Complex coacervation in charge complementary biopolymers: Electrostatic versus surface patch binding

Advances in Colloid and Interface Science

Volumn 250, Issue , 2017, Pages 40-53

  Pathak, Jyotsana ^a   Priyadarshini, Eepsita ^b   Rawat, Kamla ^b,c   Bohidar, H B ^b  

^a INDIAN INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE EDUCATION AND RESEARCH BHOPAL   (India)

^b JAWAHARLAL NEHRU UNIVERSITY   (India)

^c INTER UNIVERSITY ACCELERATOR CENTRE   (India)

Author keywords

Biomolecules; Chain flexibility; Complex coacervation; Electrostatic interactions; Surface patch binding

Indexed keywords

BIOMOLECULES; BIOPOLYMERS; BODY FLUIDS; CHAINS; CHITIN; CHITOSAN; COULOMB INTERACTIONS; ELECTROSTATICS; IONIC STRENGTH; MAMMALS; POLYELECTROLYTES; SUBSTRATES; SURFACE PLASMON RESONANCE;

ASSOCIATIVE INTERACTIONS; BOVINE SERUM ALBUMINS; CHAIN FLEXIBILITY; COMPLEX COACERVATION; INDEPENDENT VARIABLES; POLYELECTROLYTE CHAIN; POLYELECTROLYTE-PROTEIN COMPLEXES; SURFACE PATCHES;

BINS;

BIOPOLYMER; BOVINE SERUM ALBUMIN; CHITOSAN; DNA; GELATIN; POLYELECTROLYTE; SOLVENT;

CHEMISTRY; METABOLISM; MOLECULAR WEIGHT; OSMOLARITY; PH; STATIC ELECTRICITY;

BIOPOLYMERS; CHITOSAN; DNA; GELATIN; HYDROGEN-ION CONCENTRATION; MOLECULAR WEIGHT; OSMOLAR CONCENTRATION; POLYELECTROLYTES; SERUM ALBUMIN, BOVINE; SOLVENTS; STATIC ELECTRICITY;

EID: 85034566712     PISSN: 00018686     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2017.10.006     Document Type: Review

References (130)

1. Oparin, A.P., The origin of life. 1953, Academic Press, New York.
2. Menger, F.M., Seredyuk, V.A., Apkarian, R.P., Wright, E.R., Colloidal assemblies of branched geminis studied by cryo-etch. J Am Chem Soc 124:42 (2002), 12408–12409.
3. Kroken, S., Glass, N.L., Taylor, J.W., Yoder, O.C., Turgeon, B.G., Phylogenomic analysis of type I polyketide synthase genes in pathogenic and saprobic ascomycetes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100 (2003), 5670–15675.
4. Albertsson, P.A., Partition of cell particles and macromolecules. 2nd ed, 1971, Wiley Interscience, New York.
5. Tolstoguzov, V., Functional properties of food proteins and role of protein-polysaccharide interaction. Food Hydrocoll 4 (1991), 429–468.
6. Zhang, K., Karlström, G., Lindman, B., Ternary aqueous mixtures of a nonionic polymer with a surfactant or a second polymer. a theoretical and experimental investigation of the phase behavior. J Phys Chem 98:16 (1994), 4411–4421.
7. Tolstoguzov, V.B., Functional properties of macromolecules. 1986, Elsevier Applied Science Publishers, London, 85–415.
8. Bungenberg de Jong, H.G., Kruyt, H.R., (eds.) Colloid science, 2, 1949, Elsevier, London, 232–238.
9. Piculell, L., Lindman, B., Association and segregation in aqueous polymer/polymer, polymer/surfactant, and surfactant/surfactant mixtures: similarities and differences. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 41 (1992), 149–178.
10. Imeson, A.P., Ledward, D.A., Mitchell, J.R., The yield of 3-deoxy-4-sulphopentosulose in the sulphite inhibited non-enzymic browning of ascorbic acid. J Sci Food Agric 28 (1977), 669–672.
11. Imeson, A.P., Watson, P.R., Mitchell, J.R., Ledward, D.A., Protein recovery from blood plasma by precipitation with polyuronates. J Food Technol 13 (1978), 329–338.
12. Piculell, L., Bergfeldt, K., Nilsson, S., Harding, S.E., Hill, S.E., Mitchell, J.R., (eds.) Biopolymer mixtures, 1995, Nottingham University Press, Nottingham, 13–36.
13. Bungenberg de jong, H.G., Kruyt, H.R., Colloid science ed. 10, 1949, Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 335–432.
14. Bungenberg de jong, H.G., Kruyt, H.R., (eds.) colloid science, 11, 1949, Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 433–480.
15. Overbeek, J.T., Voorn, M.J., Phase separation in polyelectrolyte solutions; theory of complex coacervation. J Cell Physiol Suppl 49 (1957), 7–22.
16. Kayitmazer, A.B., Seeman, D., Minsky, B.B., Dubin, P.L., Xu, Y., Protein polyelectrolyte interactions. Soft Matter 9:9 (2013), 2553–2583.
17. Tolstoguzov VV, Some thermodynamic considerations in food formulation. Food Hydrocoll. 172003123.
18. Bohidar, H.B., Dubin, P.L., Majhi, P.R., Tribet, C., Jaeger, W., Effects of protein-polyelectrolyte affinity and polyelectrolyte molecular weight on dynamic properties of bovine serum albumin-poly(diallyldimethylammoniumchloride)coacervates. Biomacromolecules 6 (2005), 1573–1585.
19. Dubin, P.L., Li, Y.J., Jaeger, W., Mesophase separation in polyelectrolyte-mixed micelle coacervates. Langmuir 24:9 (2008), 4544–4549.
20. Kizilay, E., Maccarrone, S., Elaine, Foun, Dinsmore, A.D., Dubin, P.L., Cluster formation in polyelectrolyte − micelle complex coacervation. J Phys Chem B 115 (2011), 7256–7263.
21. Liberatore, M.W., Wyatt, N.B., Henry, M., Dubin, P.L., Foun, E., Shear-induced phase separation in polyelectrolyte/mixed micelle coacervates. Langmuir 25:23 (2009), 13376–13383.
22. Kumar, A., Dubin, P.L., Hernon, M.J., Li, Y.J., Jaeger, W., Temperature-dependent phase behavior of polyelectrolyte-mixed micelle systems. J Phys Chem B 111:29 (2007), 8468–8476.
23. Gupta, A., Bohidar, H.B., Kinetics of phase separation in systems exhibiting simple coacervation. Phys Rev E, 72, 2005, 011507.
24. Dubin, P.L., Chew, C.H., Gans, L.M., Complex formation between anionic polyelectrolytes and cationic/nonionic mixed micelles. J Colloid Interface Sci 128 (1989), 566–576.
25. Zhang, H., Ohbu, K., Dubin, P.L., Binding of carboxy-terminated anionic/nonionic mixed micelles to a strong polycation: critical conditions for complex formation. Langmuir 16:23 (2000), 9082–9086.
26. Painter, P.C., Graf, J.F., Coleman, M.M., Effect of hydrogen bonding on the enthalpy of mixing and the composition dependence of the glass transition temperature in polymer blends. Macromolecules 24 (1991), 5630–5638.
27. Painter, P.C., Coleman, M.M., Fundamentals of polymer science: an introductory text. 3rd ed., 1997, CRC Press, New York.
28. Coleman, M.M., Graf, J.F., Painter PC. 1991, Technomic Publishing, Lanchaster, PA.
29. Ledward, D.A., Hettiarachchy, N., Ziegler, G.R., (eds.) Protein functionality in food systems, 1994, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 225–259.
30. Turgeon, S.L., Schmitt, C., Sanchez, C., Protein-polysaccharide complexes and coacervates. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 12 (2007), 166–178.
31. Kizilay, E., Kayitmazer, A.B., Dubin, P.L., Complexation and coacervation of polyelectrolytes with oppositely charged colloids. Adv Colloid Interf Sci 167 (2011), 24–37.
32. Cousin, F., Gummel, J., Combet, S., Bou´e, F., The model Lysozyme-PSSNa system for electrostatic complexation: similarities and differences with complex. Adv Colloid Interf Sci 167 (2011), 71–84.
33. Dickinson, E., Interfacial structure and stability of food emulsions as affected by protein-polysaccharide interactions. Soft Matter 4 (2008), 932–942.
34. Tolstoguzov, V.B., Nishinari, K., Doi, E., Food hydrocolloids. 1994, Plenum Press, New York, 327–340.
35. Xia, J.L., Dubin, P.L., Dubin, P.L., Bock, J., Davis, R., Schulz, D.N., Macromolecular complexes in chemistry and biology. 1994, Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg, 247–271.
36. Tribet, C., Radeva, T., Physical chemistry of polyelectrolytes. 2001, Marcel Dekker Inc., New York.
37. Cooper, C.L., Dubin, P.L., Kayitmazer, A.B., Turksen, S., Polyelectrolyte–protein complexes. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 10 (2005), 52–78.
38. Moschakis, T., Biliaderis, C.G., Biopolymer-based coacervates: structures, functionality and applications in food products. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci, 28, 2017 (96-10).
39. Blocher, W.C., Perry, S.L., Complex coacervate-based materials for biomedicine. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol, 9, 2017, e1442.
40. Xu, Y., Liu, M., Faisal, M., Si, Y., Guo, Y., Selective protein complexation and coacervation by polyelectrolytes. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 239 (2017), 158–167.
41. Liu, Y.H., Winter, H., Perry, S.L., Linear viscoelasticity of complex coacervates. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 239 (2017), 46–60.
42. Jizomoto, H., Phase separation induced in gelatin-base coacervation systems by addition of water-soluble nonionic polymers I: microencapsulation. J Pharm Sci 73:7 (1984), 879–882.
43. Flory, P.J., Thermodynamics of high polymer solutions. J Chem Phys 10 (1942), 51–61.
44. Scott, R.L., The thermodynamics of high polymer solutions. V. Phase equilibria in the ternary system: polymer 1-polymer 2-solvent. J Chem Phys 17 (1949), 279–284.
45. Patterson, D., Polymer compatibility with and without a solvent. Polym Eng Sci 22:2 (1982), 64–73.
46. Flory, P.J., Principles of polymer chemistry. 1953, Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London Barnes.
47. Khalil, S.A.H., Nixon, J.R., Carless, J.E., Role of pH in the coacervation of the systems: gelatinwater-ethanol and gelatin-water-sodium sulphate. J Pharm Pharmacol 20 (1968), 215–225.
48. Saegusa, K., Ishii, F., Triangular phase diagrams in the phospholipid-water-alcohol system for the preparation of lipid vesicles (liposomes) using the Coacervation technique. Langmuir 18 (2002), 5984–5988.
49. Tiwari, A., Bindal, S., Bohidar, H.B., Kinetics of protein-protein complex coacervation and biphasic release of salbutamol sulfate from coacervate matrix. Biomacromolecules 10 (2009), 184–189.
50. Rohlfing, D.L., Coacervate-like microspheres from lysine-rich proteinoid. Origin of life and evolution of biospheres, 6, 1975, 203–209.
51. Nakajima, A., Sato, H., Phase relationships of an equivalent mixture of sulfated polyvinyl alcohol and aminoacetalyzed polyvinyl alcohol in microsalt aqueous solution. Biopolymers 10 (1972), 1345–1355.
52. Turgeon, S.L., Beaulieu, M., Schmitt, C., Sanchez, C., Protein-polysaccharide interactions: phase-ordering kinetics, thermodynamic and structural aspects. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 8 (2003), 40–414.
53. Sanchez, C., Mekhloufi, G., Renard, D., Complex coacervation between β-lactoglobulin and Acacia gum: a nucleation and growth mechanism. J Colloid Interface Sci 299 (2006), 867–873.
54. Girard, M., Sanchez, C., Laneuville, S.I., Turgeon, S.L., Gauthier, S.F., Associative phase separation of β-lactoglobulin/pectin solutions: a kinetic study by small angle static light scattering. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 35 (2004), 15–22.
55. Weinbreck, F., Rollema, H.S., Tromp, R.H., de Cruif, C.G., Diffusivity of whey protein and gum arabic in their coacervates. Langmuir 20 (2004), 6389–6395.
56. Singh, S.S., Siddhanta, A.K., Meena, R., Prasad, K., Bandyopadhyay, S., Bohidar, H.B., Structural studies of agar–gelatin complex coacervates by small angle neutron scattering, rheology and differential scanning calorimetry. Int J Biol Macromol 4 (2007), 185–192.
57. Laneuville, S.I., Sanchez, C., Turgeon, S.L., Hardy, J., Paquin P. Dickinson, E., (eds.) Food colloids: interaction, microstructure and processing, 2005, The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, 443–465.
58. Turgeon, S.L., Laneuville, S.I., Kasapis, S., Norton, I.T., Ubbink, J.B., Modern biopolymer science. 2009, Elsevier, New York, 327–363.
59. Pawar, N., Bohidar, H.B., Spinodal decomposition and phase separation kinetics in nanoclay-biopolymer solutions. J Polym Sci B Polym Phys 48 (2010), 555–565.
60. Schmitt, C., Sanchez, C., Lamprecht, A., Renard, D., Lehr, C.M., de Cruif, C.G., et al. Study of β-lactoglobulin/acacia gum complex coacervation by diffusing-wave spectroscopy and confocal scanning laser microscopy. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 20 (2001), 267–280.
61. Sanchez, C., Mekhloufi, G., Schmitt, C., Renard, D., Robert, P., Lehr, C.M., et al. Self-assembly of β-lactoglobulin and acacia gum in aqueous solvent: structure and phase-ordering kinetics. Langmuir 18 (2002), 10323–10333.
62. Weinbreck, F., Tromp, R.H., de Cruif, C.G., Composition and structure of whey protein/gum arabic coacervates. Biomacromolecules 5 (2004), 1437–1445.
63. Joshi, N., Rawat, K., Bohidar, H.B., pH and ionic strength induced complex coacervation of Pectin and Gelatin A. Food Hydrocoll. 74 (2018), 132–138.
64. Boral, S., Bohidar, H.B., Effect of ionic strength on surface-selective patch binding-induced phase separation and Coacervation in similarly charged gelatin-agar molecular systems. J Phys Chem B 114 (2010), 12027–12035.
65. Rawat, K., Aswal, V.K., Bohidar, H.B., DNA-gelatin complex coacervation, UCST and first-order phase transition of coacervate to anisotropic ion gel in 1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium chloride ionic liquid solutions. J Phys Chem B 116 (2012), 14805–14816.
66. Girard, M., Sanchez, C., Laneuville, S.I., Turgeon, S.L., Gauthier, S.F., Associative phase separation of β-lactoglobulin/pectin solutions: a kinetic study by small angle static light scattering. Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces 35 (2004), 15–22.
67. Regnier, F.E., The role of protein structure in chromatographic behavior. Science 238 (1987), 319–323.
68. Gupta, A.N., Bohidar, H.B., Surface patch binding induced intermolecular complexation and phase separation in aqueous solutions of similarly charged gelatin-chitosan molecules. J Phys Chem B 111 (2007), 10137–10145.
69. Park, J.M., Muhoberac, B.B., Dubin, P.L., Xia, J., Effects of protein charge heterogeneity in protein-polyelectrolyte complexation. Macromolecules 25 (1992), 290–295.
70. Gao, J., Dubin, P.L., Muhoberac, B.B., Capillary electrophoresis and dynamic light scattering studies of structure and binding characteristics of protein-polyelectrolyte complexes. J Phys Chem B 102 (1998), 5529–5535.
71. Xu, Y., Mazzawi, M., Chen, K., Sun, L., Dubin, P.L., Protein purification by polyelectrolyte coacervation: influence of protein charge anisotropy on selectivity. Biomacromolecules 12:5 (2011), 1512–1522.
72. Chen, K., Xu, Y., Rana, S., Miranda, O.R., Dubin, P.L., Rotello, V.M., et al. Electrostatic selectivity in protein–nanoparticle interactions. Biomacromolecules 12 (2011), 2552–2561.
73. Yan, Y., Kizilay, E., Seeman, D., Flanagan, S., Dubin, P.L., Bovetto, L., et al. Heteroprotein complex coacervation: bovine β-lactoglobulin and lactoferrin. Langmuir 29:50 (2013), 15614–15623.
74. Antonov, M., Mazzawi, M., Dubin, P.L., Entering and exiting the protein − polyelectrolyte coacervate phase via nonmonotonic salt dependence of critical conditions. Biomacromolecules 11:1 (2010), 51–59.
75. Grymonpre, K.R., Staggemeier, B.A., Dubin, P.L., Mattison, K.W., Identification by integrated computer modeling and light scattering studies of an electrostatic serum albumin-hyaluronic acid binding site. Biomacromolecules 2:2 (2001), 422–429.
76. Kayitmazer, A.B., Strand, S.P., Tribet, C., Jaeger, W., Dubin, P.L., Effect of polyelectrolyte structure on protein-polyelectrolyte coacervates: coacervates of bovine serum albumin with poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) versus chitosan. Biomacromolecules 8:11 (2007), 3568–3577.
77. Li, Y.J., Mattison, K.W., Dubin, P.L., Havel, H.A., Edwards, S.L., Light scattering studies of the binding of bovine serum albumin to a cationic polyelectrolyte. Biopolymers 38:4 (1996), 527–533.
78. Seyrek, E., Dubin, P.L., Tribet, C., Gamble, E.A., Ionic strength dependence of protein-polyelectrolyte interactions. Biomacromolecules 4:2 (2003), 273–282.
79. Li, Y., Zhao, Q., Huang, Q., Understanding complex coacervation in serum albumin and pectin mixtures using a combination of the Boltzmann equation and Monte Carlo simulation. Carbohydr Polym 101 (2014), 544–553.
80. Bowman, W.A., Rubinstein, M., Tan, J.S., Polyelectrolyte-gelatin complexation: light-scattering study. Macromolecules 30 (1997), 3262–3270.
81. Wang, X., Lee, J., Yu-Wen, Wang, Huang, Q., Composition and rheological properties of β-lactoglobulin/pectin coacervates: effects of salt concentration and initial protein/polysaccharide ratio. Biomacromolecules 8 (2007), 992–997.
82. Rawat, K., Pathak, J., Bohidar, H.B., Effect of persistence length on binding of DNA to polyions and overcharging of their intermolecular complexes in aqueous and in 1-methyl-3-octyl imidazolium chloride ionic liquid solutions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 15 (2013), 12262–12273.
83. Pathak, J., Rawat, K., Bohidar, H.B., Interactions in globular proteins with polyampholyte: coacervation route for protein separation. RSC Adv 5 (2015), 13579–13589.
84. Pathak, J., Rawak, K., Bohidar, H.B., Surface patch binding and mesophase separation in biopolymeric polyelectrolyte-polyampholyte solutions. Int J Biol Macromol 63 (2014), 29–37.
85. Hu, Y., YZ, Wu, Cai, J., Ma, Y.F., Wang, B., Xia, K., et al. Self-assembly and fractal feature of chitosan and its conjugate with metal ions: Cu (II)/Ag (I). Int J Mol Sci 8 (2007), 1–12.
86. Massina, R., Adsorption of oppositely charged polyelectrolytes onto a charged rod. J Chem Phys, 119, 2003, 8133.
87. Gan, C.Y., Cheng, L.H., Mat, E.A., Evaluation of microbial transglutaminase and ribose cross-linked soy protein isolated-based microcapsules containng fish oil. Innovative Food Sci Emerg Technol 9 (2008), 563–569.
88. Buitenhuis, J., Electrophoresis of fd-virus particles: experiments and an analysis of the effect of finite rod lengths. Langmuir 28 (2012), 13354–13363.
89. Tirado, M.M., Martinez, C.L., de la Torre, J.G., Comparison of theories for the translational and rotational diffusion coefficients of rod-like macromolecules. Application to short DNA fragments. J Chem Phys 81 (1984), 2047–2052.
90. Kaibara, K., Okazaki, T., Bohidar, H.B., Dubin, P.L., pH-induced coacervation in complexes of bovine serum albumin and cationic polyelectrolytes. Biomacromolecules 1 (2000), 100–107.
91. McClements, D.J., Food emulsions: principles, practices and techniques. 2005, CRC Press, Florida, 515–544.
92. Neirynck, N., Van, der M.P., Bayarri, G.S., Dierckx, S., Dewettinck, K., Improved emulsion stabilizing properties of whey protein isolate by conjugation with pectins. Food Hydrocoll 18 (2004), 949–957.
93. Espinosa-Andrews, H., Sandoval-Castilla, O., Vazquez-Torres, H., Vernon-Carter, E.J., Lobato-Callero, C., Determination of the gum Arabic–chitosan interactions by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and characterization of the microstructure and rheological features of their coacervates. Carbohydr Polym 79 (2010), 541–546.
94. Fang, Y., Li, L., Inoue, C., Lundin, L., Appelqvist, I., Associative and segregative phase separations of gelatin/κ-carrageenan aqueous mixtures. Langmuir 22 (2006), 9532–9537.
95. Laos, K., Brownsey, G.J., Ring, S.G., Interactions between furcellaran and the globular proteins bovine serum albumin and β-lactoglobulin. Carbohydr Polym 67 (2007), 116–123.
96. Malay, Ö., Bayraktar, O., Batigün, A., Complex coacervation of silk fibroin and hyaluronic acid. Int J Biol Macromol 40 (2007), 387–393.
97. Weinbreck, F., de Kruif, C.G., Dickinson, E., van Vliet, T., (eds.) Food colloids biopolymers and materials, 2003, Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, UK, 337–344.
98. Xia, J.L., Dubin, P.L., Dautzenberg, H., Light scattering, electrophoresis, and turbidimetry studies of bovine serum albumin-poly (dimethyldiallylammonium chloride) complex. Langmuir 9:8 (1993), 2015–2019.
99. Liu, S., Cao, Y.L., Ghosh, S., Rousseau, D., Low, N.H., Nickerson, M.T., Intermolecular interactions during complex coacervation of pea protein isolate and gum arabic. J Agric Food Chem 58 (2010), 552–556.
100. Pathak, J., Rawat, K., Bohidar, H.B., Is surface patch binding between proteins symmetric about isoelectric pH?. RSC Adv 4 (2014), 24710–24718.
101. Fox, S., A theory of macromolecular and cellular origins. Nature 205 (1965), 328–340.
102. Liu, S.H., Low, N.H., Nickerson, M.T., Effect of pH, salt, and biopolymer ratio on the formation of pea protein isolate − gum arabic complexes. J Agric Food Chem 57 (2009), 1521–1526.
103. Zaleskas, J.M., Kinner, B., Freyman, T.M., Yannas, I.V., Gibson, L.J., Spector, M., Growth factor regulation of smooth muscle actin expression and contraction of human articular chondrocytes and meniscal cells in a collagen–GAG matrix. Exp Cell Res 270:1 (2001), 21–31.
104. Weinbreck, F., Minor, M., de Kruif, C.G., Microencapsulation of oils using whey protein/gum arabic coacervates. J Microencapsul 21 (2004), 667–679.
105. Wen, Y.-p., Dubin, P.L., et al. Macromolecules 30 (1997), 7856–7861.
106. Weinbreck, F., de Vries, R., Schrooyen, P., de Kruif, C.G., Complex coacervation of whey proteins and gum arabic. Biomacromolecules 4 (2003), 293–303.
107. Veis, A., Aranyi, C., Phase separation in polyelectrolyte systems. I. Complex coacervates of gelatin. J Phys Chem, 64, 1960, 1203.
108. Schmitt, C., Aberkane, L., Sanchez, C., Phillips, G.O., Williams, P.A., (eds.) Handbook of hydrocolloids, 2nd edition, 2009, CRC Press, Florida, 420–476.
109. Wang, X., Li, Y., Wang, Y.W., Lal, J., Huang, Q., Microstructure of β-lactoglobulin/pectin coacervates studied by small-angle neutron scattering. J Phys Chem B 111 (2007), 515–520.
110. Lopez, C.R., Bodmeier, R., Effect of formulation and process variables on the formation of chitosan-gelatin coacervates. Int J Pharm 135 (1996), 63–72.
111. Wallin, T., Linse, P., Monte Carlo simulations of polyelectrolytes at charged micelles. 1. Effects of chain flexibility. Langmuir 12:2 (1996), 305–314.
112. Xia, J., Dubin, P.L., Kakofuta, E., Dynamic and electrophoretic light scattering of a water-soluble complex formed between pepsin and polyethylene glycol. Macromolecules 26:24 (1993), 6688–6690.
113. Mattison, K.W., Brittain, I.J., Dubin, P.L., Protein-polyelectrolyte phase boundaries. Biotechnol Prog 11 (1995), 632–637.
114. Doublier, J.L., Garnier, C., Renard, D., Sanchez, C., Protein–polysaccharide interactions. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 5 (2000), 202–214.
115. Chodanowski, P., Stoll, S., Polyelectrolyte adsorption on charged particles in the Debye-Hückel approximation. A Monte Carlo approach. Macromolecules 34 (2001), 2320–2328.
116. Girard, M., Turgeon, S.L., Gauthier, S.F., Interbiopolymer complexing between β-lactoglobulin and low-and high-methylated pectin measured by potentiometric titration and ultrafiltration. Food Hydrocoll 16 (2002), 585–591.
117. Burova, T.V., Grinberg, N.V., Grinberg, V.Y., Usov, A.I., Tolstoguzov, V.B., deKruif, C.G., Conformational changes in ι-and κ-carrageenans induced by complex formation with bovine β-casein. Biomacromolecules 8 (2007), 368–375.
118. Overbeek, J.T.G., andVoorn, M.J., Effects of salt on polyelectrolyte-micelle coacervation. J Cell Comp Physiol 49 (1957), 7–26.
119. Wang, Y., Kimura, K., Huang, Q., Dubin, P.L., Jaeger, W., Complex formation between polyelectrolyte and oppositely charged mixed micelles: static and dynamic light scattering study of the effect of polyelectrolyte molecular weight and concentration. Macromolecules 32 (1999), 7128–7134.
120. Li, Y., Xia, J., Dubin, P.L., Dynamic light scattering study of the effect of polyelectrolyte molecular weight and concentration. Macromolecules 27 (1994), 7049–7705.
121. Wang, Y., Kimura, K., Dubin, P.L., Jaeger, W., Polyelectrolyte-micelle coacervation: effects of micelle surface charge density, polymer molecular weight, and polymer/surfactant ratio. Macromolecules 33 (2000), 3324–3331.
122. Tiebackx, F.W., Ist die Gelatine-Gummiarabikumflockung ein chemischer oder ein kolloidchemischer Proze?. Colloid Polym Sci 31 (1922), 102–103.
123. Kelly, R., Gudo, E.S., Mitchell, J.R., Harding, S.E., Some observations on the nature of heated mixtures of bovine serum albumin with an alginate and a pectin. Carbohydr Polym 23 (1994), 115–120.
124. Dubin, P.L., Curran, M.E., Hua, J., Critical linear charge density for binding of a weak polycation to an anionic/nonionic mixed micelle. Langmuir 6 (1990), 707–709.
125. Wang, L., Cao, Y., Zhang, K., Fang, Y., Nishinari, K., Phillips, G.O., Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 482 (2015), 604–610.
126. Wei, W., Tan, Y., Rodriguez, N.R., Yu, J., Israelachvili, J.N., Waite, J.H., Acta Biomater 10:4 (2014), 1663–1670.
127. Barnes, H.A., Handbook of elementary rheology. 2000, University of Wales Press, Wales.
128. Skolnick, J., Fixman, M., Electrostatic persistence length of a wormlike polyelectrolyte. Macromolecules 10:5 (1977), 944–948.
129. Kratky, O., Porod, G., X-ray investigations of chain-molecules in solutions. Recl Trav Chim Pays-Bas 68 (1949), 1106–1122.
130. Uragami, T., Tokura, S., Material science of chitin and chitosan. 2006, Springer, New York.