 1):001
    • (2013) J Alzheimers Dis Parkinsonism , pp. 001
    • Tuite, P.J.1    Mangia, S.2
  • 124
    • 84866696660 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Combined assessment of midbrain hyperechogenicity, hyposmia and motor asymmetry improves diagnostic accuracy in early Parkinson's disease
    • Poewe W, Mahlknecht P. Combined assessment of midbrain hyperechogenicity, hyposmia and motor asymmetry improves diagnostic accuracy in early Parkinson's disease. Expert Rev Neurother 2012;12:911-914
    • (2012) Expert Rev Neurother , vol.12 , pp. 911-914
    • Poewe, W.1    Mahlknecht, P.2
  • 125
    • 84894071160 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Voxelwise meta-analysis of gray matter anomalies in progressive supranuclear palsy and parkinson's disease using anatomic likelihood estimation
    • Shao N, Yang J, Li J, Shang HF. Voxelwise meta-analysis of gray matter anomalies in progressive supranuclear palsy and parkinson's disease using anatomic likelihood estimation. Front Hum Neurosci 2014;8:63
    • (2014) Front Hum Neurosci , vol.8 , pp. 63
    • Shao, N.1    Yang, J.2    Li, J.3    Shang, H.F.4
  • 126
    • 84876464458 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Change the research criteria for the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease: obstacles and opportunities
    • Berg D, Lang AE, Postuma RB, et al. Change the research criteria for the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease: obstacles and opportunities. Lancet Neurol 2013;12:514-524
    • (2013) Lancet Neurol , vol.12 , pp. 514-524
    • Berg, D.1    Lang, A.E.2    Postuma, R.B.3
  • 127
    • 84859846991 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Defining at-risk populations for Parkinson 's disease: lessons from ongoing studies
    • Berg D, Marek K, Ross GW, Poewe W. Defining at-risk populations for Parkinson 's disease: lessons from ongoing studies. Mov Disord 2012;27:656-665
    • (2012) Mov Disord , vol.27 , pp. 656-665
    • Berg, D.1    Marek, K.2    Ross, G.W.3    Poewe, W.4
  • 128
    • 84899846171 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mild parkinsonian signs in the elderly-Is there an association with PD? Crossectional findings in 992 individuals
    • Lerche S, Hobert M, Brochmann K, et al. Mild parkinsonian signs in the elderly-Is there an association with PD? Crossectional findings in 992 individuals. PLoS One 2014;9:e92878
    • (2014) PLoS One , vol.9
    • Lerche, S.1    Hobert, M.2    Brochmann, K.3
  • 129
    • 84891828446 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • PREDICT-PD: Identifying risk of Parkinson's disease in the community: methods and baseline results
    • Noyce AJ, Bestwick JP, Silveira-Moriyam L et al. PREDICT-PD: Identifying risk of Parkinson's disease in the community: methods and baseline results. J Neurol Neurosur Psychiatry 2014;85:31-37
    • (2014) J Neurol Neurosur Psychiatry , vol.85 , pp. 31-37
    • Noyce, A.J.1    Bestwick, J.P.2    Silveira-Moriyam, L.3
  • 130
    • 84898057951 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Time to redefine PD? Introductory statement of the MDS task force on the definition of Parkinson's disease
    • Berg D, Postuma RB, Bloem B, et al. Time to redefine PD? Introductory statement of the MDS task force on the definition of Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2014;29:454-462
    • (2014) Mov Disord , vol.29 , pp. 454-462
    • Berg, D.1    Postuma, R.B.2    Bloem, B.3
  • 131
    • 84875736416 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Different diagnostic criteria for Parkinson disease: what are the pitfalls?
    • Bhidayasiri R, Reichmann H. Different diagnostic criteria for Parkinson disease: what are the pitfalls? J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2013;120:619-625
    • (2013) J Neural Transm (Vienna) , vol.120 , pp. 619-625
    • Bhidayasiri, R.1    Reichmann, H.2
  • 132
    • 66949152096 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Parkinson's disease
    • Lees AJ, Hardy J, Revesz T. Parkinson's disease. Lancet 2009; 373:2055-2066
    • (2009) Lancet , vol.373 , pp. 2055-2066
    • Lees, A.J.1    Hardy, J.2    Revesz, T.3
  • 133
    • 84876460070 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Parkinson's disease redefined
    • Deutch AY. Parkinson's disease redefined. Lancet Neurol 2013;12:422-423
    • (2013) Lancet Neurol , vol.12 , pp. 422-423
    • Deutch, A.Y.1
  • 134
    • 84888250233 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • a-synuclein in cutaneous autonomic nerves
    • Wang N, Gibbons CH, Lafo J, Freeman R. a-synuclein in cutaneous autonomic nerves. Neurol 2013;81:1604-1610
    • (2013) Neurol , vol.81 , pp. 1604-1610
    • Wang, N.1    Gibbons, C.H.2    Lafo, J.3    Freeman, R.4
  • 135
    • 84865477339 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recommendations to standardize preanalytical confounding factors in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers: an update
    • del Campo M, Mollenhauer B, Bertolotto A. Recommendations to standardize preanalytical confounding factors in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers: an update. Biomark Med 2012;6:419-430
    • (2012) Biomark Med , vol.6 , pp. 419-430
    • del Campo, M.1    Mollenhauer, B.2    Bertolotto, A.3
  • 136
    • 77954954518 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diagnostic cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers for Parkinson's disease: a pathogenetically based approach
    • Van Dijk KD, Teunissen CE, Drukarch B, et al. Diagnostic cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers for Parkinson's disease: a pathogenetically based approach. Neurobiol Dis 2010;39:229-241
    • (2010) Neurobiol Dis , vol.39 , pp. 229-241
    • Van Dijk, K.D.1    Teunissen, C.E.2    Drukarch, B.3
  • 137
    • 84894299915 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A 'bird's eye' view on the current status and potential benefits of blood biomarkers for Parkinson's disease
    • Mielke MM, Maetzler W. A 'bird's eye' view on the current status and potential benefits of blood biomarkers for Parkinson's disease. Biomarkers Med 2014;8:225-227
    • (2014) Biomarkers Med , vol.8 , pp. 225-227
    • Mielke, M.M.1    Maetzler, W.2
  • 138
    • 84899907925 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emerging candidate biomarkers for Parkinson's disease: a review
    • Saracchi E, Fermi S, Brighina L. Emerging candidate biomarkers for Parkinson's disease: a review. Aging Dis 2013;5:27-34
    • (2013) Aging Dis , vol.5 , pp. 27-34
    • Saracchi, E.1    Fermi, S.2    Brighina, L.3
  • 139
    • 84865711795 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biomarkers intersect with the exposome
    • Rappaport SM. Biomarkers intersect with the exposome. Biomarkers 2012;17:483-489
    • (2012) Biomarkers , vol.17 , pp. 483-489
    • Rappaport, S.M.1
  • 140
    • 38849159145 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metabolomic profiling to develop blood biomarkers for Parkinson's disease
    • Bogdanov M, Matson WR, Wang L, et al. Metabolomic profiling to develop blood biomarkers for Parkinson's disease. Brain 2008;131(pt 2):389-396
    • (2008) Brain , vol.131 , pp. 389-396
    • Bogdanov, M.1    Matson, W.R.2    Wang, L.3
  • 142
    • 68949110561 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metabolic profiling of Parkinson's disease: evidence of biomarker from gene expression analysis and rapid neural network detection
    • Ahmed SS, Santosh W, Kumar S, Christlet HTT. Metabolic profiling of Parkinson's disease: evidence of biomarker from gene expression analysis and rapid neural network detection. J Biomed Sci 2009;16:63
    • (2009) J Biomed Sci , vol.16 , pp. 63
    • Ahmed, S.S.1    Santosh, W.2    Kumar, S.3    Christlet, H.T.T.4
  • 143
    • 84905986686 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Profiles of extracellular miRNA in cerebrospinal fluid and serum from patients with Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases correlate with disease status and features of pathology
    • Burgos K, Malenica I, Metpally R, et al. Profiles of extracellular miRNA in cerebrospinal fluid and serum from patients with Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases correlate with disease status and features of pathology. PLoS One 2014;9:e94839
    • (2014) PLoS One , vol.9
    • Burgos, K.1    Malenica, I.2    Metpally, R.3
  • 144
    • 84896802423 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Environmental exposures and the risk for Alzheimer disease: can we identify the smoking guns?
    • DeKosky ST, Gandy S. Environmental exposures and the risk for Alzheimer disease: can we identify the smoking guns? JAMA Neurol 2014;71:273-275
    • (2014) JAMA Neurol , vol.71 , pp. 273-275
    • DeKosky, S.T.1    Gandy, S.2
  • 145
    • 84942789153 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brain-gut-microbiota axis in Parkinson's disease
    • Mulak A, Bonaz B. Brain-gut-microbiota axis in Parkinson's disease. World J Gastroenterol 2015;21:10609-10620
    • (2015) World J Gastroenterol , vol.21 , pp. 10609-10620
    • Mulak, A.1    Bonaz, B.2
  • 146
    • 85001839744 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gut microbiota and central nervous system development
    • Principi N, Esposito S. Gut microbiota and central nervous system development. J Infect 2016;73:536-546
    • (2016) J Infect , vol.73 , pp. 536-546
    • Principi, N.1    Esposito, S.2
  • 147
    • 84963621215 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modulatory effects of gut microbiota on the central nervous system: how gut could play a role in neuropsychiatric health and diseases
    • Yarandi SS, Peterson DA, Treisman GJ, Moran TH, Pasricha PJ. Modulatory effects of gut microbiota on the central nervous system: how gut could play a role in neuropsychiatric health and diseases. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2016;22:201-212
    • (2016) J Neurogastroenterol Motil , vol.22 , pp. 201-212
    • Yarandi, S.S.1    Peterson, D.A.2    Treisman, G.J.3    Moran, T.H.4    Pasricha, P.J.5
  • 148
    • 85064006776 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The gut-brain axis: is intestinal inflammation a silent driver of Parkinson's disease pathogenesis?
    • Houser MC, Tansey MG. The gut-brain axis: is intestinal inflammation a silent driver of Parkinson's disease pathogenesis? NPJ Parkinson's Dis 2017;3:3
    • (2017) NPJ Parkinson's Dis , vol.3 , pp. 3
    • Houser, M.C.1    Tansey, M.G.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.