Aspergillus korhogoensis, a novel aflatoxin producing species from the Côte d’Ivoire

Toxins

Volumn 9, Issue 11, 2017, Pages

  Carvajal Campos, Amaranta ^a   Manizan, Ama Lethicia ^b   Tadrist, Souria ^a   Akaki, David Koffi ^c   Koffi Nevry, Rose ^b   Moore, Geromy G ^d   Fapohunda, Stephen O ^e   Bailly, Sylviane ^a   Montet, Didier ^f   Oswald, Isabelle P ^a   Lorber, Sophie ^a   Brabet, Catherine ^f   Puel, Olivier ^a  

^a TOXALIM RESEARCH CENTRE IN FOOD TOXICOLOGY   (France)

^b UNIVERSITÉ NANGUI ABROGOUA   (Côte d’Ivoire)

^c Institut National Polytechnique Felix Houphouet Boigny   (Côte d’Ivoire)

^d SOUTHERN REGIONAL RESEARCH CENTER   (United States)

^e BABCOCK UNIVERSITY   (Nigeria)

^f CIRAD   (France)

Author keywords

Aflatoxins; Aspergillus section flavi; Cyclopiazonic acid; Polyphasic approach; Versicolorins

Indexed keywords

13 DESOXYPAXILLINE; 20 HYDROXYAFLAVININE; 7 DEMTHYL SIDERIN; AFLATOXIN; AFLATOXIN B1; AFLATOXIN B2; AFLATOXIN G1; AFLATOXIN G2; AFLAVANINE; AFLAVARIN; ALPHA AFLATREM; ALPHA CYCLOPIAZONIC ACID; ASPARASONE A; CYCLOPIAMIDE J; CYCLOPIAZONIC ACID; HYDROXYAFLATREM; KOJIC ACID; LEPORIN B; MYCOTOXIN; NORSOLORINIC ACID; PASPALINE; PASPALININE; PAXILLINE; SPERADINE C; SPERADINE D; SPERADINE F; STERIGMATOCYSTIN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG; VERSICOLORIN A; VERSICOLORIN B;

AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; ARTICLE; ASPERGILLUS; ASPERGILLUS ALLIACEUS; ASPERGILLUS KORHOGOENSIS; ASPERGILLUS PARVISCLEROTIGENUS; CONTROLLED STUDY; DNA EXTRACTION; FUNGAL STRUCTURES; FUNGUS ISOLATION; GENE SEQUENCE; HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY; LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRY; MATING TYPE; MYCELIUM; NONHUMAN; PHYLOGENETIC TREE; PHYLOGENY; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; SECONDARY METABOLISM; SEQUENCE ALIGNMENT; SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM; TAXONOMY; TOXIN SYNTHESIS; ANALYSIS; ARACHIS; COTE D'IVOIRE; CYTOLOGY; FOOD CONTAMINATION; FUNGAL GENE; GENETICS; ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION; METABOLISM; MICROBIOLOGY;

AFLATOXINS; AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; ARACHIS; ASPERGILLUS; COTE D'IVOIRE; FOOD CONTAMINATION; GENES, FUNGAL; PHYLOGENY; SECONDARY METABOLISM;

EID: 85033461752     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20726651     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/toxins9110353     Document Type: Article

References (82)

1. Horn, B.W. Ecology and Population Biology of Aflatoxigenic Fungi in Soil. Toxin Rev. 2003, 22, 351-379. [CrossRef]
2. Mitchell, N.J.; Bowers, E.; Hurburgh, C.; Wu, F. Potential economic losses to the US corn industry from aflatoxin contamination. Food Addit. Contam. Part A Chem. Anal. Control Expo. Risk Assess. 2016, 33, 540-550. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
3. Wu, F.; Groopman, J.D.; Pestka, J.J. Public health impacts of foodbornemycotoxins. Annu. Rev. Food Sci. Technol. 2014, 5, 351-372. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
4. Azziz-Baumgartner, E.; Lindblade, K.; Gieseker, K.; Rogers, H.S.; Kieszak, S.; Njapau, H.; Schleicher, R.; McCoy, L.F.; Misore, A.; DeCock, K. et al. Aflatoxin Investigative Group. Case-control study of an acute aflatoxicosis outbreak, Kenya, 2004. Environ. Health Perspect. 2005, 113, 1779-1783. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
5. Cano, P.; Puel, O.; Oswald, I.P. Mycotoxins: Fungal Secondary Metabolites with Toxic Properties. In Fungi: Applications and Management Strategies; Deshmukh, S.K., Misra, J.K., Tewari, J.P., Papp, T., Eds.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA, 2016; pp. 318-371. ISBN 9781498724913.
6. Bennett, J.W.; Klich, M. Mycotoxins. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 2003, 16, 497-516. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
7. De Ruyck, K.; De Boevre, M.; Huybrechts, I.; De Saeger, S. Dietarymycotoxins, co-exposure, and carcinogenesis in humans: Short review. Mutat. Res. Rev. Mutat. Res. 2015, 766, 32-41. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
8. Bartoli, A.; Maggi, O. Four new species of Aspergillus from Ivory Coast soil. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 1978, 71, 383-394. [CrossRef]
9. Frisvad, J.C.; Skouboe, P.; Samson, R.A. Taxonomic comparison of three different groups of aflatoxin producers and a new efficient producer of aflatoxin B1, sterigmatocystin and 3-O-methylsterigmatocystin, Aspergillus rambellii sp. nov. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 2005, 28, 442-453. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
10. Abe, K.; Gomi, K.; Hasegawa, F.; Machida, M. Impact of Aspergillus oryzae genomics on industrial production of metabolites. Mycopathologia 2006, 162, 143-153. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
11. Horn, B.W.; Ramirez-Prado, J.H.; Carbone, I. The sexual state of Aspergillus parasiticus. Mycologia 2009, 101, 275-280. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
12. Samson, R.A.; Varga, J. What is a species in Aspergillus? Med. Mycol. 2009, 47, S13-S20. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
13. Cotty, P.J.; Bhatnagar, D. Variability among atoxigenic Aspergillus flavus strains in ability to prevent aflatoxin contamination and production of aflatoxin biosynthetic pathway enzymes. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1994, 60, 2248-2251. [PubMed]
14. Adjovi, Y.C.S.; Bailly, S.; Gnonlonfin, B.J.G.; Tadrist, S.; Querin, A.; Sanni, A.; Oswald, I.P.; Puel, O.; Bailly, J.D. Analysis of the contrast between natural occurence of toxigenic Aspergilli of the Flavi section and aflatoxin B1 in cassava. Food Microbiol. 2014, 38, 151-159. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
15. El Mahgubi, A.E.; Puel, O.; Bailly, S.; Tadrist, S.; Querin, A.; Ouadia, A.; Oswald, I.P.; Bailly, J.D. Distribution and toxigenicity of Aspergillus section Flavi in spices marketed in Morocco. Food Control 2013, 32, 143-148. [CrossRef]
16. Perrone, G.; Gallo, A.; Logrieco, A.F. Biodiversity of Aspergillus section Flavi in Europe in relation to the management of aflatoxin risk. Front. Microbiol. 2014, 5, 377. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
17. Varga, J.; Frisvad, J.C.; Samson, R.A. Two new aflatoxin producing species, and an overview of Aspergillus section Flavi. Stud. Mycol. 2011, 69, 57-80. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
18. Soares, C.; Rodrigues, P.; Peterson, S.W.; Lima, N.; Venâncio, A. Three new species of Aspergillus section Flavi isolated from almonds and maize in Portugal. Mycologia 2012, 104, 682-697. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
19. Taniwaki, M.H.; Pitt, J.I.; Iamanaka, B.T.; Sartori, D.; Copetti, M.V.; Balajee, A.; Fungaro, M.H.P.; Frisvad, J.C. Aspergillus bertholletius sp. nov. from Brazil Nuts. PLoS ONE 2012, 7, e42480. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
20. Pildain, M.B.; Frisvad, J.C.; Vaamonde, G.; Cabral, D.; Varga, J.; Samson, R.A. Two novel aflatoxin-producing Aspergillus species from Argentinean peanuts. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 2008, 58, 725-735. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
21. Rodrigues, P.; Santos, C.; Venâncio, A.; Lima, N. Species identification of Aspergillus section Flavi isolates from Portuguese almonds using phenotypic, including MALDI-TOF ICMS, and molecular approaches. J. Appl. Microbiol. 2011, 111, 877-892. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
22. Ehrlich, K.C.; Chang, P.-K.; Yu, J.; Cotty, P.J. Aflatoxin biosynthesis cluster gene cypA is required for G aflatoxin formation. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2004, 70, 6518-6524. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
23. Gonçalves, S.S.; Stchigel, A.M.; Cano, J.F.; Godoy-Martinez, P.C.; Colombo, A.L.; Guarro, J. Aspergillus novoparasiticus: A new clinical species of the section Flavi. Med. Mycol. 2012, 50, 152-160. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
24. Sumner, L.W.; Amberg, A.; Barrett, D.; Beale, M.H.; Beger, R.; Daykin, C.A.; Fan, T.W.-M.; Fiehn, O.; Goodacre, R.; Griffin, J.L. et al. Proposed minimum reporting standards for chemical analysis Chemical AnalysisWorking Group (CAWG) Metabolomics Standards Initiative (MSI). Metabolomics 2007, 3, 211-221. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
25. Arroyo-Manzanares, N.; Di Mavungu, J.D.; Uka, V.; Malysheva, S.V.; Cary, J.W.; Ehrlich, K.C.; Vanhaecke, L.; Bhatnagar, D.; De Saeger, S. Use of UHPLC high-resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometry to investigate the genes involved in the production of secondary metabolites in Aspergillus flavus. Food Addit. Contam. Part A Chem. Anal. Control Expo. Risk Assess. 2015, 32, 1656-1673. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
26. Paguigan, N.D.; El-Elimat, T.; Kao, D.; Raja, H.A.; Pearce, C.J.; Oberlies, N.H. Enhanced dereplication of fungal cultures via use of mass defect filtering. J. Antibiot. 2017, 70, 553-561. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
27. Jakšić, D.; Puel, O.; Canlet, C.; Kopjar, N.; Kosalec, I.; Klarić, M.Š. Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of versicolorins and 5-methoxysterigmatocystin in A549 cells. Arch. Toxicol. 2012, 86, 1583-1591. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
28. Uka, V.; Moore, G.G.; Arroyo-Manzanares, N.; Nebija, D.; De Saeger, S.; Di Mavungu, J.D. Unravelling the diversity of the cyclopiazonic acid family of mycotoxins in Aspergillus flavus by UHPLC Triple-TOF HRMS. Toxins 2017, 9, 35. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
29. Huang, J.; Liu, Y.; Ding, T.; Zhang, X.; Chen, H.; Shen, C.; Wu, B.; Niu, W. Determination of kojic acid in foods using high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Chin. J. Chromatogr. 2012, 30, 578-583. [CrossRef]
30. Uhlig, S.; Egge-Jacobsen, W.; Vrålstad, T.; Miles, C.O. Indole-diterpenoid profiles of Claviceps paspali and Claviceps purpurea from high-resolution Fourier transform Orbitrap mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 2014, 28, 1621-1634. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
31. Malysheva, S.V.; Arroyo-Manzanares, N.; Cary, J.W.; Ehrlich, K.C.; Vanden Bussche, J.; Vanhaecke, L.; Bhatnagar, D.; Di Mavungu, J.D.; De Saeger, S. Identification of novel metabolites from Aspergillus flavus by high resolution and multiple stage mass spectrometry. Food Addit. Contam. Part A Chem. Anal. Control Expo. Risk Assess. 2014, 31, 111-120. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
32. Cary, J.W.; Han, Z.; Yin, Y.; Lohmar, J.M.; Shantappa, S.; Harris-Coward, P.Y.; Mack, B.; Ehrlich, K.C.; Wei, Q.; Arroyo-Manzanares, N. et al. Transcriptome analysis of Aspergillus flavus reveals veA-dependent regulation of secondary metabolite gene clusters, including the novel aflavarin cluster. Eukaryot. Cell 2015, 14, 983-997. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
33. Nicholson, M.J.; Koulman, A.; Monahan, B.J.; Pritchard, B.L.; Payne, G.A.; Scott, B. Identification of two aflatrem biosynthesis gene loci in Aspergillus flavus and metabolic engineering of Penicillium paxilli to elucidate their function. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2009, 75, 7469-7481. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
34. Sobolev, V.S.; Cole, R.J.; Dorner, J.W.; Horn, B.W.; Harrigan, G.G.; Gloer, J.B. Isolation and Structure Elucidation of a New Metabolite Produced by Aspergillus parasiticus. J. Nat. Prod. 1997, 60, 847-850. [CrossRef]
35. TePaske, M.R.; Gloer, J.B.; Wicklow, D.T.; Dowd, P.F. Aflavarin and β-Aflatrem: New Anti-Insectan Metabolites from the Sclerotia of Aspergillus flavus. J. Nat. Prod. 1992, 55, 1080-1086. [CrossRef]
36. Gloer, J.B.; TePaske, M.R.; Sima, J.S.; Wicklow, D.T.; Dowd, P.F. Antiinsectan aflavinine derivative from sclerotia of Aspergillus flavus. J. Org. Chem. 1988, 53, 5457-5460. [CrossRef]
37. TePaske, M.R.; Gloer, J.B.; Wicklow, D.T.; Dowd, P.F. Three new aflavinines from the sclerotia of Aspergillus tubingensis. Tetrahedron 1989, 45, 4961-4968. [CrossRef]
38. Pitt, J.I.; Lange, L.; Lacey, A.E.; Vuong, D.; Midgley, D.J.; Greenfield, P.; Bradbury, M.I.; Lacey, E.; Busk, P.K.; Pilgaard, B. et al. Aspergillus hancockii sp. nov., a biosynthetically talented fungus endemic to southeastern Australian soils. PLoS ONE 2017, 12, e0170254. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
39. De Queiroz, K. Species concepts and species delimitation. Syst. Biol. 2007, 56, 879-886. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
40. Giraud, T.; Refrégier, G.; Le Gac, M.; de Vienne, D.M.; Hood, M.E. Speciation in fungi. Fungal Genet. Biol. 2008, 45, 791-802. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
41. Bosso, L.; Lacatena, F.; Varlese, R.; Nocerino, S.; Cristinzio, G.; Russo, D. Plant pathogen but not antagonists change in soil fungal communities across a land abandonment gradient in a Mediterranean landscape. Acta Oecol. (Montrouge) 2017, 78, 1-6. [CrossRef]
42. Dyer, P.S.; Kück, U. Sex and the Imperfect Fungi. Microbiol. Spectr. 2017, 5. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
43. Dyer, P.S.; Paoletti, M.; Archer, D.B. Genomics reveals sexual secrets of Aspergillus. Microbiology 2003, 149, 2301-2303. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
44. Taylor, J.W.; Jacobson, D.J.; Kroken, S.; Kasuga, T.; Geiser, D.M.; Hibbett, D.S.; Fisher, M.C. Phylogenetic Species Recognition and Species Concepts in Fungi. Fungal Genet. Biol. 2000, 31, 21-32. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
45. Dupuis, J.R.; Roe, A.D.; Sperling, F.A.H. Multi-locus species delimitation in closely related animals and fungi: one marker is not enough. Mol. Ecol. 2012, 21, 4422-4436. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
46. Ramirez-Prado, J.H.; Moore, G.G.; Horn, B.W.; Carbone, I. Characterization and population analysis of the mating-type genes in Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. Fungal Genet. Biol. 2008, 45, 1292-1299. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
47. Dyer, P.S.; O’Gorman, C.M. Sexual development and cryptic sexuality in fungi: Insights from Aspergillus species. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 2012, 36, 165-192. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
48. Moore, G.G.; Elliott, J.L.; Singh, R.; Horn, B.W.; Dorner, J.W.; Stone, E.A.; Chulze, S.N.; Barros, G.G.; Naik, M.K.; Wright, G.C. et al. Sexuality generates diversity in the aflatoxin gene cluster: Evidence on a global scale. PLoS Pathog. 2013, 9, e1003574. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
49. Horn, B.W.; Moore, G.G.; Carbone, I. Sexual reproduction in Aspergillus flavus. Mycologia 2009, 101, 423-429. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
50. Horn, B.W.; Moore, G.G.; Carbone, I. Sexual reproduction in aflatoxin-producing Aspergillus nomius. Mycologia 2011, 103, 174-183. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
51. Olarte, R.A.; Worthington, C.J.; Horn, B.W.; Moore, G.G.; Singh, R.; Monacell, J.T.; Dorner, J.W.; Stone, E.A.; Xie, D.; Carbone, I. Enhanced diversity and aflatoxigenicity in interspecific hybrids of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. Mol. Ecol. 2015, 24, 1889-1909. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
52. Sweany, R.R.; Damann, K.E.J.; Kaller, M.D. Comparison of soil and corn kernel Aspergillus flavus populations: Evidence for niche specialization. Phytopathology 2011, 101, 952-959. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
53. Carbone, I.; Jakobek, J.L.; Ramirez-Prado, J.H.; Horn, B.W. Recombination, balancing selection and adaptive evolution in the aflatoxin gene cluster of Aspergillus parasiticus. Mol. Ecol. 2007, 16, 4401-4417. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
54. Moore, G.G.; Singh, R.; Horn, B.W.; Carbone, I. Recombination and lineage-specific gene loss in the aflatoxin gene cluster of Aspergillus flavus. Mol. Ecol. 2009, 18, 4870-4887. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
55. Varga, J.; Baranyi, N.; Chandrasekaran, M.; Vágvölgyi, C.; Kocsubé, S. Mycotoxin producers in the Aspergillus genus: An update. Acta Biol. Szeged. 2015, 59, 151-167.
56. Probst, C.; Bandyopadhyay, R.; Cotty, P.J. Diversity of aflatoxin-producing fungi and their impact on food safety in sub-Saharan Africa. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 2014, 174, 113-122. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
57. Cotty, P.J.; Cardwell, K.F. Divergence of West African and North American Communities of Aspergillus Section Flavi. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1999, 65, 2264-2265. [PubMed]
58. Cotty, P.J.; Jaime-Garcia, R. Influences of climate on aflatoxin producing fungi and aflatoxin contamination. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 2007, 119, 109-115. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
59. Cardwell, K.F.; Cotty, P.J. Distribution of Aspergillus section Flavi among field soils from the four agroecological zones of the Republic of Bénin, West Africa. Plant Dis. 2002, 86, 434-439. [CrossRef]
60. Donner, M.; Atehnkeng, J.; Sikora, A.R.; Bandyopadhyay, R.; Cotty, P.J. Distribution of Aspergillus section Flavi in soils of maize fields in three agroecological zones of Nigeria. Soil Biol. Biochem. 2009, 41, 37-41. [CrossRef]
61. Moore, G.G. Sex and recombination in aflatoxigenic Aspergilli: Global implications. Front. Microbiol. 2014, 5, 32. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
62. Moore, G.G.; Mack, B.M.; Beltz, S.B. Genomic sequence of the aflatoxigenic filamentous fungus Aspergillus nomius. BMC Genom. 2015, 16, 551. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
63. Moore, G.G.; Mack, B.M.; Beltz, S.B. Draft genome sequences of two closely related aflatoxigenic Aspergillus species obtained from the Ivory Coast. Genome Biol. Evol. 2015, 8, 729-732. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
64. Moore, G.G.; Mack, B.M.; Beltz, S.B.; Gilbert, M.K. Draft genome sequence of an aflatoxigenic Aspergillus species, A. bombycis. Genome Biol. Evol. 2016, 8, 3297-3300. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
65. Fapohunda, S.O.; Moore, G.G.; Ganiyu, O.T.; Beltz, S.B. Toxigenic Aspergillus flavus and other fungi of public health concern in food and organic matter in southwest Nigeria. Mycology 2012, 3, 210-219.
66. Peterson, S.W.; Ito, Y.; Horn, B.W.; Goto, T. Aspergillus bombycis, a New Aflatoxigenic Species and Genetic Variation in Its Sibling Species, A. nomius. Mycologia 2001, 93, 689-703. [CrossRef]
67. Nierman, W.C.; Yu, J.; Fedorova-Abrams, N.D.; Losada, L.; Cleveland, T.E.; Bhatnagar, D.; Bennett, J.W.; Dean, R.; Payne, G.A. Genome sequence of Aspergillus flavus NRRL3357, a strain that causes aflatoxin contamination of food and feed. Genome Announc. 2015, 3, e00168-15. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
68. Machida, M.; Asai, K.; Sano, M.; Tanaka, T.; Kumagai, T.; Terai, G.; Kusumoto, K.; Arima, T.; Akita, O.; Kashiwagi, Y. et al. Genome sequencing and analysis of Aspergillus oryzae. Nature 2005, 438, 1157-1161. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
69. Ito, Y.; Peterson, S.W.; Wicklow, D.T.; Goto, T. Aspergillus pseudotamarii, a new aflatoxin producing species in Aspergillus section Flavi. Mycol. Res. 2001, 105, 233-239. [CrossRef]
70. Goto, T.; Wicklow, D.T.; Ito, Y. Aflatoxin and cyclopiazonic acid production by a sclerotium-producing Aspergillus tamarii strain. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1996, 62, 4036-4038. [PubMed]
71. Girardin, H.; Latgé, J.P.; Srikantha, T.; Morrow, B.; Soll, D.R. Development of DNA probes for fingerprinting Aspergillus fumigatus. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1993, 31, 1547-1554. [PubMed]
72. Maddison, W.P.; Maddison, D.R. Mesquite: A Modular System for Evolutionary Analysis. Version 3.2. 2017. Available online: http://mesquiteproject.org (accessed on 7 March 2017).
73. Lanfear, R.; Frandsen, P.B.; Wright, A.M.; Senfeld, T.; Calcott, B. PartitionFinder 2: New methods for selecting partitioned models of evolution for molecular and morphological phylogenetic analyses. Mol. Biol. Evol. 2017, 34, 772-773. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
74. Ronquist, F.; Teslenko, M.; van der Mark, P.; Ayres, D.L.; Darling, A.; Höhna, S.; Larget, B.; Liu, L.; Suchard, M.A.; Huelsenbeck, J.P. MrBayes 3.2: Efficient Bayesian Phylogenetic Inference and Model Choice Across a Large Model Space. Syst. Biol. 2012, 61, 539-542. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
75. Rambaut, A.; Suchard, M.A.; Xie, D.; Drummond, A.J. Tracer v1.6. 2014. Available online: http://tree.bio.ed.ac.uk/software/tracer(accessed on 1 December 2014).
76. Rambaut, A. FigTree v1.4.2, A Graphical Viewer of Phylogenetic Trees. 2014. Available online: http://tree.bio.ed.ac.uk/software/figtree/ (accessed on 1 December 2014).
77. Frisvad, J.C.; Samson, R.A. Polyphasic taxonomy of Penicillium subgenus Penicillium. A guide to identification of food and air-borne terverticilliate Penicillia and their mycotoxins. Stud. Mycol. 2004, 49, 1-174.
78. Pitt, J.I.; Hocking, A.D.; Glenn, D.R. An improved medium for detection of Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 1983, 54, 109-114. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
79. Raper, K.B.; Farnell, D.I. The Genus Aspergillus; The Williams & Wilkins Company: Baltimore, MD, USA, 1965; pp. 1-686.
80. Pitt, J.I.; Hocking, A.D. Fungi and Food Spoilage, 3rd ed.; Springer: New York, NY, USA, 2009; pp. 1-519. ISBN 978-0-387-92206-5.
81. Cano, P.M.; Jamin, E.L.; Tadrist, S.; Bourdaud’hui, P.; Péan, M.; Debrauwer, L.; Oswald, I.P.; Delaforge, D.; Puel, O. New Untargeted Metabolic Profiling Combining Mass Spectrometry and Isotopic Labeling: Application on Aspergillus fumigatus Grown on Wheat. Anal. Chem. 2013, 85, 8412-8420. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
82. Chang, P.K.; Scharfenstein, L.L.; Li, R.B.; Arroyo-Manzanares, N.; De Saeger, S.; Di Mavungu, J.D. Aspergillus flavus aswA, a gene homolog of Aspergillus nidulans oefC, regulates sclerotial development and biosynthesis of sclerotium-associated secondary metabolites. Fungal Genet. Biol. 2017, 104, 29-37. [CrossRef] [PubMed]